RESUMEN
Stem cell (SC) therapies displayed encouraging efficacy and clinical outcome in various disorders. Despite this huge hype, clinical translation of SC therapy has been disheartening due to contradictory results from clinical trials. The ability to monitor migration and engraftment of cells in vivo represents an ideal strategy in cell therapy. Therefore, suitable imaging approach to track MSCs would allow understanding of migratory and homing efficiency, optimal route of delivery and engraftment of cells at targeted location. Hence, longitudinal tracking of SCs is crucial for the optimization of treatment parameters, leading to improved clinical outcome and translation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents a suitable imaging modality to observe cells non-invasively and repeatedly. Tracking is achieved when cells are incubated prior to implantation with appropriate contrast agents (CA) or tracers which can then be detected in an MRI scan. This review explores and emphasizes the importance of monitoring the distribution and fate of SCs post-implantation using current contrast agents, such as positive CAs including paramagnetic metals (gadolinium), negative contrast agents such as superparamagnetic iron oxides and 19 F containing tracers, specifically for the in vivo tracking of MSCs using MRI. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
Asunto(s)
Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Rastreo Celular/métodos , Medios de Contraste , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/patología , Células MadreRESUMEN
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is an important diagnostic procedure performed in early breast cancer patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes. Detection and examination of sentinel lymph nodes determine further therapy decisions, therefore a choice of optimal technique minimising the risk of false-negative results is of great importance. Currently, the gold standard is the dual technique comprising the blue dye and radiotracer, however, this method creates a logistical problem for many medical units. The intrinsic constraints of the existing methods led to the development of a very wide range of alternatives with varying clinical efficiency and feasibility. While each method presents with its own advantages and disadvantages, many techniques have improved enough to become a non-inferior alternative in the sentinel lymph node biopsy. Along with the improvement of the existing technologies, there are evolving trends such as multimodality of the techniques maximising the diagnostic outcome or an emerging use of artificial intelligence (AI) improving the workflow of the procedure. This literature review aims to give an overview of the current status of the standard techniques and emerging cutting-edge technologies in the sentinel lymph node biopsy.