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Traditional descriptions of liver anatomy refer to a smooth, convex surface contacting the diaphragm. Surface depressions are recognized anatomic variants. There are many theories to explain the cause of the depressions. We discuss the theory that these are caused by hypertrophic muscular bands in the diaphragm.

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Multimodal integration is crucial for human interaction, in particular for social communication, which relies on integrating information from various sensory modalities. Recently a third visual pathway specialized in social perception was proposed, which includes the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) playing a key role in processing socially relevant cues and high-level social perception. Importantly, it has also recently been proposed that the left STS contributes to audiovisual integration of speech processing. In this article, we propose that brain areas along the right STS that support multimodal integration for social perception and cognition can be considered homologs to those in the left, language-dominant hemisphere, sustaining multimodal integration of speech and semantic concepts fundamental for social communication. Emphasizing the significance of the left STS in multimodal integration and associated processes such as multimodal attention to socially relevant stimuli, we underscore its potential relevance in comprehending neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by challenges in social communication such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Further research into this left lateral processing stream holds the promise of enhancing our understanding of social communication in both typical development and ASD, which may lead to more effective interventions that could improve the quality of life for individuals with atypical neurodevelopment.

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Introduction: Deep cavernomas of eloquent areas, located in the region of the basal nuclei and thalamus, account for 9 to 36% of these encephalic vascular malformations. Internal capsule cavernomas are particularly challenging, as they are surrounded by important projection fibers and their manipulation can lead to permanent deficits. To demonstrate through surgical cases that cavernomas of the internal capsule can be approached by frontal craniotomy, via the superior frontal sulcus, in a curative manner and with low morbidity. Methods: We presented two cases of cavernomas of the internal capsule operated, whose treatment was microsurgical resection via frontal craniotomy and access to the lesion via the superior frontal sulcus, described step-by-step. To elucidate the rationale behind the decision, we used preoperative images with an emphasis on the patients' tractography and the importance of comparing these images with anatomical specimens dissected in the neuroanatomy and microsurgery laboratory. Results: The two cases of internal capsule cavernomas, one in the anterior limb and the other in the posterior limb, were treated surgically via the superior frontal sulcus. Discussion: Both patients showed radiological cure and clinical improvement in the post-operative segment. The patient consented to the procedure and to the publication of his/her image. Treatment of internal capsule cavernomas via the superior frontal sulcus has proven to be a safe and effective option.

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The morphology of otoliths determines the function they perform, and it is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Knowing those relationships is necessary to understand the role of hearing in fish. The objectives of this work were: exploring the shape of the sulcus of the sagittal otolith in seven species of Sciaenidae, in relation to sound production, and analyzing whether the shape and size of the sulcus can be used as a phylogenetic character. For this purpose, geometric morphometry analysis was carried out using landmarks data. It was found that there is an influence of size on the shape of the sulcus, and significant differences were found between the shapes of the sulcus (permutational multivariate analysis of variance). Three general shapes of the sulcus were identified (using principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, and clustering): (1) in species that produce sounds at dominant frequencies <350 Hz, the deformation of the sulcus showed a tendency towards circularity of the ostium; (2) in those species that produce sounds at frequencies >350 Hz, the ostium showed a flattened ovoid shape, and the cauda increased its length; (3) the species that do not produce sounds, did not show any modifications, relative to the form of consensus. Despite finding sister species that presented similar sulcus shapes in the phylogeny, the results did not confirm that this can be used as a phylogenetic character. This work discusses whether the combined effects of phylogenetic legacy and natural functional selection have led to convergent evolution for the sulcus form. The differences presented by the sulcus of species that occupy the same clade, could indicate that there is a displacement of characters. The sagittal otolith and the sensory macula associated with the sulcus acusticus are highly plastic structures that are subject to strong evolutionary pressure in relation to environmental and behavioral factors, resulting in great variability in shapes that can be associated with a specific character. The variation in the shape of the sulcus would allow the analysed species to coexist in the same coastal soundscapes, without losing their particular hearing needs, even in case of overlapping their spatial and temporal distribution areas.

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Introducción: El síndrome de uveítis-glaucoma-hifema (UGH) es una complicación infrecuente de las cirugías de catarata, debido a un roce mecánico ejercido por una lente intraocular (LIO) sobre el iris. Caso clínico: Un varón de 64 años, con antecedente de cirugía de catarata, presenta disminución de la agudeza visual y dolor en el ojo derecho. En el examen oftalmológico, se evidenciaron signos de uveítis anterior, presión intraocular (PIO) elevada, microhifema y una LIO de una pieza plegable en sulcus que provocaba un roce mecánico con la cara posterior del iris. El tratamiento médico fue insuficiente, por lo que se realizó una cirugía de explante de LIO de una pieza plegable y se reemplazó por una LIO de tres piezas plegables. La evolución posoperatoria fue favorable. Conclusión: Se debe sospechar de esta complicación, en pacientes con antecedente de cirugía de catarata, especialmente en casos en los cuales la LIO es de una pieza y ha sido implantada fuera del saco capsular.

Introduction: Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome (UGH) is a rare complication of cataract surgery, due to mechanical chafing exerted by an intraocular lens (IOL) on the iris. Clinical case: A 64-year-old man with a history of cataract surgery, who presented decreased visual acuity and pain in the right eye. The ophthalmological examination revealed signs of anterior uveitis, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), microhyphema, and a single-piece foldable IOL in the sulcus that caused a mechanical chafing with the posterior face of the iris. The medical treatment was insufficient; for this reason, a folding simple-piece IOL explant surgery was performed and replaced by a three-piece IOL. Postoperative evolution was favorable. Conclusion: Should be suspected this complication in patients with a history of cataract surgery, especially in cases in which the IOL is in single-piece and has been implanted outside the capsular bag.

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Introducción: El envejecimiento periorbitario se considera un proceso complejo y multifactorial que se relaciona con procesos intrínsecos y extrínsecos tales como los cambios degenerativos en la piel, la aparición de líneas finas, la pérdida de volumen, el descenso de tejidos, la piel flácida y el exceso de depósito de grasa. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la corrección de las ojeras y del surco nasoyugal con Nanofat. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Caumatología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" desde agosto de 2019 a mayo de 2021. La muestra la constituyeron 37 pacientes. Los datos se resumieron en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 47,2 ± 10,7 años. El 89,2 por ciento de los pacientes eran mujeres. La media del tejido emulsionado infiltrado por cada lado fue de 1,40 ± 0,4 ml, con un volumen mínimo de 1 ml y un máximo de 2 ml. En el 83,8 por ciento de los casos se constató una disminución del surco nasoyugal y en el 16,2 por ciento se evidenció una gran mejoría. En el 100 por ciento de los pacientes hubo avance de la hiperpigmentación y mejoría de la calidad de la piel. Dentro de las complicaciones solo un paciente (2,7 por ciento) presentó nódulos por calcificación en la zona receptora. El resto de los pacientes en estudio no presentó eventos adversos. El grado de satisfacción postratamiento con Nanofat fue de 100 por ciento. Conclusiones: Los resultados de la corrección de las ojeras y del surco nasoyugal con Nanofat son muy buenos(AU)

Introduction: Periorbital aging is considered a complex and multifactorial process that is related to intrinsic and extrinsic processes such as degenerative changes in the skin, appearance of fine lines, volume loss, tissue descent, sagging skin, and excess fat deposition. Objetive: To evaluate the results of correction of dark circles under the eyes and the nasojugal sulcus with Nanofat. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was performed in the Plastic Surgery and Caumatology Service of the Clinical Surgical Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" from August 2019 to May 2021. The sample consisted of 37 patients. The data were summarized in absolute and relative frequencies. Results: The mean age was 47.2±10.7 years. The 89.2 percent of the patients were women. The mean emulsified tissue infiltrated per side was 1.40±0.4 ml, with a minimum volume of 1 ml and a maximum of 2 ml. In 83.8 percent of the cases there was a decrease in the nasojugal sulcus and in 16.2 percent there was a great improvement. In 100 percent of the patients there was improvement of hyperpigmentation and great improvement of skin quality. Among the complications only one patient (2.7 percent) presented nodules due to calcification in the recipient area. The rest of the patients in the study did not present adverse events. The degree of post-treatment satisfaction with Nanofat was 100 percent. Conclusions: The results of correction of dark circles and nasojugal sulcus with Nanofat are very good(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Lesions in the ventral striatum region (above the anterior perforated substance) are a challenge for neurosurgeons due to their direct relationship with the lenticulostriate arteries, which difficult the surgical access. The standard approaches for this region include the following: 1) transfrontal approach, 2) transanterior perforating substance approach, 3) transcallosal transventricular approach, and 4) pterional transsylvian-transinsular route. In this study, we aimed to describe a novel anatomical approach through the anterior limiting sulcus of the insula in order to access the ventral striatum. METHODS: We reviewed the literature and performed a detailed dissection of this region by using Klingler's technique with brain specimens injected with silicone, paying special attention to the white fibers and lenticulostriate arteries, and provided a description of an illustrative case of a cavernous malformation. RESULTS: Neuroanatomical dissections showed that the lenticulostriate arteries had an inverted C-shaped anterior concavity, leaving less significant vascular relationships in the depth of the anterior limiting sulcus of the insula. In the case we described, the cavernous malformation was completely resected and the patient was discharged without any neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS: The transanterior limiting sulcus of the insula approach to the ventral striatum offers a safe access route for selected cases and can be performed on the basis of anatomical references. Three-dimensional understanding of the intrinsic brain architecture and its relationships with vascular structures in this specific area is important and can be acquired mainly through laboratory training.

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Purpose: To assess the position of the haptics of the implantable collamer lens (ICL) in myopic eyes using a high-frequency ultrasound robotic scanner. Methods: This was a prospective, single-arm, observational study carried out at the Instituto Zaldivar SA (Mendoza, Argentina) in a sample of 52 eyes who have been submitted to successful ICL implantation prior to enrollment. Images of the eyes were obtained using a very-high frequency digital ultrasound robotic scanner (VHFDU) to establish the position of the ICL in the posterior chamber and its relation to the ciliary sulcus. New parameters for lens position analysis were also described. Results: In 81% of cases (42 eyes), the ICL rests on the ciliary body (CB) in both temporal and nasal sides, being slightly lower than 6% (3 eyes) those that rest on the sulcus in both sides, with significant correlations between ICL position and vault values (p<0.05). Cases in which the ICL position was CB-CB yielded central vault values across the whole range determined within the sample, but most of the eyes where the ICL rests on both the sulcus in one side and the CB in the other yield greater central vault values. Correlation was significant between ICL position and retroposition distance on the temporal side (Spearman's rho -0.487, p<0.001). A significant but weaker correlation was also found between ICL position and retroiridian space (p<0.05). Conclusion: ICL for myopia footplates tend to locate outside of the sulcus in a significant percentage of patients after successful implantation. VHFDU assessment in eyes implanted with an ICL to properly study the lens footplate position and posterior anatomical relations provides important additional information besides post-surgery vault.

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Language describes approach/avoidance intentionality by means of attitudinal verbs (e.g., accept vs. reject). The right superior temporal sulcus (rSTS) has been shown to be recruited in processing action goals and approach intentionality in social contexts. In this study, we examine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of this area improves the processing of attitudinal verbs (either of approach or avoidance) in the context of affirmative and negative sentences [e.g., Julio (did not)/included meat on the grocery list]. After being subjected to tDCS, 46 participants were given sentences for passive reading. Sentences were displayed in segments with a fixed time of exposition, and a verb, either the one mentioned in the sentence or an alternative one was displayed 1,500 ms after the sentence (e.g., included vs. excluded, in the example). Participants were told to read them and then press the space bar to continue the experiment. Results showed shorter latencies for approach verbs that were either mentioned in approach sentences or the alternatives in avoidance sentences, both in affirmative and negative versions under anodal conditions compared to sham conditions. Thus, the anodal stimulation of rSTS affected the accessibility of approach verbs that were not modulated either by being mentioned or by sentence polarity. In addition, mentioned verbs had shorter reading times than the alternative ones in negative sentences in the anodal vs. sham condition. This suggests that stimulation caused an effect of negation in the activation of the mentioned verb. Implications are discussed in the context of the role of the rSTS in processing attitudinal verbs and negation to understand better approach and avoidance mediated by language in the framework of the two-step model of negation processing.

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OBJECTIVE: The cerebellar interpeduncular region, particularly the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) and interpeduncular sulcus (IPS) are significant surgical relevance areas due to the high prevalence of vascular and tumoral pathologies, such as cavernomas, arteriovenous malformations, and gliomas. We defined safer access areas of the MCP and the IPS, according to the surface anatomy, involved vessels, and fiber tracts of the cerebellar interpeduncular region. METHODS: Fifteen formalin-fixed and silicone-injected cadaveric heads and 23 human brainstems with attached cerebellums prepared with the Klingler's technique were bilaterally dissected to study the vascular and intrinsic anatomy. RESULTS: Surface anatomy: The mean length of the IPS was 12.73 mm (standard deviation [SD],2.15 mm), and the average measured angle formed by the IPS and the lateral mesencephalic sulcus was 144.53°. The mean distance from the uppermost point of the IPS to cranial nerve IV was 2.63 mm (SD, 2.84 mm). Vascular anatomy: The perforating branches of the superior cerebellar peduncle, IPS, and MCP originated predominantly from the caudal trunk of the superior cerebellar artery. The inferior third of the superior cerebellar peduncle and IPS was the third most pierced by perforating arteries, and for the MCP, was its superior third. Crossing vessels: The branches of the pontotrigeminal vein and the caudal trunk of the superior cerebellar artery crossed the IPS mostly. The superior third of the IPS was the most crossed by arteries and veins. CONCLUSIONS: The middle thirds of the IPS and MCP as entry zones might be safer than their superior and inferior thirds due to fewer perforating branches, arterial trunks, and veins crossing the sulcus as fewer eloquent tracts.

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Mathematical processing is important for professional success. The adaptation paradigm has been widely used to study the brain underpinnings of mathematical processing. In this study, we aim at shedding light on an important component of mathematical processing, namely numerical cognition. To do so, we performed a meta-analysis using the Activation Likelihood Estimation method on studies that have employed the adaptation paradigm for examining numerical cognition. We found a bilateral Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) activation in studies using both symbolic and non-symbolic stimuli formats. We also found a right lateralized brain activation for the non-symbolic condition and a left lateralized brain activation for the symbolic condition. These results imply that the adaptation paradigm likely targets numeric magnitude processing and confirms the potency of this paradigm to activate the IPS.

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Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital neurovascular disorders frequently manifested in young adults. The clinical presentation is variable and depends on its location, size, and ability to steal flow from adjacent areas, but it depends mainly on the occurrence of bleeding.1 The treatment of these lesions when located in eloquent areas, especially around the central sulcus, is controversial. Surgical resection of an AVM in the central lobe may cause postoperative sensorimotor deficits because this anatomic region includes the precentral and postcentral gyri on the lateral surface and paracentral lobule on the medial surface.2 AVMs can be successfully treated by surgery, but this treatment may pose unacceptable risks to the patient if the AVM involves an eloquent cortex. We consider that surgical removal of many of these lesions is feasible when preoperative planning is performed,3 when it is based on deep anatomic knowledge, and particularly when using a refined microsurgical technique.1 In this 3-dimensional Video 1, we present a case of a cerebral AVM of the central sulcus in which we achieved complete resection with microsurgical treatment without any neurologic sequelae for the patient. The patient consented to publication of images.

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Introduction: The perisylvian region is the cortical core of language and speech. Several accessory sulci have been described in this area, whose presence could modify the results of the automatic quantification of gray matter by popularly used software. This study aimed to assess the expression of accessory sulci in the frontoparietal operculum (FPO) and to evaluate their influence on the gray matter volume estimated by an automatic parcellation of cortical gyri and sulci. Methods: Brain MRI scans of 100 healthy adult volunteers were visually analyzed. The existence of the triangular and diagonal sulci, and the number of accessory sulci in the frontoparietal operculum, were assessed on T1 images. Also, the gray matter volume of gyri and sulci was quantified by an automatized parcellation method. Interhemispheric differences in accessory sulci were evaluated with Chi-square and Wilcoxon paired tests. The effects of the hemisphere, sex, age, total intracranial volume, and accessory sulci on morphometric variables were assessed by linear models. Results: These sulci were found in more than half of the subjects, mostly in the left hemisphere, and showed a significant effect on the gray matter content of the FPO. In particular, the volume of the inferior frontal sulcus, pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, horizontal ramus of the lateral sulcus, angular gyrus, and postcentral gyrus showed a significant influence on the presence of accessory sulci. Discussion: The prevalence of tertiary sulci in the FPO is high, although their meaning is not yet known. Therefore, they should be considered to reduce the risk of misclassifications of normal variation.

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PURPOSE: To describe a modified ab interno technique for the tube implantation from a glaucoma draining device into the ciliary sulcus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The modified ab interno technique was performed on four eyes of four patients. RESULTS: After the plate was fixed, a 21G needle is inserted through a paracentesis 180° away from the tube position into the anterior chamber and advanced to the posterior chamber through the sclera; finally, the needle exits the eye, then the tube is inserted into the lumen of the needle. The tube is then inserted simultaneously as the 21G needle is pulled out so the tube is placed on the ciliary sulcus. CONCLUSIONS: We report a simple and novel technique for the tube implantation from a glaucoma draining device into the ciliary sulcus, in which the tube is guided with a 21G needle from an accessory paracentesis in order to achieve a posterior placement of the tube.

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AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of S. pneumoniae colonization in three different sites in healthy adults: nasopharynx, oropharynx and gingival sulcus. METHODS: Two-hundred and sixty five adults, aged 20-60 years, who attended dental clinics in one public university (n = 106) and one military institution (n = 159) were enrolled in this study. Pneumococcal detection was performed by direct culture (DC) and PCR for lytA gene after a broth enrichment step. Capsular types were determined by sequential multiplex PCR. RESULTS: We identified 18 (6.8%) pneumococcal carriers among 265 adults by PCR, but only one (0.4%) pneumococcal strain was isolated by DC method. Oropharynx (17; 6.4%) was the main source of S. pneumoniae. Colonization of gingival sulcus and nasopharynx was found in 4 (1.5%) and 2 (0.8%) adults, respectively. Nine distinct capsular types were detected from 9 adults and co-colonization with 2 serotypes was confirmed in 4 (1.5%) subjects. Factors associated with carriage were being females, low level of schooling, non-military and regular medication. We observed a low (6.8%) pneumococcal carriage prevalence, but oropharyngeal samples yielded more sensitive results, especially by the PCR-based detection methodology. CONCLUSION: Gingival sulcus was found to be a possible reservoir for S. pneumoniae independently of the oropharynx or nasopharynx colonization.

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Abstract: It is stated that peri-implanter diseases have destructive effects similar to periodontal diseases. This study aims to compare IL-1β and TNF-α levels in healthy and diseased areas. Forty non-smokers systemically health individuals (40 implants/40 teeth) (age:38-67) were included in the study. In clinical and radiographic examinations; plaque index (PIn), gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and marginal bone loss (MBL) values were recorded. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implanter sulcus fluids (PISF) of the patients were collected, and IL-1β and TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA in the samples. The collected data were analyzed with the help of SPSS v.22 package program. Sample PPD score showed a statistically significant difference between the diseased and healthy groups and also sample CAL showed statistically significant higher in Periodontitis(P) compared to periodontally heathy(H) and Gingivitis(G) (p>0.05). IL-1beta and TNF-α levels in GCF/PISF; In the P and Peri-implantitis (PI) group, it was found statistically significantly higher than the H, Healthy-Implant (HI), besides P showed higher levels compared to G (p<0.05). Within the limitations of our study, it can be said that IL-1β and TNF-α among inflammatory cytokines in GCF/PISF will increase in periodontal and peri-implanter diseases, it can also be said that this increase in cytokines may indicate that periodontal and peri-implanter diseases have similar immunological structure. Peri-implant mucositis without periodontitis history has similarity to peri-implantitis and periodontitis in terms of IL-1β and TNF-α levels in GCF/PISF.

Resumen: Se afirma que las enfermedades peri-implantarias tienen efectos destructivos similares a los de las enfermedades periodontales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar los niveles de IL-1β y TNF-α en zonas sanas y enfermas. Cuarenta individuos no fumadores con salud sistémica (40 implantes/40 dientes) (edad:38-67) fueron incluidos en el estudio. En los exámenes clínicos y radiográficos se registraron los valores de índice de placa (PIn), índice gingival (GI), profundidad de la bolsa periodontal (PPD), nivel de fijación clínica (CAL) y pérdida de hueso marginal (MBL). Se recogieron los fluidos creviculares gingivales (GCF) y los fluidos del surco peri-implantario (PISF) de los pacientes, y se midieron los niveles de IL-1β y TNF-α mediante ELISA en las muestras. Los datos recogidos fueron analizados con la ayuda del programa de paquete SPSS v.22. La puntuación PPD de la muestra mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos enfermos y sanos y también la muestra CAL mostró estadísticamente significativa más alta en la Periodontitis (P) en comparación con la salud periodontal (H) y la Gingivitis (G) (p>0.05). Los niveles de IL-1beta y TNF-α en GCF/PISF. En el grupo de P y Peri-implantitis (PI), se encontró estadísticamente significativo más alto que el H, implante sano (HI), además P mostró niveles más altos en comparación con G (p<0.05). Dentro de las limitaciones de nuestro estudio, se puede decir que IL-1β y TNF-α entre las citoquinas inflamatorias en GCF/PISF aumentarán en las enfermedades periodontales y peri-implantarias. También se puede decir que este aumento de citoquinas puede indicar que las enfermedades periodontales y peri-implantarias tienen una estructura inmunológica similar. La mucositis peri-implantaria sin antecedentes de periodontitis tiene similitudes con la peri-implantitis y la periodontitis en cuanto a los niveles de IL-1β y TNF-α en la GCF/PISF.

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BACKGROUND: A few studies of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) distribution and frequency have shown a real context of infection in men. The study aimed to know the HPV types distribution in men from Northwestern Mexico, in general, per age and year. METHODS: A total of 1,769 males were recruited from 5 years (2011-2015), from an HPV PCR testing laboratory service. Penile scraps from urethral meatus and coronal sulcus were taken for DNA isolation. There were detected 32 high and low-risk HPV types by HPV Type 3.5 LCD-Array system. RESULTS: A high frequency of HPV-6 and HPV-66 and a reduced frequency of HPV-18 and HPV-11 was detected. Young men had a high risk of HPV infection regarding men aged 40 years and older. The theoretical coverage for the HPV vaccine in men was calculated, where the bivalent vaccine showed coverage of 21.66% in high-risk HPV positive cases. CONCLUSION: The men from Northwestern Mexico have a different distribution of high and low-risk HPV types and high risk of HPV infection in younger men, with a theoretical coverage for HPV bivalent vaccine of 1 of 10 positive men for any HPV type.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the Anorectal Malformation Network experience with perineal groove (PG) focusing on its clinical characteristics and management. STUDY DESIGN: Data on patients with PG managed at 10 participating Anorectal Malformation Network centers in 1999-2019 were collected retrospectively by questionnaire. RESULTS: The cohort included 66 patients (65 females) of median age 1.4 months at diagnosis. The leading referral diagnosis was anal fissure (n = 20 [30.3%]): 23 patients (34.8%) had anorectal malformations. Expectant management was practiced in 47 patients (71.2%). Eight (17%) were eventually operated for local complications. The median time to surgery was 14 months (range, 3.0-48.6 months), and the median age at surgery was 18.3 months (range, 4.8-58.0 months). In the 35 patients available for follow-up of the remaining 39 managed expectantly, 23 (65.7%) showed complete or near-complete self-epithelization by a mean age 15.3 months (range, 1-72 months) and 4 (11.4%) showed partial self-epithelization by a mean age 21 months (range, 3-48 months). Eight patients showed no resolution (5 were followed for ≤3 months). Nineteen patients (28.7%) were primarily treated with surgery. In total, 27 patients were operated. Dehiscence occurred in 3 of 27 operated patients (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS: PG seems to be an underestimated anomaly, frequently associated with anorectal malformations. Most cases heal spontaneously; therefore, expectant management is recommended. When associated with anorectal malformations requiring reconstruction, PG should be excised in conjunction with the anorectoplasty.

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OBJECTIVE: In this article, we describe a new safe entry point for the posterolateral pons. METHODS: To show the adjacent anatomy and measure the part of the interpeduncular sulcus that can be safely accessed, we first performed a review of the literature regarding the pons anatomy and its surgical approaches. Thereafter, 1 human cadaveric head and 15 (30 sides) human brainstems with attached cerebellums were bilaterally dissected with the fiber microdissection technique. A clinical correlation was made with an illustrative case of a dorsolateral pontine World Health Organization grade I astrocytoma. RESULTS: The safe distance for accessing the interpeduncular sulcus was found to extend from the caudal end of the lateral mesencephalic sulcus to the point at which the intrapontine segment of the trigeminal nerve crosses the interpeduncular sulcus. The mean distance was 8.2 mm (range, 7.15-8.85 mm). Our interpeduncular sulcus safe entry zone can be exposed through a paramedian infratentorial supracerebellar approach. When additional exposure is required, the superior portion of the quadrangular lobule of the cerebellar hemispheric tentorial surface can be removed. In the presented case, surgical resection of the tumor was performed achieving a gross total resection, and the patient was discharged without neurologic deficit. CONCLUSIONS: The interpeduncular sulcus safe entry zone provides an alternative direct route for treating intrinsic pathologic entities situated in the posterolateral tegmen of the pons between the superior and middle cerebellar peduncles. The surgical corridor provided by this entry point avoids most eloquent neural structures, thereby preventing surgical complications.

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BACKGROUND: During the surgery for intrinsic brain lesions, it is important to plan the proper site of the craniotomy and to identify the relations with the gyri and superficial veins. This might be a challenge, especially in small subcortical lesions and when there is a distortion of the cortical anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the free computer software Osirix, we have created a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the head and cerebral showing the gyri and superficial veins. With the aid of some tools, it is possible to create a colored image of the lesion and also to calculate the distance between the areas of interest and some easily identifiable structure, making it easier to plan the site of the craniotomy identify the topography of the lesion. RESULTS: The reconstructions were compared to the intraoperative view. We found this technique to be useful to help identify the gyri and cortical veins and use them to find the lesions. The use of a region of interest to show better the lesion under the cortical surface and in the three-dimensional reconstruction of the head was also helpful. CONCLUSIONS: This is a low-cost and easy technique that can be quickly learned and performed before every surgery. It helps the surgeon to plan a safe craniotomy and lesionectomy.