RESUMEN

A preocupação quanto a conservação de peças anatômicas existe a mais de 5 mil anos, pois o uso de peças cadavéricas são indispensáveis para o ensino, contribuindo com a melhora das habilidades aplicativas, assimilativas e compreensivas da disciplina. Esse trabalho propõe maior utilização das técnicas apresentadas em laboratórios de anatomia, visando abolir o uso do formol como conservante, permitindo um ambiente agradável para a prática da relação ensino-aprendizagem. Para isso foram utilizadas quatro técnicas anatômicas, a criodesidratação, glicerinação, injeção de látex e injeção de vinilite seguido de corrosão, que foram executadas utilizando cães, gatos e órgãos provenientes de doações. Com a criodesidratação e glicerinação os materiais anatômicos ficaram consideravelmente mais leves do que eram quando mantidos em formol, mantendo-se inodoros, diferente do evidenciado na utilização de formol e outros conservantes. As estruturas de estudo das peças ficaram intactas, de fácil visualização e o armazenamento passou a ser feito em caixas fechadas sem qualquer tipo de liquido, mantendo-se assim por até 3 anos. As técnicas de injeção de látex e vinilite seguido de corrosão mostraram total eficiência preenchendo os sistemas injetados, podendo visualizar as ramificações e todo caminho percorrido no sistema circulatório. As quatro técnicas anatômicas estudadas nesse trabalho mostraram ser suficientes para atender as necessidades dos estudantes quanto ao estudo da anatomia, devido à perfeita evidenciação de estruturas externas e internas dos animais.

The concern about preservation of anatomical specimens in existence for over 5000 years, since the use of anatomical parts, are indispensable for teaching and contribute for the improvement of applicative, assimilative skills and understanding of the discipline. This paper proposes better use of techniques in anatomy laboratories, to abolish the use of formaldehyde as preservative, allowing a pleasant environment for the practice of teaching/learning relationship. For this purpose, we used four anatomical techniques, (1) the cryodehydration, (2) glycerin conservation, (3) latex injection and (4) vinylite injection followed corrosion, we executed using dogs, cats and organs from donations. With cryodehydration and glycerin conservation the anatomical materials were considerably lighter than when kept in formaldehyde, odorless unlike in the use of formaldehyde and other preservatives. The structures to be studied were kept intact, easily to view, and the specimens could be stored in closed boxes without any liquid, thus remaining for up to 3 years. The Injection techniques (latex and vinylite followed by corrosion) showed total efficiency to inject filling systems, and allowed a clear view of all ramifications and paths of the circulatory system. The four anatomical techniques studied were shown to be sufficient to meet the needs of students to study anatomy due to the perfect disclosure of external and internal animal structures.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

A preocupação quanto a conservação de peças anatômicas existe a mais de 5 mil anos, pois o uso de peças cadavéricas são indispensáveis para o ensino, contribuindo com a melhora das habilidades aplicativas, assimilativas e compreensivas da disciplina. Esse trabalho propõe maior utilização das técnicas apresentadas em laboratórios de anatomia, visando abolir o uso do formol como conservante, permitindo um ambiente agradável para a prática da relação ensino-aprendizagem. Para isso foram utilizadas quatro técnicas anatômicas, a criodesidratação, glicerinação, injeção de látex e injeção de vinilite seguido de corrosão, que foram executadas utilizando cães, gatos e órgãos provenientes de doações. Com a criodesidratação e glicerinação os materiais anatômicos ficaram consideravelmente mais leves do que eram quando mantidos em formol, mantendo-se inodoros, diferente do evidenciado na utilização de formol e outros conservantes. As estruturas de estudo das peças ficaram intactas, de fácil visualização e o armazenamento passou a ser feito em caixas fechadas sem qualquer tipo de liquido, mantendo-se assim por até 3 anos. As técnicas de injeção de látex e vinilite seguido de corrosão mostraram total eficiência preenchendo os sistemas injetados, podendo visualizar as ramificações e todo caminho percorrido no sistema circulatório. As quatro técnicas anatômicas estudadas nesse trabalho mostraram ser suficientes para atender as necessidades dos estudantes quanto ao estudo da anatomia, devido à perfeita evidenciação de estruturas externas e internas dos animais.(AU)

The concern about preservation of anatomical specimens in existence for over 5000 years, since the use of anatomical parts, are indispensable for teaching and contribute for the improvement of applicative, assimilative skills and understanding of the discipline. This paper proposes better use of techniques in anatomy laboratories, to abolish the use of formaldehyde as preservative, allowing a pleasant environment for the practice of teaching/learning relationship. For this purpose, we used four anatomical techniques, (1) the cryodehydration, (2) glycerin conservation, (3) latex injection and (4) vinylite injection followed corrosion, we executed using dogs, cats and organs from donations. With cryodehydration and glycerin conservation the anatomical materials were considerably lighter than when kept in formaldehyde, odorless unlike in the use of formaldehyde and other preservatives. The structures to be studied were kept intact, easily to view, and the specimens could be stored in closed boxes without any liquid, thus remaining for up to 3 years. The Injection techniques (latex and vinylite followed by corrosion) showed total efficiency to inject filling systems, and allowed a clear view of all ramifications and paths of the circulatory system. The four anatomical techniques studied were shown to be sufficient to meet the needs of students to study anatomy due to the perfect disclosure of external and internal animal structures.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Las técnicas de fijación y conservación anatómica son realizadas habitualmente con soluciones que contienen formol, dado su bajo costo. Estas tienen varias desventajas como el olor irritante, rigidez, cambios de coloración de las estructuras, así como toxicidad con potencial cancerígeno, teratogénico y mutagénico para quien lo manipula. Por esto, es deseable utilizar soluciones sin formol. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar 2 métodos de conservación cadavérica, uno con formol (solución de Montevideo) y otro sin formol (método de Prives) utilizando la placenta humana como órgano experimental, evaluando sus parámetros macroscópicos. Se utilizaron 46 placentas humanas de partos normales y gestación a término. Las placentas fueron separadas en dos grupos (n=22 y n=24 respectivamente). El primer grupo de placentas fue perfundido con una solución con formol y el segundo grupo en una solución sin formol. Luego ambos grupos fueron sumergidos y mantenidos en sus soluciones respectivas por dos semanas y posteriormente retiradas dejándolas al aire a temperatura ambiente por 2 semanas más. Se analizaron las variables cuantitativas de peso y diámetro en cada una de las piezas, así como las variables cualitativas de consistencia, color, olor y crecimiento de micro/macro organismos. La recopilación de datos fue realizada previo al lavado, a los 14, 21 y 28 días. Los resultados mostraron que las placentas conservadas con el método de Prives presentaron mejor conservación en relación a su diámetro, consistencia, color y menor olor irritante en relación a las placentas tratadas con solución con formol. En ningún caso hubo crecimiento de micro o macroorganismos. En conclusión, emplear soluciones alternativas que sustituyan ventajosamente al formol como la fórmula de Prives conservan mejor las características macroscópicas de las placentas sin generar un olor irritante, deteniendo el proceso de descomposición.

The fixation and conservation techniques of anatomic material are commonly performed with solutions containing formaldehyde, given its low cost. These have several disadvantages such as the irritating odor, stiffness, discoloration of the structures, toxicity, carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic risk for those who are exposed. Therefore it is desirable to use solutions without formaldehyde. The aim of this study was to compare 2 methods of anatomical conservation, one with formalin (Montevideo's solution) and one without formalin (Prives method) using the human placenta as an experimental organ model evaluating its macroscopic parameters. We used 46 human placentas from normal deliveries and term pregnancy. The placentas were separated into two groups (n=22 and n=24 respectively). The first group of placentas was perfused with formaldehyde solution and the second group in a solution without formaldehyde. Then both groups were immersed and maintained in their respective solutions for two weeks and then withdrawn leaving the air at room temperature for 2 weeks. Quantitative variables were analyzed for weight and diameter of each piece, and qualitative variables as consistency, color, odor and growth of micro/macro organisms were evaluated. Data collection was performed prior to washing at 14, 21 and 28 days. The results showed that conserved placentas with Prives method showed better conservation in relation to its diameter, consistency, color and less irritating odor in relation to placentas treated with formalin solution. In no case was growth of micro or macro organism. In conclusion, using advantageously at alternative solutions to formaldehyde, as the formula of Prives method, better preserved macroscopic characteristics of placentas without generating an irritating smell, stopping the decomposition process.

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RESUMEN

Background: The use of animals in attempt to understand biological processes began many years ago with Hippocrates (450 B.C.). Galeno (129-210 a.C.) studied the anatomy and physiology of the monkeys, believing in their similarity to humans. The use of animals in experiments has always been the target of too much criticism by several society segments, questioning animal suffering after manipulation. This is due to the fact that students and professors consider that such practices are against their moral and ethical principles, besides the psychological issues that they can promote. Because of this, alternative and complementary methods were developed for surgical training and motor development of surgeons, with the goal to reduce the number of animals in these practices and to increase qualifi cation and surgical skills. The objective of this study is to offer a complementary method of learning in the area of surgery, specifi cally anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Four dog kidneys were used from the pathology sector of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity with the perirenal fat, blood vessels and ureter. The renal artery, renal vein and ureter were cannulated and fi lled with red, blue and yellow colored latex, respectively. After this, the kidney

Background: The use of animals in attempt to understand biological processes began many years ago with Hippocrates (450 B.C.). Galeno (129-210 a.C.) studied the anatomy and physiology of the monkeys, believing in their similarity to humans. The use of animals in experiments has always been the target of too much criticism by several society segments, questioning animal suffering after manipulation. This is due to the fact that students and professors consider that such practices are against their moral and ethical principles, besides the psychological issues that they can promote. Because of this, alternative and complementary methods were developed for surgical training and motor development of surgeons, with the goal to reduce the number of animals in these practices and to increase qualifi cation and surgical skills. The objective of this study is to offer a complementary method of learning in the area of surgery, specifi cally anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Four dog kidneys were used from the pathology sector of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity with the perirenal fat, blood vessels and ureter. The renal artery, renal vein and ureter were cannulated and fi lled with red, blue and yellow colored latex, respectively. After this, the kidney

RESUMEN

Background: The use of animals in attempt to understand biological processes began many years ago with Hippocrates (450 B.C.). Galeno (129-210 a.C.) studied the anatomy and physiology of the monkeys, believing in their similarity to humans. The use of animals in experiments has always been the target of too much criticism by several society segments, questioning animal suffering after manipulation. This is due to the fact that students and professors consider that such practices are against their moral and ethical principles, besides the psychological issues that they can promote. Because of this, alternative and complementary methods were developed for surgical training and motor development of surgeons, with the goal to reduce the number of animals in these practices and to increase qualification and surgical skills. The objective of this study is to offer a complementary method of learning in the area of surgery, specifically anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Four dog kidneys were used from the pathology sector of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity with the perirenal fat, blood vessels and ureter. The renal artery, renal vein and ureter were cannulated and filled with red, blue and yellow colored latex, respectively. After this, the kidneys were immersed for one hour in running water for latex polymerization. Then, the nephrotomy technique was performed. At each step of the technique, renal structures were observed, incised in a clean and easy way, and each one identified perfectly by color. Discussion: The use of animals in practical classes is still a rule in the most of brazilian universities. Several studies have observed that the teaching of practices, based on alternative techniques instead of vivisection, enabled students to equal or more learning. Virtual reality techniques, handmade devices for training surgical nodes, models for anatomical and physiological study of the ocular and circulatory systems, objects for the practice of venous puncture, artifi cial limbs for surgical practice, models for the practice of microsurgery in small vessels, cylinder with several layers the simulates in every detail a surgical procedure, mannequins, simulators, videos and the use of cadavers and viscera chemically prepared for learning surgical techniques are some of the alternative methods found nowadays. Since it is expected that veterinary medicine students experience real patients, the combination of their acquired knowledge to the practice of complementary methods, helps the student to better understand the technique and facilitates the learning process. When using viscera to help in veterinary surgical technique classes, the students participate more effectively in the classroom, without the stress and fear they face when they first practice with live animals. Furthermore, this alternative allows them to train many times every technique, refining the accuracy, coordination and manual skills, so important for a surgeon. The use of colored latex injected kidneys to simulate nephrotomy proved to be an effective method to complement the training of future surgeons, without loosing teaching quality neither using animals for this purpose.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: The use of animals in attempt to understand biological processes began many years ago with Hippocrates (450 B.C.). Galeno (129-210 a.C.) studied the anatomy and physiology of the monkeys, believing in their similarity to humans. The use of animals in experiments has always been the target of too much criticism by several society segments, questioning animal suffering after manipulation. This is due to the fact that students and professors consider that such practices are against their moral and ethical principles, besides the psychological issues that they can promote. Because of this, alternative and complementary methods were developed for surgical training and motor development of surgeons, with the goal to reduce the number of animals in these practices and to increase qualifi cation and surgical skills. The objective of this study is to offer a complementary method of learning in the area of surgery, specifi cally anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Four dog kidneys were used from the pathology sector of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity with the perirenal fat, blood vessels and ureter. The renal artery, renal vein and ureter were cannulated and fi lled with red, blue and yellow colored latex, respectively. After this, the kidney

Background: The use of animals in attempt to understand biological processes began many years ago with Hippocrates (450 B.C.). Galeno (129-210 a.C.) studied the anatomy and physiology of the monkeys, believing in their similarity to humans. The use of animals in experiments has always been the target of too much criticism by several society segments, questioning animal suffering after manipulation. This is due to the fact that students and professors consider that such practices are against their moral and ethical principles, besides the psychological issues that they can promote. Because of this, alternative and complementary methods were developed for surgical training and motor development of surgeons, with the goal to reduce the number of animals in these practices and to increase qualifi cation and surgical skills. The objective of this study is to offer a complementary method of learning in the area of surgery, specifi cally anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Four dog kidneys were used from the pathology sector of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity with the perirenal fat, blood vessels and ureter. The renal artery, renal vein and ureter were cannulated and fi lled with red, blue and yellow colored latex, respectively. After this, the kidney