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The development of photocatalytic systems that enable the simultaneous production of H2O2 and value-added organic chemicals presents a dual advantage: generating valuable products while maximizing the utilization of solar energy. Despite the potential, there are relatively few reports on photocatalysts capable of such dual functions. In this study, we synthesized a series of donor-acceptor covalent organic frameworks (COFs), designated as JUC-675 to JUC-677, to explore their photocatalytic efficiency in the co-production of H2O2 and N-benzylbenzaldimine (BBAD). Among them, JUC-675 exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a H2O2 production rate of 22.8 mmol g-1 h-1 with an apparent quantum yield of 15.7%, and its solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency was calculated to be 1.09%, marking it as the most effective COF-based photocatalyst reported to date. Additionally, JUC-675 demonstrated a high selectivity (99.9%) and yield (96%) for BBAD in the oxidative coupling of benzylamine. The underlying reaction mechanism was thoroughly investigated through validation experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work represents a significant advancement in the design of COF-based photocatalysts and the development of efficient dual-function photocatalytic platforms, offering new insights and methodologies for enhanced solar energy utilization and the synthesis of value-added products.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in the public health workforce's capacity to deploy digital technologies while upholding ethical, social justice, and health equity principles. Existing public health competency frameworks have not been updated to reflect the prominent role digital technologies play in contemporary public health, and public health training institutions are seeking to integrate digital technologies in their curricula. Objective: As a first step in a multiphase study exploring recommendations for updates to public health competency frameworks within the Canadian public health context, we conducted a rapid review of literature aiming to identify recommendations for digital competencies, training approaches, and inter- or transdisciplinary partnerships that can enhance public health practitioners' capacity to support the digital transformation of public health. Methods: Following the World Health Organization's (2017) guidelines for rapid reviews, a systematic search was conducted on Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), and Web of Science for peer-reviewed articles. We also searched Google Scholar and various public health agency and public health association websites for gray literature using search terms related to public health, digital health, practice competencies, and training approaches. We included articles with explicit practice competencies and training recommendations related to digital technologies among public health practitioners published between January 2010 and December 2022. We excluded articles describing these concepts in passing or from a solely clinical perspective. Results: Our search returned 2023 titles and abstracts, of which only 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. We found recommendations for new competencies to enable public health practitioners to appropriately use digital technologies that cut across all existing categories of the core competencies for public health framework of the Public Health Agency of Canada. We also identified a new competency category related to data, data systems management, and governance. Training approaches identified include adapted degree-awarding programs like combined public health and informatics or data science degree programs and ongoing professional certifications with integration of practice-based learning in multi- and interdisciplinary training. Disciplines suggested as important to facilitate practice competency and training recommendations included public health, public health informatics, data, information and computer sciences, biostatistics, health communication, and business. Conclusions: Despite the growth of digital technologies in public health, recommendations about practice competencies and training approaches necessary to effectively support the digital transformation of public health remain limited in the literature. Where available, evidence suggests the workforce requires new competencies that cut across and extend existing public health competencies, including new competencies related to the use and protection of new digital data sources, alongside facilitating health communication and promotion functions using digital media. Recommendations also emphasize the need for training approaches that focus on interdisciplinarity through adapted degree-awarding public health training programs and ongoing professional development.

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Recovery of homogeneous photocatalysts from reaction mixture is challenging, affecting the cost-effectiveness, and masks their advantages, including 4-8 fold higher catalytic activity than corresponding heterogeneous counterparts. Incorporation of long alkyl chains within the rigid π-conjugated backbone of conjugated polymers can augment their solubility in particular organic solvents; accordingly, they can function as homogeneous photocatalysts. Consequently, these polymers facilitate the recovery of catalysts through the reverse dissolution process, thus creating a well-suited platform to meet certain advantages of both homo- and heterogeneous photocatalysts. This work exemplifies the unprecedented perks of donor-acceptor conjugated polymers from benzodithiophene and substituted dibenzothiophene sulfone moieties for their homogeneous phase photoredox activities along with their heterogeneous recovery and reuse up to five runs. The potential intermediate singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide (O2•-) as reactive oxygen species generated by these photostable conjugated polymers efficiently catalyze the visible-light-driven oxidation of aryl sulfides (up to 92% yield) and oxidative hydroxylation of phenylboronic acids (up to 93% yield), respectively. Therefore, to actualize the heightened catalytic performance and formulate a design strategy for polymeric photoredox catalyst, our work introduces an alternative approach to the advancement of photocatalysis with diverse catalytic activities.

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A new variant of Fisher indole synthesis involving Bronsted acid-catalyzed hydrohydrazination of unactivated terminal and internal acetylenes with arylhydrazines is reported. The use of polyphosphoric acid alone either as the reaction medium or in the presence of a co-solvent appears to provide the required balance for activating the C-C triple bond towards the nucleophilic attack of the hydrazine moiety without unrepairable reactivity loss of the latter due to competing amino group protonation. Additionally, the formal hydration of acetylenes to the corresponding ketones occurs under the same conditions, making it an alternative approach for generating carbonyl groups from alkynes.

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Precise control of quantum structures in hybrid nanocrystals requires advancements in scientific methodologies. Here, on the design of tunable CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots are reported by developing a unique discrete phase transformation approach in Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals. Unlike conventional hybrid systems that emit solely in the green region, this current strategy produces adjustable luminescence in the blue (450 nm), cyan (480 nm), and green (510 nm) regions with high photoluminescence quantum yields up to 45%, 60%, and 85%, respectively. Concentration-dependent studies reveal that phase transformation mechanisms and the factors that drive CsBr removal occur at lower dilutions while the dissolution-recrystallization process dominates at higher dilutions. When the polymer-CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 integrated into a field-effected transistor the resulting phototransistors featured enhanced photosensitivity exceeding 105, being the highest reported for an n-type phototransistor, while maintaining good transistor performances as compared to devices consisting of polymer-CsPbBr3 NCs.

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True linear relationships are rare in clinical data. Despite this, linearity is often assumed during analyses, leading to potentially biased estimates and inaccurate conclusions. In this introductory paper, we aim to first describe - in a non-mathematical manner - how to identify non-linear relationships. Various methods are then discussed that can be applied to deal with non-linearity, including transformations, polynomials, splines, and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), along with their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we illustrate the use of these methods with a practical example from nephrology, providing guidance on how to report the results from non-linear relationships.

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Layered sodium-ion oxides hold considerable promise in achieving high-performance sodium-ion batteries. However, the notorious phase transformation during charging, attributed to increased O2-─O2- repulsion, results in substantial performance decay. Here, a hierarchical layer modification strategy is proposed to stabilize interlayer repulsion. During desodiation, migrated Li+ from the transition metal layer and anchored Ca2+ in sodium sites maintain the cationic content within the sodium layer. Meanwhile, partial oxygen substitution by fluorine and the involvement of oxygen in redox reactions increase the average valence of the oxygen layer. This sustained cation presence and elevated anion valence collectively mitigate increasing O2-─O2- repulsion during sodium extraction, enabling the Na0.61Ca0.05[Li0.1Ni0.23Mn0.67]O1.95F0.05 (NCLNMOF) cathode to retain a pure P2-type structure across a wide voltage range. Unexpected insights reveal the interplay between different doping elements: the robust Li─F bonds and Ca2+ steric effects suppressing Li+ loss. The NCLNMOF electrode exhibits 82.5% capacity retention after 1000 cycles and a high-rate capability of 94 mAh g-1 at 1600 mA g-1, demonstrating the efficacy of hierarchical layer modification for high-performance layered oxide cathodes.

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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) organic transformation at the anode coupled with cathodic H2 generation is a potentially rewarding strategy for efficient solar energy utilization. Nevertheless, achieving the full conversion of organic substrates with exceptional product selectivity remains a formidable hurdle in the context of heterogeneous catalysis at the solid/liquid interface. Here, we put forward a quasi-homogeneous catalysis concept by using the reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as ·OH, H2O2 and SO4•-, as a charge transfer mediator instead of direct heterogeneous catalysis at the solid/liquid interface. In the context of glycerol oxidation, all ROS exhibited a preference for first-order reaction kinetics. These ROS, however, showcased distinct oxidation mechanisms, offering a range of advantages such as âˆ¼ 100 % conversion ratios and the flexibility to tune the resulting products. Glycerol oxidative formic acid with Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 81.2 % was realized by the H2O2 and ·OH, while SO4•- was preferably for glycerol conversion to C3 products like glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone with a total FE of about 80 %. Strikingly, the oxidative coupling of methane to ethanol was successfully achieved in our quasi-homogeneous system, yielding a remarkable production rate of 12.27 µmol h-1 and an impressive selectivity of 92.7 %. This study is anticipated to pave the way for novel approaches in steering solar-driven organic conversions by manipulating ROS to attain desired products and conversion ratios.

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Invasive plants can change the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing microbes, affect the process of soil nitrogen (N) transformation, and gain a competitive advantage. However, the current researches on competition mechanism of Chromolaena odorata have not involved soil nitrogen transformation. In this study, we compared the microbially mediated soil transformations of invasive C. odorata and natives (Pisonia grandis and Scaevola taccada) of tropical coral islands. We assessed how differences in plant biomass and tissue N contents, soil nutrients, N transformation rates, microbial biomass and activity, and diversity and abundance of ammonia oxidizing microbes associated with these species impact their competitiveness. The results showed that C. odorata outcompeted both native species by allocating more proportionally biomass to aboveground parts in response to interspecific competition (12.92 % and 22.72 % more than P. grandis and S. taccada, respectively). Additionally, when C. odorata was planted with native plants, the available N and net mineralization rates in C. odorata rhizosphere soil were higher than in native plants rhizosphere soils. Higher abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in C. odorata rhizosphere soil confirmed this, being positively correlated with soil N mineralization rates and available N. Our findings help to understand the soil N acquisition and competition strategies of C. odorata, and contribute to improving evaluations and predictions of invasive plant dynamics and their ecological effects in tropical coral islands.

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Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization typically governs the availability and movement of soil N. Understanding how factors, especially functional genes, affect N transformations is essential for the protection and restoration of forest ecosystems. To uncover the underlying mechanisms driving soil N mineralization, this study investigated the effects of edaphic environments, substrates, and soil microbial assemblages on net soil N mineralization in boreal forests. Field studies were conducted in five representative forests: Larix principis-rupprechtii forest (LF), Betula platyphylla forest (BF), mixed forest of Larix principis-rupprechtii and Betula platyphylla (MF), Picea asperata forest (SF), and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest (MPF). Results showed that soil N mineralization rates (Rmin) differed significantly among forests, with the highest rate in BF (p < 0.05). Soil properties and microbial assemblages accounted for over 50% of the variability in N mineralization. This study indicated that soil environmental factors influenced N mineralization through their regulatory impact on microbial assemblages. Compared with microbial community assemblages (α-diversity, Shannon and Richness), functional genes assemblages were the most important indexes to regulate N mineralization. It was thus determined that microbial functional genes controlled N mineralization in boreal forests. This study clarified the mechanisms of N mineralization and provided a mechanistic understanding to enhance biogeochemical models for forecasting soil N availability, alongside aiding species diversity conservation and fragile ecosystem revitalization in boreal forests.

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To interpret our surroundings, the brain uses a visual categorization process. Current theories and models suggest that this process comprises a hierarchy of different computations that transforms complex, high-dimensional inputs into lower-dimensional representations (i.e., manifolds) in support of multiple categorization behaviors. Here, we tested this hypothesis by analyzing these transformations reflected in dynamic MEG source activity while individual participants actively categorized the same stimuli according to different tasks: face expression, face gender, pedestrian gender, and vehicle type. Results reveal three transformation stages guided by the pre-frontal cortex. At stage 1 (high-dimensional, 50-120 ms), occipital sources represent both task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimulus features; task-relevant features advance into higher ventral/dorsal regions, whereas task-irrelevant features halt at the occipital-temporal junction. At stage 2 (121-150 ms), stimulus feature representations reduce to lower-dimensional manifolds, which then transform into the task-relevant features underlying categorization behavior over stage 3 (161-350 ms). Our findings shed light on how the brain's network mechanisms transform high-dimensional inputs into specific feature manifolds that support multiple categorization behaviors.

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Wilfred Bion's contributions to psychoanalysis are numerous: his early work on the psychology of groups that grew out of his experiences in the first World War; theories and work on the treatment of psychosis with Melanie Klein and later psychoanalysis with her; and the beginning of his own theoretical and clinical ideas, which nurtured analytic thinking and treatment approaches beginning in the mid-1960's followed by his relocation to the United States (1967). Bion's thinking can be deceptively simple, such as his statement that his third book, Transformations (1965), considered by many as exceptionally dense, is about "the communication of both patient and analyst about an emotional experience" (p. 29).

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The authors describe their experiences as members of an international online study group, initiated before the COVID-19 pandemic to read aloud and discuss Bion's (1965) Transformations. The three separately authored essays and commentary included here reflect the multifaceted phenomena in which images and voices in Zoom rectangles are transformed into shared emotional experience, the O of the group in Bion's language. These observations show how group members translate online experience into a felt sense of being with others, and suggest that oscillations in the sense of being inside or outside the group demonstrate the dialectical and constantly changing nature of the analytic field in an online group.

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The combination of metal-based homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in the same reaction media is a powerful, yet relatively unexplored approach in organic chemistry. This strategy can address important limitations associated with purely homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis such as the incompatibility of different catalytic species in solution, or the limited tunability of solid catalysts, respectively. Moreover, the facile reusability of the solid catalyst, contributes to increase the overall sustainability of the process. As a result, this semi-heterogeneous multi-catalytic approach has unlocked significant advances in organic chemistry, improving existing reactions and even enabling the discovery of novel transformations, exemplified by the formal alkane metathesis. This concept article aims to showcase the benefits of this strategy through the exploration of diverse relevant examples from the literature, hoping to spur research on new metal-based homogeneous-heterogeneous catalyst combinations that will result in reactivity challenging to achieve by conventional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis alone.

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Hydrothermally derived nanocubes of CeO2(10 nm) were explored as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst in the partial oxidation of aromatic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and aerobic oxidation ofp-nitrotoluene top-nitrobenzoic acid. The CeO2nanocatalyst was characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. TEM/high-resolution TEM micrographs reveal a morphology of mostly cubic nanostructures with exposed highly active {100} and {110} facets. The surface area of nanoceria was determined by BET analysis and found to be 33.8 m2g-1. To demonstrate the universality of the catalytic system, the selective oxidation of different substrates of benzylic alcohol and complete oxidation ofp-nitrotoluene was investigated under mild conditions. Absolute selectivity towards their respective aldehydes was found to be 99.50% (benzaldehyde), 90.18% (p-chlorobenzaldehyde), 99.71% (p-nitrobenzaldehyde), 98.10% (p-fluorobenzaldehyde), 94.66% (p-anisaldehyde) and 86.14% (cinnamaldehyde). Moreover, the catalytic oxidative transformation of nitrotoluene results in 100% conversion with 99.29% selectivity towards nitrobenzoic acid.

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This paper presents a systematic literature review, providing a comprehensive taxonomy of Data Augmentation (DA), Transfer Learning (TL), and Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) techniques within the context of Few-Shot Learning (FSL) for EEG signal classification. EEG signals have shown significant potential in various paradigms, including Motor Imagery, Emotion Recognition, Visual Evoked Potentials, Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials, Rapid Serial Visual Presentation, Event-Related Potentials, and Mental Workload. However, challenges such as limited labeled data, noise, and inter/intra-subject variability have impeded the effectiveness of traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models. This review methodically explores how FSL approaches, incorporating DA, TL, and SSL, can address these challenges and enhance classification performance in specific EEG paradigms. It also delves into the open research challenges related to these techniques in EEG signal classification. Specifically, the review examines the identification of DA strategies tailored to various EEG paradigms, the creation of TL architectures for efficient knowledge transfer, and the formulation of SSL methods for unsupervised representation learning from EEG data. Addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing the efficacy and robustness of FSL-based EEG signal classification. By presenting a structured taxonomy of FSL techniques and discussing the associated research challenges, this systematic review offers valuable insights for future investigations in EEG signal classification. The findings aim to guide and inspire researchers, promoting advancements in applying FSL methodologies for improved EEG signal analysis and classification in real-world settings.

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We herein report two strategies for the quaternary ammonium hypoiodite-mediated oxidative benzylic functionalization of p-alkyl phenol derivatives. By using either dibenzoylperoxide or H2O2 in hexafluoroisopropanol in the presence of tetrabutyl ammonium iodide gives access to activated intermediates which can then be coupled with electron-rich aromatic compounds. Overall, this sequential two-step one-pot procedure gives access to diversely decorated diarylmethane derivatives straightforwardly. Furthermore, the suitability of these products to undergo further oxidation reactions was successfully demonstrated.

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Most existing research on the perception of 3D shape from motion has focused on rigidly moving objects. However, many natural objects deform non-rigidly, leading to image motion with no rigid interpretation. We investigated potential biases underlying the perception of non-rigid shape interpretations from motion. We presented observers with stimuli that were consistent with two qualitatively different interpretations. Observers were shown a two-part 3D object with the smaller part changing in length dynamically as the whole object rotated back and forth. In two experiments, we studied the misperception (i.e., perceptual reinterpretation) of the non-rigid length change to a part. In Experiment 1, observers misperceived this length change as a part orientation change (i.e., the smaller part was seen as articulating with respect to the larger part). In Experiment 2, the stimuli were similar, except the silhouette of the part was visible in the image. Here, the non-rigid length change was reinterpreted as a rigidly attached part with an "illusory" non-orthogonal horizontal angle relative to the larger part. We developed a model that incorporated this perceptual reinterpretation and could predict observer data. We propose that the visual system may be biased towards part-wise rigid interpretations of non-rigid motion, likely due to the ecological significance of movements of humans and other animals, which are generally constrained to move approximately part-wise rigidly. That is, not all non-rigid deformations are created equal: the visual systems' prior expectations may bias the system to interpret motion in terms of biologically plausible shape transformations.

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There is compelling evidence that incorporating a heterocyclic moiety into a steroid can alter its pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties, driving intense interest in the synthesis of such hybrids among research groups. In this review, we present an overview of recent synthetic methodologies, spanning the period from 2000 to 2023, for the preparation of spiro heterocyclic steroids. The compounds surveyed encompass four-, five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocycles appended to various positions of steroidal backbones, with spirocycles containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms being predominant. The outlined synthetic procedures emphasize the pivotal steps for constructing the heterocycles, often accompanied by a detailed account of the overall synthesis pathway. The review encompasses innovative compounds, including bis-steroids linked by a spiro heterocycle and steroids conjugated to heterocyclic moieties containing three or more (hetero)cycles. Moreover, many compounds are accompanied by data on their biological activities, such as antiproliferative, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antifungal, steroid antagonist, and enzyme inhibition, among others, aimed at furnishing pertinent insights for the future design of more potent and selective drugs.

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The development of smart, stimuli-responsive materials has received increased attention in the past decade for their applications as sensing technologies. This commentary discusses a timely topical review by Kato [(2024). IUCrJ, 11, 442-452] on the fabrication of multi-stimuli responsive crystals comprised of luminescent platinum(II) complexes, which exhibit intriguing chromic phenomena in response to stimuli.