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Background: Malignant Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS) corresponds to the clinical manifestations due to the restriction of venous return to the right atrium secondary to obstruction of the superior vena cava and/or its main tributaries for a tumor. Endovascular management has proven to be safe, effective and cause a fast symptomatic relief in patients with SVCS. There is limited evidence in factors associated with outcomes in malignant setting for this procedure. Materials and methods: An analytical retrospective study was conducted and included patients that underwent endovascular management for malignant SVCS at the National Cancer Institute of Colombia between May 2016 and May 2021. Clinical and technical variables were analyzed to found associations with outcomes in these patients. Results: 54 patients were analyzed. Successful procedure rate was 94.4 %. At 10 months, the OS of the entire cohort of patients was 25 %. Patients with breast or lung cancer (P = 0.031), unsuccessful procedure (P = 0.011), and also with short time of symptoms to the date of the endovascular procedure (P = 0.027) had worse OS. Multivariate analysis showed that lung cancer [HR = 2.55, 95%IC:(1.21-5.36)] and left internal jugular vein or left Innominate vein distal stent attachment [HR = 3.27, 95%IC:(1.31-8.15)] were independent factors for worst OS. Conclusions: Based in the high success rate of the endovascular management and the better outcome in patients with early and successful procedure, this procedure should be considered as part of the multimodal treatment in patients with SVCS independent of the clinical scenario and the oncological diagnosis.
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Abstract Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is an entity that has become more frequent due to the increasing use of indwelling central venous catheters. Surgical management is considered in patients with extensive venous thrombosis and when endovascular therapy is not feasible. The use of superficial femoral vein is an excellent technique for reconstruction of the brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava (SVC) in cases with benign and malignant etiologies. We describe two cases of SVCS that were managed surgically at our institution with replacement of the SVC and brachiocephalic veins with a superficial femoral vein graft technique.
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Introducción: el síndrome de vena cava superior resulta de la obstrucción del flujo sanguíneo a través de este vaso. Casi la totalidad de los casos en la actualidad se asocian con tumores malignos. Existen controversias acerca del manejo apropiado de este cuadro. Actualmente, las terapias endovasculares son consideradas de elección. Materiales y métodos: se recolectaron y describieron, a partir de datos de la historia clínica electrónica, los casos de pacientes mayores de 18 años internados de forma consecutiva, que desarrollaron el síndrome en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires en 2021. Se constataron las características basales, los tratamientos recibidos y los desenlaces clínicos intrahospitaliarios de cada uno de ellos. Resultados: un total de cinco pacientes fueron incluidos en el presente estudio y seguidos durante su instancia intrahospitalaria. Todos los casos descriptos fueron secundarios a enfermedades oncológicas. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron un cuadro de moderada gravedad según las escalas utilizadas. En cuatro de cinco pacientes se optó por terapias endovasculares y dos de ellos fallecieron durante la internación. Discusión: existen controversias respecto del tratamiento óptimo del síndrome de vena cava superior, y heterogeneidad en la práctica clínica. Los estudios futuros deberían centrarse en identificar a aquellos pacientes que más probablemente se beneficien de las estrategias terapéuticas endovasculares, anticoagulantes o antiagregantes. (AU)
Introduction: superior vena cava syndrome results from an obstruction of blood flow through this vessel. Currently, almost all cases are associated with malignancies. There are controversies about the optimal management of this syndrome. Endovascular therapies are considered the first-line therapy. Material and methods: we collected clinical, laboratory and pharmacological data from patients admitted at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, between January 1st and November 1st 2021 with a diagnosis o superior vein cava syndrome. Baseline characteristics, treatment strategies and clinical outcomes were recorded. Results: a total of five patients were included in the present study. All cases were malignancy-related. Most of the patientsdeveloped moderate symptoms. Four out of five patients were treated with endovascular therapies and two patients died during hospitalization. Discussion: controversies regarding optimal management of the superior vena cava syndrome remain. Future research should focus on identifying those patients who are most likely to benefit from endovascular, anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapeutic strategies. (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/terapia , Procedimientos Endovasculares , Hospitalización , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/etiología , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/mortalidad , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/uso terapéutico , Stents , Registros Electrónicos de Salud , Anticoagulantes/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is an entity that has become more frequent due to the increasing use of indwelling central venous catheters. Surgical management is considered in patients with extensive venous thrombosis and when endovascular therapy is not feasible. The use of superficial femoral vein is an excellent technique for reconstruction of the brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava (SVC) in cases with benign and malignant etiologies. We describe two cases of SVCS that were managed surgically at our institution with replacement of the SVC and brachiocephalic veins with a superficial femoral vein graft technique.
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Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior , Trombosis de la Vena , Humanos , Venas Braquiocefálicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Venas Braquiocefálicas/cirugía , Venas Braquiocefálicas/patología , Vena Cava Superior/cirugía , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/etiología , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/cirugía , Vena Femoral/trasplante , Trombosis de la Vena/diagnóstico por imagen , Trombosis de la Vena/etiología , Trombosis de la Vena/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Thoracic central vein (TCV) obstruction (TCVO) in the presence of upper extremity (UE) hemodialysis access can present as superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) and cause vascular access dysfunction and failure. We report the techniques and results of endorevascularization of TCVO in hemodialysis patients, which allowed for long-term functioning vascular access in the UE. METHODS: From June 2009 to February 2020, 45 hemodialysis patients underwent TCV endorevascularization. The indications for surgery were TCVO or SVCS that threatened the function of a preexisting upper arm access or contraindicated placement of a new upper arm access. Conventional endovascular techniques were used when feasible. Patients with unfavorable anatomy were treated using a transseptal needle to cross difficult intrathoracic stenosis and occlusions or to facilitate an inside-out central venous access technique. The reestablishment of venous outflow was accomplished with angioplasty, stenting, and/or placement of HeRO conduits. Successful revascularization was followed by hemodialysis access revision or a new UE access placement. We recorded the risk factors and procedural outcomes, patency rates, complications, and mortality. RESULTS: The mean age was 53 ± 16.3 years, and 51% were women. The most common risk factors were diabetes mellitus (64.2%) and hypertension (56%). Twenty-five patients (55.5%) had symptoms of SVCS. These symptoms resolved after the TCV procedure in all cases. Crossing of the TCV lesion was successful using a conventional catheter and wire in 26 cases (57.8%) and transseptal needle in 17 cases (37.8%), including 12 using an inside-out central venous access technique. Treatment of the TCV lesion included a HeRO conduit in 20 cases (44.4%), stenting in 17 (37.7%), and transluminal balloon angioplasty alone in 7 (15.5%). Other veins were treated in 33 cases (73.3%). The overall technical success rate was 95.5%. Two intraoperative complications occurred, including one case of severe hypotension and one of fatal cardiac tamponade. Of the 16 patients with preexisting UE access, its function was preserved in all 16 (100%). In 24 of 27 patients (85.7%), new arm access was successfully created after the TCV procedure. The overall clinical success rate was 88.9%. The average follow-up was 663.4 days (median, 507 days; range, 0-2679 days). During follow-up, 26 patients had undergone 90 procedures to maintain access function, 21 had undergone repeat endovascular interventions, and 17 had undergone open procedures. Eight patients (17.8%) had developed infection, five involving HeRO conduits that required excision with loss of access. During the follow-up period, 14 patients (31%) had died of unrelated causes, and 34 patients (75.5%) maintained functional access. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study have shown that endorevascularization of TCVO reconstruction is effective in maintaining function or allowing the creation of UE hemodialysis access, with acceptable complication rates.
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Angioplastia de Balón , Derivación Arteriovenosa Quirúrgica , Implantación de Prótesis Vascular , Diálisis Renal , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/terapia , Extremidad Superior/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto , Anciano , Angioplastia de Balón/efectos adversos , Angioplastia de Balón/instrumentación , Derivación Arteriovenosa Quirúrgica/efectos adversos , Prótesis Vascular , Implantación de Prótesis Vascular/efectos adversos , Implantación de Prótesis Vascular/instrumentación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Perú , Estudios Retrospectivos , Stents , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/etiología , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/fisiopatología , Texas , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Grado de Desobstrucción VascularRESUMEN
Las urgencias oncológicas son un reto para el clínico. El síndrome de vena cava superior es una emergencia hemato-oncológica en pediatría, el cual se define como la obstrucción intrínseca o extrínseca de la vena cava superior. La clínica más frecuente en pediatría es la aparición de circulación colateral, edema en esclavina y cianosis facial. El diagnóstico es clínico y debe hacerse lo menos invasivamente posible y de una manera rápida, para iniciar cuanto antes su manejo. Los linfomas, el uso prolongado de catéter venoso central y la cirugía cardiovascular en cardiopatías congénitas, son las principales etiologías. En algunas ocasiones, puede ser necesario un tratamiento empírico para salvar la vida del paciente, mediante el uso de esteroides y radioterapia. El objetivo del presente artículo es revisar y actualizar los aspectos más importantes sobre la etiología, las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del síndrome de vena cava superior en pediatría
Oncological emergencies are a challenge for the clinician. The superior vena cava syndrome is a hemato-oncological emergency in pediatrics; it is defined as an intrinsic or extrinsic obstruction of the superior vena cava. The most frequent clinical manifestations in children are the appearance of collateral circulation, edema in the body and facial cyanosis. The diagnosis is clinical and should been done as little invasively as possible and without delay to start its management as soon as possible. Lymphomas, prolonged use of a central venous catheter, and cardiovascular surgery in congenital heart disease are the main etiologies. In some cases, empirical treatment may be necessary to save the patient's life, through the use of steroids and radiotherapy. The aim of this article is to review and update the most important aspects of the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of the superior vena cava syndrome in pediatrics
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Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior , Pediatría , Cuidados Críticos , Linfoma , Oncología Médica , NeoplasiasRESUMEN
Tumor thrombus into the superior vena cava have been rarely reported in cases with mediastinal tumors. These tumors are frequently invasive and continuous from the main tumor that normally shows direct vessel wall invasion, but not in this case. In some cases, the tumor thrombus can be removed through a simple venotomy. To prevent superior vena cava and the left innominate vein stenosis, we used a pericardial patch to close the venotomy site. At this case we report a thymic carcinoma with superior vena cava syndrome, which was caused by a tumor thrombus in the superior vena cava without vessel wall invasion, an even more rare condition.
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Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) often relates to malignant causes such as lung tumors, metastatic cancer, or lymphomas. While the diagnosis relies nowadays on the use of contrast-enhanced thoracic computed tomography, ultrasonography may have an important value as a first-line imaging technique, particularly when used in point-of-care office-based settings. Here, we report the case of a 67-year-old male presenting with SVCS in whom ultrasound contributed to diagnosis.
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Sistemas de Atención de Punto , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagen , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/patología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Vena Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagen , Vena Cava Superior/patologíaRESUMEN
Background: Epicardial pacemaker is the preferred method for newborns and children under 10 kg of weight. However, its placement presents a high rate of premature failure. Case report: The case of an infant requiring placement of pacemaker by congenital atrioventricular block with prenatal diagnosis is described. The patient showed critical stenosis of the superior vena cava as a complication. Interventional resolution using a stent at the site of stenosis corrected the superior vena cava syndrome effectively. Conclusions: This case represents a clinically viable alternative for the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome, which can be used after other conventional therapies have failed.
Introducción: El marcapasos epicárdico es el método preferido en recién nacidos y niños que pesan menos de 10 kg. Sin embargo, su colocación cuenta con una alta incidencia de fracaso prematuro. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un lactante que requirió la colocación de un marcapasos por bloqueo atrioventricular congénito diagnosticado prenatalmente. El paciente presentaba estenosis crítica de la vena cava superior como complicación secundaria a los cables del marcapasos. La resolución intervencionista mediante un stent en el sitio de estenosis corrigió el síndrome de vena cava superior de forma efectiva. Conclusiones: Este caso representa una alternativa clínicamente viable en el tratamiento del síndrome de vena cava superior, que puede emplearse después de otras terapias convencionales que hayan fallado.
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Bloqueo Atrioventricular/terapia , Marcapaso Artificial , Stents , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/cirugía , Bloqueo Atrioventricular/congénito , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/etiología , Vena Cava Superior/patologíaRESUMEN
Resumen Introducción: El marcapasos epicárdico es el método preferido en recién nacidos y niños que pesan menos de 10 kg. Sin embargo, su colocación cuenta con una alta incidencia de fracaso prematuro. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un lactante que requirió la colocación de un marcapasos por bloqueo atrioventricular congénito diagnosticado prenatalmente. El paciente presentaba estenosis crítica de la vena cava superior como complicación secundaria a los cables del marcapasos. La resolución intervencionista mediante un stent en el sitio de estenosis corrigió el síndrome de vena cava superior de forma efectiva. Conclusiones: Este caso representa una alternativa clínicamente viable en el tratamiento del síndrome de vena cava superior, que puede emplearse después de otras terapias convencionales que hayan fallado.
Abstract Background: Epicardial pacemaker is the preferred method for newborns and children under 10 kg of weight. However, its placement presents a high rate of premature failure. Case report: The case of an infant requiring placement of pacemaker by congenital atrioventricular block with prenatal diagnosis is described. The patient showed critical stenosis of the superior vena cava as a complication. Interventional resolution using a stent at the site of stenosis corrected the superior vena cava syndrome effectively. Conclusions: This case represents a clinically viable alternative for the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome, which can be used after other conventional therapies have failed.
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Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Marcapaso Artificial , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/cirugía , Stents , Bloqueo Atrioventricular/terapia , Vena Cava Superior/patología , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/etiología , Bloqueo Atrioventricular/congénitoRESUMEN
Figuras A Y B: Radiografía de Tórax Anteroposterior (AP) y Lateral. Presencia de gran lesión al parecer del mediastino medio (Flechas blancas), con diámetros de 11 x 15 x 12 cm, de densidad homogénea, con efecto de masa y desviación de todas las estructuras (Flechas negras) y compresión sobre el lóbulo superior derecho (*), sin calcificaciones en su interior. Figura C. Tomografía computarizada de tórax con contraste corte coronal. En la región central del mediastino anterior, se identifica una masa hipodensa, heterogénea, con densidad de predominio de tejido blando, con algunas imágenes de densidad cálcica en su interior, de 14.3 x 10.2 x 12.6 (Línea amarilla) cm, que se encuentra desplazando la aorta ascendente, con trayecto tortuoso (Flecha azul), la flecha roja señala el tronco braquiocefálico. Figura D. Tomografía computarizada de tórax corte axial en ventana mediastinal. Masa hipodensa, heterogénea, con densidad de predominio de tejido blando, con algunas imágenes de densidad cálcica en su interior, la cual se encuentra desplazando y ocupando gran parte de la porción anterior del hemitórax derecho. Así mismo se encuentra desplazando estructuras mediastinales como el tronco de la pulmonar (Flecha azul), esta masa se encuentra generando atelectasia pasiva del lóbulo medio derecho (Flecha roja). Cómo citar. López-Salazar JP, Delgado-Serrano J. Tumor mediastinal de células germinales en un paciente con melanoptisis. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 191-194. doi:10.29375/01237047.3748
Figures A and B: Anteroposterior (AP) and Lateral Chest X-ray. Presence of a large mass, apparently from the middle mediastinum (white arrows), diameters of 11 x 15 x 12 cm, homogeneous density, with the mass effect on other mediastinal structures (black arrows) and compression on the right upper lobe (*), without inner calcifications. Figure C. Chest Computed Tomography, coronal section. In the anterior mediastinum it shows a hypodense, heterogeneous mass, with predominance of soft tissue density, with some calcifications inside, diameters of 14.3 x 10.2 x 12.6 (yellow line) cm, displacing the ascending aorta (blue arrow), the red arrow indicates the brachiocephalic trunk. Figure D. Computed tomography of the chest, axial section. Hypodense, heterogeneous mass, with predominance of soft tissue density, with some calcifications inside, which occupying a large parto f the anterior right hemithorax. It is also displacing mediastinal structures such as the trunk of the pulmonary artery (blue arrow), this mass is generating passive atelectasis of the right middle lobe (red arrow). Cómo citar. López-Salazar JP, Delgado-Serrano J. Tumor mediastinal de células germinales en un paciente con melanoptisis. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 191-194. doi:10.29375/01237047.3748
Figuras A e B: Radiografia de tórax (anteroposterior (AP) e lateral). Presença de grande massa, aparentemente do mediastino médio (Setas brancas), diâmetros de 11 x 15 x 12 cm, densidade homogênea, com efeito de massa em outras estruturas mediastinais (setas pretas) e compressão no lobo superior direito (*), sem calcificações internas. Figura C. Tomografia computadorizada de tórax, corte coronal. No mediastino anterior, mostra uma massa hipodensa e heterogênea, com predominância da densidade de partes moles, com algumas calcificações internas, diâmetros de 14,3 x 10,2 x 12,6 (Linha amarela) cm, deslocando a aorta ascendente (seta azul), a seta vermelha indica o tronco braquiocefálico. Figura D. Tomografia computadorizada de tórax, corte axial. Massa hipodensa, heterogênea, com predominância da densidade de partes moles, com algunas calcificações internas, que ocupam grande parte do hemitórax anterior direito. Também está deslocando estruturas mediastinais, como o tronco da artéria pulmonar (Seta azul), essa massa está gerando atelectasia passiva do lobo médio direito (Sseta vermelha). Cómo citar. López-Salazar JP, Delgado-Serrano J. Tumor mediastinal de células germinales en un paciente con melanoptisis. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 191-194. doi:10.29375/01237047.3748
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Neoplasias del Mediastino , Radiología , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior , Tumor del Seno Endodérmico , HemoptisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The objective of management of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is to promptly alleviate the uncomfortable symptoms. Conventional approaches do not always achieve results as rapidly as endovascular management with stent placement. OBJECTIVES: To report the experience with endovascular management of SVCS of a Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Service at a Brazilian university hospital. METHODS: Symptomatic type III SVCS cases were managed with angioplasty and stent placement in 28 patients aged from 37 to 68 years, between 2002 and 2012. The etiology of SVCS was lung or thoracic cancer in 18 patients, while occlusion of the vein for prolonged use of catheters was the cause in the other 10 cases. RESULTS: Superior vena cava occlusion repair was not possible in one oligosymptomatic patient with a very severe lesion. Technical success was achieved in 96.4%. There were two deaths, one due to pulmonary embolism, 24 hours after a successful procedure, and the other due to compression of the airways by tumor mass some hours after the procedure. Clinical success was achieved in all cases of technical success, including one patient who died suddenly, after total regression of SVCS symptoms. Symptoms disappeared 24 hours and 48 hours after management in16 and 8 patients respectively; improvement was slower but progressive after 48 hours in the remaining patients. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular stent placement was effective for management of SVCS, with good technical and clinical success rates and provided prompt relief from symptoms.
CONTEXTO: O tratamento da síndrome da veia cava superior (SVCS) visa aliviar, rapidamente, os sintomas desconfortáveis. Os resultados das abordagens convencionais nem sempre são tão rápidos quanto os do tratamento endovascular com colocação de stent. OBJETIVOS: Relatar a experiência de um Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular e Endovascular de hospital universitário brasileiro com o tratamento endovascular da SVCS. MÉTODOS: Vinte e oito pacientes com SVCS sintomática tipo III foram tratados com angioplastia e colocação de stent, entre 2002 e 2012. A idade variou entre 37 e 68 anos. A SVCS resultou de doença neoplásica pulmonar ou torácica em 18 pacientes e de oclusão da veia por uso prolongado de cateteres em 10 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Não foi possível reparo da oclusão da veia em um paciente oligossintomático com lesão bastante grave. O sucesso técnico foi de 96,4%. Houve duas mortes, sendo uma por embolia pulmonar 24 horas após procedimento bem-sucedido e outra por compressão das vias aéreas por massa tumoral algumas horas após o procedimento. Houve sucesso clínico em todos os casos de sucesso técnico, incluindo o paciente que faleceu de repente após ter apresentado regressão total dos sintomas. Os sintomas desapareceram em 24 e 48 horas após o tratamento em, respectivamente, 16 e oito pacientes. A melhora foi mais lenta, embora progressiva, após 48 horas nos demais pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: A colocação de stent endovascular no tratamento da SVCS foi eficaz, com boas taxas de sucesso técnico e clínico e alívio mais rápido dos sintomas.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN Fundamento: el leiomiosarcoma de la vena cava superior es una enfermedad rara y más cuando se extiende a las cavidades cardíacas. Objetivo: presentar una paciente con leiomiosarcoma de la vena cava superior que se extendió de forma intraluminal a las cavidades derechas del corazón lo que provocó obstrucción de las mismas y choque cardiogénico. Caso clínico: paciente de 45 años de edad, blanca, femenina sin antecedentes mórbidos de salud, la cual presentó enrojecimiento del rostro y agotamiento de las extremidades al peinarse. Se le realiza tomografía axial computarizada donde se identificó una lesión sugestiva de trombosis, se decide su traslado hacia un centro especializado, se llega a la conclusión de que la paciente era portadora de una lesión tumoral no trombótica, la cual resultó ser benigna en una biopsia realizada por lo cual se decide seguimiento. La paciente reingresa en estado de shock cardiogénico por progresión de la enfermedad y se decide su tratamiento quirúrgico de emergencia, durante la cirugía fallece. Conclusiones: el leiomiosarcoma de la vena cava superior es una enfermedad rara, existen pocos reportes en la literatura sobre este padecimiento. Se presentó un caso en el cual el tumor se extendía de forma intraluminal a las cavidades cardíacas derechas (aurícula y ventrículo).
ABTRACT Background: the leiomyosarcoma of the superior cava vein is a rare illness and more when it extends to the cardiac cavities. Objective: to present to the medical community a female patient with leiomyosarcoma of the superior cava vein that extended intraluminal form to the right cavities of the heart causing obstruction and cardiogenic shock. Clinical case: a 45-year-old white female patient with no morbid health history, who presented redness of the face and exhaustion of the extremities when combing. A computerized axial tomography was performed where a lesion suggestive of thrombosis was identified. It was decided to transfer her to a specialized center, in which it is concluded that the patient was a carrier of a non-thrombotic tumor lesion, which turned out to be benign in a biopsy done for which follow-up is decided. The patient reenters in a state of cardiogenic shock due to progression of the disease, which is why her emergency surgical treatment is decided and die during surgery. Conclusions: the leiomyosarcoma of the superior vena cava is a rare illness, with few reports in the literature. A case in which the tumor extended intraluminally to the right cardiac cavities (atrium and ventricle) is presented.
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The objective of management of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is to promptly alleviate the uncomfortable symptoms. Conventional approaches do not always achieve results as rapidly as endovascular management with stent placement. Objectives To report the experience with endovascular management of SVCS of a Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Service at a Brazilian university hospital. Methods Symptomatic type III SVCS cases were managed with angioplasty and stent placement in 28 patients aged from 37 to 68 years, between 2002 and 2012. The etiology of SVCS was lung or thoracic cancer in 18 patients, while occlusion of the vein for prolonged use of catheters was the cause in the other 10 cases. Results Superior vena cava occlusion repair was not possible in one oligosymptomatic patient with a very severe lesion. Technical success was achieved in 96.4%. There were two deaths, one due to pulmonary embolism, 24 hours after a successful procedure, and the other due to compression of the airways by tumor mass some hours after the procedure. Clinical success was achieved in all cases of technical success, including one patient who died suddenly, after total regression of SVCS symptoms. Symptoms disappeared 24 hours and 48 hours after management in16 and 8 patients respectively; improvement was slower but progressive after 48 hours in the remaining patients. Conclusions Endovascular stent placement was effective for management of SVCS, with good technical and clinical success rates and provided prompt relief from symptoms
O tratamento da síndrome da veia cava superior (SVCS) visa aliviar, rapidamente, os sintomas desconfortáveis. Os resultados das abordagens convencionais nem sempre são tão rápidos quanto os do tratamento endovascular com colocação de stent. Objetivos Relatar a experiência de um Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular e Endovascular de hospital universitário brasileiro com o tratamento endovascular da SVCS. Métodos Vinte e oito pacientes com SVCS sintomática tipo III foram tratados com angioplastia e colocação de stent, entre 2002 e 2012. A idade variou entre 37 e 68 anos. A SVCS resultou de doença neoplásica pulmonar ou torácica em 18 pacientes e de oclusão da veia por uso prolongado de cateteres em 10 pacientes. Resultados Não foi possível reparo da oclusão da veia em um paciente oligossintomático com lesão bastante grave. O sucesso técnico foi de 96,4%. Houve duas mortes, sendo uma por embolia pulmonar 24 horas após procedimento bem-sucedido e outra por compressão das vias aéreas por massa tumoral algumas horas após o procedimento. Houve sucesso clínico em todos os casos de sucesso técnico, incluindo o paciente que faleceu de repente após ter apresentado regressão total dos sintomas. Os sintomas desapareceram em 24 e 48 horas após o tratamento em, respectivamente, 16 e oito pacientes. A melhora foi mais lenta, embora progressiva, após 48 horas nos demais pacientes. Conclusões A colocação de stent endovascular no tratamento da SVCS foi eficaz, com boas taxas de sucesso técnico e clínico e alívio mais rápido dos sintomas
Asunto(s)
Vena Cava Superior , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior , Procedimientos Endovasculares/métodos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Vasculares/métodos , Stents , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
La primera descripción realizada del síndrome de la vena cava superior (SVCS) la realizó William Hunter en 1757, en un paciente con aneurisma sifilítico de aorta. Actualmente con el desarrollo de los tratamientos antimicrobianos estas enfermedades son raras y se deben en un gran porcentaje a patologías malignas. Las neoplasias malignas dan lugar al 90 por ciento de los casos de SVCS y son en su mayoría carcinomas de pulmón. Menos comúnmente el SVCS maligno está producido por linfomas, metástasis y tumores intratorácicos como mesoteliomas o timomas. El objetivo es presentar una forma poco habitual del síndrome de la vena cava superior ocasionada por una neoplasia de pulmón cuya variante histológica, el adenocarcinoma, no suele producir esta forma de presentación radiológica. Se presenta una paciente femenina de 48 años de edad, fumadora, operada de neumotórax izquierdo, que acude a consulta refiriendo la aparición de dolor y aumento de volumen localizado en el cuello, hombro y miembro superior derecho de 3 meses de evolución, de moderada intensidad, permanente, asociado con la presencia de impotencia funcional y edema del miembro superior. En consultas previas se le diagnosticó bursitis y se prescribió tratamiento antiinflamatorio y fisioterapia empeorando la sintomatología, decidiéndose la realización de ultrasonido del hombro derecho. Clásicamente se describe que el adenocarcinoma se manifiesta radiológicamente como un nódulo o una masa pulmonar solitaria, periférica, lo cual difiere con nuestro caso cuya forma de presentación es un síndrome de la vena cava superior siendo una forma poco habitual en este tipo histológico(AU)
The first description of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) was made by William Hunter in 1757, in a patient with syphilitic aortic aneurysm. Currently, with the development of antimicrobial treatments, these diseases are rare and largely due to malignant pathologies. Malignant neoplasms account for 90 percent of cases of SVCS and are mostly lung carcinomas. Less commonly, malignant SVCS is produced by lymphomas, metastases and intrathoracic tumors, such as mesotheliomas or thymomas. The aim of the study is to present an unusual form of the SVCS caused by a lung neoplasm whose histological variant, adenocarcinoma, does not usually produce this form of radiological presentation. We present a patient aged 48, smoker, operated for left pneumothorax, who comes to office referring the onset of pain and increased volume located in the neck, shoulder and right upper limb of 3 months of evolution, of mild intensity, permanent, associated with the presence of functional impotence and edema of the upper limb. In previous consultations, he was diagnosed with bursitis and anti-inflammatory and physiotherapy treatment was prescribed, the symptoms worsened, while ultrasound of the right shoulder was decided. Classically, adenocarcinoma is described as radiologically manifested as a solitary, peripheral nodule or lung mass, which differs with our case, whose presentation is a superior vena cava syndrome being an unusual form in this histological type(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/patología , Neoplasias PulmonaresRESUMEN
Resumen: El síndrome de la vena cava superior es un conjunto de signos y síntomas desencadenados por la obstrucción de la vena cava superior. Los tumores intratorácicos malignos son la principal causa. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas se han descrito causas benignas, como la trombosis asociada con la colocación de accesos venosos.
Abstract: Superior vena cava syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms due to superior vena cava obstruction. Intratoracic malignant tumors are the main cause. However, in last decades benign causes such as thrombosis related to venous access colocation have been described.
RESUMEN
La primera descripción realizada del síndrome de la vena cava superior (SVCS) la realizó William Hunter en 1757, en un paciente con aneurisma sifilítico de aorta. Actualmente con el desarrollo de los tratamientos antimicrobianos estas enfermedades son raras y se deben en un gran porcentaje a patologías malignas. Las neoplasias malignas dan lugar al 90 por ciento de los casos de SVCS y son en su mayoría carcinomas de pulmón. Menos comúnmente el SVCS maligno está producido por linfomas, metástasis y tumores intratorácicos como mesoteliomas o timomas. El objetivo es presentar una forma poco habitual del síndrome de la vena cava superior ocasionada por una neoplasia de pulmón cuya variante histológica, el adenocarcinoma, no suele producir esta forma de presentación radiológica. Se presenta una paciente femenina de 48 años de edad, fumadora, operada de neumotórax izquierdo, que acude a consulta refiriendo la aparición de dolor y aumento de volumen localizado en el cuello, hombro y miembro superior derecho de 3 meses de evolución, de moderada intensidad, permanente, asociado con la presencia de impotencia funcional y edema del miembro superior. En consultas previas se le diagnosticó bursitis y se prescribió tratamiento antiinflamatorio y fisioterapia empeorando la sintomatología, decidiéndose la realización de ultrasonido del hombro derecho. Clásicamente se describe que el adenocarcinoma se manifiesta radiológicamente como un nódulo o una masa pulmonar solitaria, periférica, lo cual difiere con nuestro caso cuya forma de presentación es un síndrome de la vena cava superior siendo una forma poco habitual en este tipo histológico(AU)
The first description of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) was made by William Hunter in 1757, in a patient with syphilitic aortic aneurysm. Currently, with the development of antimicrobial treatments, these diseases are rare and largely due to malignant pathologies. Malignant neoplasms account for 90 percent of cases of SVCS and are mostly lung carcinomas. Less commonly, malignant SVCS is produced by lymphomas, metastases and intrathoracic tumors, such as mesotheliomas or thymomas. The aim of the study is to present an unusual form of the SVCS caused by a lung neoplasm whose histological variant, adenocarcinoma, does not usually produce this form of radiological presentation. We present a patient aged 48, smoker, operated for left pneumothorax, who comes to office referring the onset of pain and increased volume located in the neck, shoulder and right upper limb of 3 months of evolution, of mild intensity, permanent, associated with the presence of functional impotence and edema of the upper limb. In previous consultations, he was diagnosed with bursitis and anti-inflammatory and physiotherapy treatment was prescribed, the symptoms worsened, while ultrasound of the right shoulder was decided. Classically, adenocarcinoma is described as radiologically manifested as a solitary, peripheral nodule or lung mass, which differs with our case, whose presentation is a superior vena cava syndrome being an unusual form in this histological type(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/patología , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagenAsunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Fibrilación Atrial/cirugía , Vena Cava Superior/cirugía , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/etiología , Ablación por Catéter/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico por imagen , Fibrilación Atrial/diagnóstico por imagen , Vena Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagen , Cateterismo Venoso Central/métodosRESUMEN
O coma mixedematoso eÌ uma emergeÌncia endocrinoloÌgica rara e consiste na máxima expressão do hipotireoidismo, com alta mortalidade por suas complicações hemodinâmicas e ventilatórias, podendo ser agravadas por distúrbios da coagulação. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente diagnosticada com coma mixedematoso e trombo de veia cava superior. Buscamos salientar os distúrbios de coagulação frequentes no hipotireoidismo grave, que contribuem para o aumento da mortalidade deste grupo de pacientes. O diagnoÌstico e o tratamento precoce do coma mixedematoso, aliados aÌ instituiçaÌo imediata da terapia para o fenômeno trombótico encontrado, permitiram a evoluçaÌo favoraÌvel do quadro. O relato, juntamente da bibliografia pesquisada, orientou o raciocínio sobre a relação dos distúrbios de coagulação, que ocorrem no hipotireoidismo descompensado. Apesar de poucos relatos, estes distúrbios podem ser frequentes e devem ser pesquisados, pois contribuem com o aumento da mortalidade.(AU)
Myxedema coma is a rare endocrinological emergency, consisting of the highest expression of hypothyroidism with high mortality due to hemodynamic and ventilatory complications, which may be aggravated by coagulation disorders. We report the case of a patient diagnosed with myxedema coma and superior vena cava thrombus. We sought to emphasize the frequent coagulation disorders in severe hypothyroidism, which contribute to increased mortality in this group of patients. The diagnosis and early treatment of myxedema coma, together with the immediate institution of therapy for the thrombotic phenomenon found, allowed the favorable evolution of the condition. The report, together with the literature, has guided the rationale for the influence of coagulation disorders that occur in decompensated hypothyroidism. Despite the few number of reports, these disorders can be frequent and should be investigated because they contribute to the increase in mortality.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea/complicaciones , Síndrome de la Vena Cava Superior , Coma/complicaciones , Hipotiroidismo/complicaciones , Mixedema/complicaciones , Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea/terapia , Coma/diagnóstico , Mixedema/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Las tasas de supervivencia del cáncer infantil han mejorado considerablemente en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, las emergencias relacionadas con la propia enfermedad o complicaciones derivadas del tratamiento implican un alto grado de morbimortalidad. El personal de salud de un servicio de emergencia debe identificar y tratar en forma temprana estas situaciones clínicas que ponen en riesgo la vida del paciente. Revisaremos aquellas urgencias oncológicas que reconocidas y tratadas de inmediato mejoran drásticamente el pronóstico del paciente.
Survival rates for child cancer have significantly improved in the last decades. However, emergencies in connection with the disease itself or complications arising from the treatment imply a high morbimortality. The health staff at an emergency service needs to identify and treat as early as posible these clinical situations that result in the patient’s risk of life.