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We report 19 metagenome-assembled genomes from a deep underground microbial community found in mineralized hydrothermal spring in the Baksan Neutrino Observatory tunnel. The community is predominantly occupied by members of Pseudomonadota (Gamma-, Beta-, and Alphaproteobacteria), Planctomycetota, Myxococcota, Nitrospirota, Cyanobacteria, Gemmatimonadota, and Armatimonadota.

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The instability of gasification coal pillars can easily induce the further development of water-conducting fractures, which leads to the connection of gasification combustion space and aquifer, and then causes groundwater pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the stability of gasification coal pillar to forestall the potential risk of environmental contamination resulting from underground coal gasification. In this paper, based on the shape of the combustion space area of underground coal gasification, considering the influence of the mechanical properties of the coal pillar and the temperature field under the condition of thermal coupling, the calculation method of the yield zone width of gasification coal pillar is proposed. Considering the destabilizing factors affecting the coal pillar and the relationship between actual and ultimate bearing capacities after stripping and yielding, a stability evaluation method for the 'hyperbolic' coal pillar is proposed. Additionally, the effects of various factors on the stripping, yielding, and safety factor of the coal pillar are analyzed. The new method was applied to the Ulanqab underground coal gasification test site, which proved its effectiveness. The research results are of great practical significance for designing underground coal gasification production and preventing environmental pollution.

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Underground small indoor gymnasiums (USIG) are important public places, it is vital to design and build a very economical and efficient ventilation system for effective closed-loop regulation of temperature and gases concentration at prescribed levels. In the article, the model-based prototype design, establishment and operation were proposed and applied to closed-loop control system of the underground small indoor gymnasiums' ventilation system (USIGVS). First of all, the extended Multiphysics model was developed through feedback connecting the 3D Multiphysics model of air flow rate, temperature, O2 and CO2 concentration with a 0D proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller via Neumann boundary condition, hence a close-loop USIGVS was constructed for feedback control of temperature and gases concentration in ping-pong USIG. Simultaneously, a cost function sufficiently representing the design requirement was formulated. Then global parameter sensitivity analysis (GPSA) was applied for sensitivity ranking of parameters including geometric parameters of USIGVS and tunable parameters of PID controller. The GPSA proved that sensitivity ordering of the cost function to each parameter was proportional gain (k p ) > derivative gain (k d ) > distance from left inlet to bottom (r) > distance from outlet pipe to bottom (d) > integrative gain (k i ) > distance from upper inlet pipe to left (h), respectively, and the k p , k d and r was the parameter influencing the cost function the most. The optimal parameters determined by both GPSA and response optimization were k p  = 3.17 m4 mol-1 s-1, k d  = 1.49 m4 mol-1, r = 2.04 m, d = 3.12 m, k i  = 0.37 m4 mol-1 s-2 and h = 3.85 m. Finally, the closed-loop USIGVS prototype with optimal parameters was designed and established through real-time simulation. The real-time operation confirmed that the temperature and gases concentrations were robust maintained at prescribed levels with desired dynamic response characteristics and lower power consumption, and the expected requirements were achieved for the design, establishment and operation of closed-loop USIGVS control system prototype.

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This study evaluates the structural stability of large underground spaces in seismic conditions, represented by the Oya underground stone mining plant. By directly monitoring the seismic response of the underground mining site, significant earthquake activities at the plate boundaries of the Tokyo region and Ibaraki Prefecture offshore area were observed. Additionally, through an in-depth analysis of seismic records from different locations within the underground structure, the dynamic characteristics and motion patterns of the Oya underground stone mining plant were revealed, revealing its movement trajectory during earthquakes. Additionally, this study innovatively applied seismic waves measured at the original site as input parameters and artificially generated seismic waves based on their response spectra. A numerical analysis was performed after ensuring the model's high correlation with the original site was met. The findings demonstrate that the results of both parameter input methods are confirmable and valuable. Under severe seismic conditions, instability was observed in some regions of the underground mining site. The study also discusses the location and damage mechanisms of the mining site's structure under seismic effects, providing valuable insights for the safety assessment of similar large underground spaces and proposing new approaches for selecting input parameters in seismic analysis.

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Large-scale open-pit combined underground mining activities (OUM) not only reshape the original topography, geomorphology, and hydrogeochemical environment of the mining area, but also alter the regional water cycle conditions. However, due to the complexity arising from the coexistence of two coal mining technologies (open-pit and underground mining), the hydrological environmental effects remain unclear. Here, we selected the Pingshuo Mining Area in China, one of the most modernized open-pit combined underground mining regions, as the focus of our research. We comprehensively employed mathematical statistics, Piper diagram, Gibbs model, ion combination ratio, principal component analysis and other methods to compare the hydrochemistry and isotope data of different water bodies before (2006) and after (2021) large-scale mining. The changing patterns of hydrochemical characteristics of different water bodies and their main controlling factors in mining area driven by OUM were analyzed and identified, revealing the water circulation mechanism under the background of long-term coal mining. The results showed that: (1) The chemical composition of water has changed greatly due to large-scale coal mining. The hydrochemical types of Quaternary and Permian-Carboniferous aquifers shifted from predominantly HCO3-Ca·Mg before intensive mining to primarily HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg, HCO3-Na, HCO3·SO4-Na·Mg, and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg, HCO3-Ca·Na, HCO3·SO4-Mg·Ca post-mining. Variations in the hydrochemical types of surface water were found to be complex and diverse. (2) Coal mining activities promote the dissolution of silicate rock and sodium-bearing evaporites, enhancing the strength and scale of positive alternating adsorption of cations. The oxidation of pyrite, dissolution of silicate weathering, and the leaching of coal gangue were identified as the main reasons for the significant increase of SO42-, while decarbonation in confined aquifers led to a decrease in HCO3-. (3) Results from the principal component analysis and stable isotopes demonstrated the hydraulic connection among surface water, Quaternary aquifers, and Permian-Carboniferous aquifers induced by long-term OUM. The research findings provide a reference basis for the coordinated development of coal and water in the Pingshuo Mining Area and other open-pit combined underground mining areas.

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Water leakage defects often occur in underground structures, leading to accelerated structural aging and threatening structural safety. Leakage identification can detect early diseases of underground structures and provide important guidance for reinforcement and maintenance. Deep learning-based computer vision methods have been rapidly developed and widely used in many fields. However, establishing a deep learning model for underground structure leakage identification usually requires a lot of training data on leakage defects, which is very expensive. To overcome the data shortage, a deep neural network method for leakage identification is developed based on transfer learning in this paper. For comparison, four famous classification models, including VGG16, AlexNet, SqueezeNet, and ResNet18, are constructed. To train the classification models, a transfer learning strategy is developed, and a dataset of underground structure leakage is created. Finally, the classification performance on the leakage dataset of different deep learning models is comparatively studied under different sizes of training data. The results showed that the VGG16, AlexNet, and SqueezeNet models with transfer learning can overall provide higher and more stable classification performance on the leakage dataset than those without transfer learning. The ResNet18 model with transfer learning can overall provide a similar value of classification performance on the leakage dataset than that without transfer learning, but its classification performance is more stable than that without transfer learning. In addition, the SqueezeNet model obtains an overall higher and more stable performance than the comparative models on the leakage dataset for all classification metrics.

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Underground cavities have complex spatial structures and geological settings, their arrangement is dense and crisscrossed. The construction system involves multiple work surfaces, levels, and processes. The close integration of construction simulation with actual production conditions is crucial for enhancing the guidance that simulation results provide for practical engineering. Therefore, from the perspective of optimizing construction organization and management, this article comprehensively considers various factors in the construction process, innovatively introduces the principle of production line balance and the concept of rule cycle, and combines technology and management, an underground cavities construction simulation system (UCCSS) is developed. In UCCSS, a hierarchical model is built and calculation are performed on models with different construction methods by modifying the parameters as per the actual engineering characteristics. The simulation results are comprehensively analysed to determine the optimal construction programme. An application case is proposed based on the construction organisation design of the long and parallel diversion tunnels at the CB Hydropower Station. The results show that the system has good practicality and credibility and can provide guidance for the construction organisation design of underground cavities with various features.

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2,4-dihydroxybutyric acid (DHB) and 2-keto-4-hydroxybutyrate (OHB) are non-natural molecules obtained through synthetic pathways from renewable carbon source. As they are structurally similar to lactate and pyruvate respectively, they could possibly interfere with the metabolic network of Escherichia coli. In fact, we showed that DHB can be easily oxidized by the membrane associated L and D-lactate dehydrogenases encoded by lldD, dld and ykgF into OHB, and the latter being cleaved into pyruvate and formaldehyde by several pyruvate-dependent aldolases, with YagE being the most effective. While formaldehyde was readily detoxified into formate, Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 strain failed to grow on DHB despite of the production of pyruvate. To find out the reason for this failure, we constructed a mutant strain whose growth was rendered dependent on DHB and subjected this strain to adaptive evolution. Genome sequencing of the adapted strain revealed an essential role for ygbI encoding a transcriptional repressor of the threonate operon in this DHB-dependent growth. This critical function was attributed to the derepression of ygbN encoding a putative threonate transporter, which was found to exclusively transport the D form of DHB. A subsequent laboratory evolution was carried out with E. coli K12 MG1655 deleted for ΔygbI to adapt for growth on DHB as sole carbon source. Remarkably, only two additional mutations were disclosed in the adapted strain, which were demonstrated by reverse engineering to be necessary and sufficient for robust growth on DHB. One mutation was in nanR encoding the transcription repressor of sialic acid metabolic genes, causing 140-fold increase in expression of nanA encoding N-acetyl neuraminic acid lyase, a pyruvate-dependent aldolase, and the other was in the promoter of dld leading to 14-fold increase in D-lactate dehydrogenase activity on DHB. Taken together, this work illustrates the importance of promiscuous enzymes in underground metabolism and moreover, in the frame of synthetic pathways aiming at producing non-natural products, these underground reactions could potentially penalize yield and title of these bio-based products.

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Radon, prevalent in underground spaces, requires continuous monitoring due to health risks. Traditional detectors are often expensive, bulky, and ill-suited for humid environments in underground spaces. This study presents a compact, cost-effective radon detector designed for long-term, online monitoring. It uses a small ionization chamber with natural airflow, avoiding the need for fans or pumps, and includes noise filtering and humidity mitigation. Featuring multi-point networking and easy integration capabilities, this detector significantly enhances radon monitoring in challenging, underground conditions.

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Underground pipelines serve as critical infrastructure for gas transmission, strategically buried for safety, environmental, and economic considerations. Despite their importance, operational challenges and external interferences can lead to underground gas leaks with potentially catastrophic consequences for both human safety and the environment. The presence of a protective soil bed introduces complexities in understanding subsurface transport phenomena and quantifying gas releases accurately. Herein, this review presents a systematic analysis of published research in the field of underground gas releases, with an emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches that connect the lithosphere and atmosphere. The analysis highlights the broad spectrum of employed methods, including theoretical models based on fundamental principles, empirical formulations derived from experimental data, and sophisticated computational tools. A clear fundamental understanding and computational analysis, and to a lesser extent experimental, have been established to describe the migration regime. In contrast, more empirical research has addressed the crater formation regime, though focus was given to the far-field modelling following the soil ejection rather than the transient phenomena leading to the formation of the crater. Additionally, this review touches upon practical and conceptual topics, such as detection and localization techniques, and flow regimes in other gaseous flows through soil and powder beds, putting into question the applicability of some presumed granulated concepts to the flowing behavior expected beyond migration. The research landscape predominantly focuses on investigating the influence of release parameters on the release phenomena only from the atmospheric or soil domain perspective. This work provides insights that aim to first transcend both domains and then bridge the three distinct flow regimes-migration, uplift, and crater formation-despite the limited acknowledgment of the necessity of addressing all regimes concurrently through a universal approach. This review serves as a valuable resource for engineers to develop innovative solutions for the management of risks associated with underground gas leaks.

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As global change processes modify the extent and functions of terrestrial-aquatic interfaces, the variability of critical and dynamic transitional zones between wetlands and uplands increases. However, it is still unclear how fluctuating water levels at these dynamic boundaries alter groundwater biogeochemical cycling. Here, we used high-temporal resolution data along gradients from wetlands to uplands and during fluctuating water levels at freshwater coastal areas to capture spatiotemporal patterns of groundwater redox potential (Eh). We observed that topography influences groundwater Eh that is higher in uplands than in wetlands; however, the high variability within TAI zones challenged the establishment of distinct redox zonation. Declining water levels generally decreased Eh, but most locations exhibited significant Eh variability, which is associated with rare instances of short-term water level fluctuations, introducing oxygen. The Eh-oxygen relationship showed distinct hysteresis patterns, reflecting redox poising capacity at higher Eh, maintaining more oxidizing states longer than the dissolved oxygen presence. Surprisingly, we observed more frequent oxidizing states in transitional areas and wetlands than in uplands. We infer that occasional oxygen entering specific wetland-upland boundaries acts as critical biogeochemical control points. High-resolution data can capture such rare yet significant biogeochemical instances, supporting redox-informed models and advancing the predictability of climate change feedback.

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Multi cycle injection and production of underground gas storage (UGS) promote continuous changes in reservoir characteristics, to clarify the impact of different injection and production characteristics on the reservoir, taking carbonate rock fracture-pore type gas storage reservoirs as the research object, established a set of experimental methods based on production characteristics, quantitative analysis of reservoir damage caused by particle migration caused by increasing, decreasing, fluctuating, and reverse changes in production pressure difference. And the following research results are obtained. First, established experimental methods based on production characteristics, the production method includes increasing, decreasing, fluctuating, and reverse changes, realized experimental evaluation of simulating actual production full features. Second, there is a critical pressure difference in the migration of reservoir particles, the fluctuation of production pressure difference induce further migration of particles, resulting in natural unblocking or new blockage. Third, the change in the direction of production pressure difference can cause large particle sizes break into small particle sizes and migrate out of the pore throat, thus the permeability of the reservoir can be improved to a certain extent. It is concluded that controlling a certain production pressure difference during the injection and production process of UGS, not only meets production needs, but also alleviate the damage of injection production to reservoir permeability to a certain extent.

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Four methane-oxidizing bacteria, designated as strains WSC-6T, WSC-7T, SURF-1T, and SURF-2T, were isolated from Saddle Mountain Creek in southwestern Oklahoma, USA, and the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The strains were Gram-negative, motile, short rods that possessed intracytoplasmic membranes characteristic of type I methanotrophs. All four strains were oxidase-negative and weakly catalase-positive. Colonies ranged from pale pink to orange in colour. Methane and methanol were the only compounds that could serve as carbon and energy sources for growth. Strains WSC-6T and WSC-7T grew optimally at lower temperatures (25 and 20 °C, respectively) compared to strains SURF-1T and SURF-2T (40 °C). Strains WSC-6T and SURF-2T were neutrophilic (optimal pH of 7.5 and 7.3, respectively), while strains WSC-7T and SURF-1T were slightly alkaliphilic, with an optimal pH of 8.8. The strains grew best in media amended with ≤0.5% NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were C14 : 0, C16 : 1 ω8c, C16 : 1 ω7c, and C16 : 1 ω5c. The DNA G+C content ranged from 51.5 to 56.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the strains belonged to the genus Methylomonas, with each exhibiting 98.6-99.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to closely related strains. Genome-wide estimates of relatedness (84.5-88.4% average nucleotide identity, 85.8-92.4% average amino acid identity and 27.4-35.0% digital DNA-DNA hybridization) fell below established thresholds for species delineation. Based on these combined results, we propose to classify these strains as representing novel species of the genus Methylomonas, for which the names Methylomonas rivi (type strain WSC-6T=ATCC TSD-251T=DSM 112293T), Methylomonas rosea (type strain WSC-7T=ATCC TSD-252T=DSM 112281T), Methylomonas aurea (type strain SURF-1T=ATCC TSD-253T=DSM 112282T), and Methylomonas subterranea (type strain SURF-2T=ATCC TSD-254T=DSM 112283T) are proposed.

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The ecological and geological problems caused by the rise of groundwater level due to the development of underground space in cold and arid canyon cities are particularly typical. Reasonably assessing the ecological and geological security risks of utilizing underground space is conducive to reducing the occurrence of ecological and geological problems during the construction and operation of underground engineering projects. Taking Ping'an District of Haidong City as an example, the topography and geomorphology of the research area were investigated in the field, and the distribution of topography and geomorphology in the research area was understood; through geological drilling and geotechnical engineering testing, the distribution of different strata in the research area was obtained; through pumping and seepage experiments, the recharge, runoff, and discharge relationship between surface water and groundwater in the research area and the water abundance of different strata are obtained, and the causes and mechanisms of geological safety risks in forest and grassland ecosystems, farmland ecosystems, and human settlements ecosystems were analyzed based on literature. Corresponding ecological geological safety risk assessment index systems and methods were established, and the ecological geological safety risks before and after the development of underground rail transit projects along both banks of the Huangshui River in the study area were evaluated. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The development of underground space in canyon type cities can easily lead to ecological and geological problems. Taking Haidong City, Qinghai Province, as an example, this study investigates the causes of ecological and geological problems caused by the development of underground spaces in canyon type cities. An ecological geological security risk assessment index system and method for canyon-type cities were established. An evaluation was conducted on the ecological and geological safety risks before and after the development of the underground rail transit projects on both sides of the research area.

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The realization of a harmonious relationship between the natural environment and economic development has always been the unremitting pursuit of traditional mineral resource-based cities. With rich reserves of iron and coal ore resources, Laiwu has become an important steel production base in Shandong Province in China, after several decades of industrial development. However, some serious environmental problems have occurred with the quick development of local steel industries, with ground subsidence and consequent secondary disasters as the most representative ones. To better evaluate possible ground collapse risk, comprehensive approaches incorporating the common deformation monitoring with small-baseline subset (SBAS)-synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technique, environmental factors analysis, and risk evaluation are designed here with ALOS PALSAR and Sentinel-1 SAR observations. A retrospect on the ground deformation process indicates that ground deformation has largely decreased by around 51.57% in area but increased on average by around -5.4 mm/year in magnitude over the observation period of Sentinel-1 (30 July 2015 to 22 August 2022), compared to that of ALOS PALSAR (17 January 2007 to 28 October 2010). To better reveal the potential triggering mechanism, environmental factors are also utilized and conjointly analyzed with the ground deformation time series. These analysis results indicate that the ground deformation signals are highly correlated with human industrial activities, such underground mining, and the operation of manual infrastructures (landfill, tailing pond, and so on). In addition, the evaluation demonstrates that the area with potential collapse risk (levels of medium, high, and extremely high) occupies around 8.19 km2, approximately 0.86% of the whole study region. This study sheds a bright light on the safety guarantee for the industrial operation and the ecologically friendly urban development of traditional steel production industrial cities in China.

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The automotive industry continuously enhances vehicle design to meet the growing demand for more efficient vehicles. Computational design and numerical simulation are essential tools for developing concept cars with lower carbon emissions and reduced costs. Underground roads are proposed as an attractive alternative for reducing surface congestion, improving traffic flow, reducing travel times and minimizing noise pollution in urban areas, creating a quieter and more livable environment for residents. In this context, a concept car body design for underground tunnels was proposed, inspired by the mako shark shape due to its exceptional operational kinetic qualities. The proposed biomimetic-based method using computational fluid dynamics for engineering design includes an iterative process and car body optimization in terms of lift and drag performance. A mesh sensitivity and convergence analysis was performed in order to ensure the reliability of numerical results. The unique surface shape of the shark enabled remarkable aerodynamic performance for the concept car, achieving a drag coefficient value of 0.28. The addition of an aerodynamic diffuser improved downforce by reducing 58% of the lift coefficient to a final value of 0.02. Benchmark validation was carried out using reported results from sources available in the literature. The proposed biomimetic design process based on computational fluid modeling reduces the time and resources required to create new concept car models. This approach helps to achieve efficient automotive solutions with low aerodynamic drag for a low-carbon future.

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Radon-222, a radioactive noble gas with a half-life of 3.8 days produced by radium-226, is a health hazard in caves, but also a powerful tracer of atmospheric dynamics. Here we show how airborne radon-222 can be analysed in a cave with multiple openings, the Pech Merle Cave in South-West France. This two-level cave hosts prehistoric remains and Gravettian paintings in its lower level. Radon concentration, monitored at 15 points with one-hour sampling intervals for more than one year, including two points for more than three years, showed mean values from 1274 ± 11 to 5281 ± 20 Bq m-3, with transient values above 15,000 Bq m-3. Seasonal variations were observed, with a weak normal cycle (low in winter) at two points in the upper level and a pronounced inverse seasonal cycle (low in summer) at the other points in the cave. The radon-222 source (effective radium-226 concentration, ECRa) was measured in the laboratory for floor deposits, soil and rock samples. While ECRa values obtained for rocks and speleothems are smaller than 1 Bq kg-1, most ECRa values for soils are larger than 10 Bq kg-1. Quantitative modelling confirms that the floor fillings inside the cave are responsible for the stationary lower concentrations, while the higher concentrations observed in winter are explained by percolation of outside air, which collects radon-222 as it passes through the soil layers. In addition, Stored Available Radon (SAR) is sufficient to account for transient variations. While air currents occur when visitors enter the cave or when the cave is deliberately ventilated, the climatic processes revealed by their radon-222 signatures appear to be essentially natural. These processes, enhanced by global climate change, could cause or accelerate the deterioration of prehistoric paintings. Radon-222 source analysis using ECRa-based modelling and SAR appears essential for the preservation of underground heritage.

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The evolution and mechanism of ground collapse caused by underground water pipeline leakage have become increasingly significant as more urban areas experience collapses. Based on the principle of similarity, and considering the engineering context of road collapses in Anqing City, Anhui Province, this study designed a 3 m × 2 m × 2 m rupture-collapse model test device. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology was employed to investigate the erosion process and collapse mechanisms caused by underground pipeline leakage. The results indicate that groundwater seepage provides the driving force for collapses, combined with the migration space provided by defects, collectively triggering the collapses. When groundwater seepage is minimal, the cohesive forces between soil particles maintain soil stability. As groundwater seepage increases, the soil particle framework is eroded, leading to soil structure destabilization and collapse initiation. The depth of collapse significantly influences stress evolution: stress evolution intensity beneath and above the collapse pit is positively correlated with the distance from the collapse pit bottom, but negatively correlated with the distance from the defect. The research provides insights for the early warning and management of ground collapse.

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The first verification of a tool developed to improve the work of controlling bodies, managers and employees of underground facilities subject to radiation protection requirements was conducted. The recommended values of correction factors were verified using archival results of measurements conducted for the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lódz in seven underground workplaces in Poland over exposure periods of a month (10,8678 data) and a quarter of a year (53,688 data). In a cave two groups of monthly factors, produced estimates with almost 70% to 99% consistency with the measured values. Along tourist routes located in mines, a similar fit was obtained using three groups of correction factors for measurement results from March, June and July. In the extraction areas of active underground mines, the best fit was produced by factors calculated as averages for spaces varying in the degree of insulation and ventilation method, while in other departments of mining plants, by correction factors recommended for facilities equipped with mechanical ventilation systems. All the quarterly correction factors produced the best fit between estimated mean annual concentrations and measurement results obtained in the second quarter of the calendar year. A wide variation in result consistency (from 20-30 to 65-80%) obtained for two underground tourist routes in the fourth quarter of the year demonstrates that it is best not to adopt results from this measurement period (October-December) for estimating mean annual radon concentration using the set of quarterly correction factors.

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Due to the intricate and volatile nature of the service environment surrounding prestressing anchoring materials, stress corrosion poses a significant challenge to the sustained stability of underground reinforcement systems. Consequently, it is imperative to identify effective countermeasures against stress corrosion failure in cable bolts within deep underground environments, thereby ensuring the safety of deep resource extraction processes. In this study, the influence of various coatings on the stress corrosion resistance of cable bolts was meticulously examined and evaluated using specifically designed stress-corrosion-testing systems. The specimens were subjected to loading using four-point bending frames and exposed to simulated underground corrosive environments. A detailed analysis and comparison of the failure patterns and mechanisms of specimens coated with different materials were conducted through the meticulous observation of fractographic features. The results revealed stark differences in the stress corrosion behavior of coated and uncoated bolts. Notably, epoxy coatings and chlorinated rubber coatings exhibited superior anti-corrosion capabilities. Conversely, galvanized layers demonstrated the weakest effect due to their sacrificial anti-corrosion mechanism. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the coatings was found to be closely linked to the curing agent and additives used. The findings provide valuable insights for the design and selection of coatings that can enhance the durability and reliability of cable bolts in deep underground environments.