RESUMEN

An extensive literature has focused on the association between human, social, and economic capital and better immigrant economic attainment, and how these characteristics contribute to stratification among members of the same group. However, few studies have explored how racialization processes contribute to these within-group differences. We examine the role of intragroup differences in skin tone in stratifying outcomes among Mexican immigrants in the early twentieth century. We create a new dataset of 1910-1940 Mexican border-crossing records that we then link to the U.S. 1940 census. We use characteristics at entry to predict income in 1940 and find that-in line with dominant assimilation theories-standard measures of capital are associated with within-group attainment differences. However, we also find skin tone to be a source of within-group stratification: being perceived as having darker skin is associated with lower subsequent economic attainment than being perceived as having lighter skin. Furthermore, whereas human and social capital transcended context to allow migrants to transfer those skills anywhere, the effect of skin tone was significant only in Texas and not in other major receiving places like California. We argue that although standard measures of assimilation typically predict later outcomes, the stratifying effect of skin tone has long been a feature of Mexican immigration.

RESUMEN

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a new emerging modality useful for the noncontact assessment of free flap perfusion. This measurement technique relies on the optical properties within the tissue. Since the optical properties of hemoglobin (Hb) and melanin overlap, the results of the perfusion assessment and other tissue-specific parameters are likely to be distorted by the melanin, especially at higher melanin concentrations. Many spectroscopic devices have been shown to struggle with a melanin related bias, which results in a clinical need to improve non-invasive perfusion assessment, especially for a more pigmented population. This study investigated the influence of skin tones on tissue indices measurements using HSI. In addition, other factors that might affect HSI, such as age, body mass index (BMI), sex or smoking habits, were also considered. Therefore, a prospective feasibility study was conducted, including 101 volunteers from whom tissue indices measurements were performed on 16 different body sites. Skin tone classification was performed using the Fitzpatrick skin type classification questionnaire, and the individual typology angle (ITA) acquired from the RGB images was calculated simultaneously with the measurements. Tissue indices provided by the used HSI-device were correlated to the possible influencing factors. The results show that a dark skin tone and, therefore, higher levels of pigmentation influence the HSI-derived tissue indices. In addition, possible physiological factors influencing the HSI-measurements were found. In conclusion, the HSI-based tissue indices can be used for perfusion assessment for people with lighter skin tone levels but show limitations in people with darker skin tones. Furthermore, it could be used for a more individual perfusion assessment if different physiological influencing factors are respected.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Latinx young adults in the U.S. experience significant disparities related to body image and sexual health. These challenges partly stem from the intersections of racism, ethnocentrism, and colorism perpetuated through Eurocentric beauty standards and norms surrounding sexuality. Despite the salience of skin tone within the Latinx community, the impact of skin tone ideologies on body shame and sexual risk remains unexplored. Addressing this gap, the present study examined the influence of skin tone ideologies (i.e., colorist attraction and skin tone self-concept) on sexual risk and body shame among a sample of 539 Latinx young adults. The study also explored the potential moderating effect of self-esteem on colorist attraction and skin tone self-concept on body shame and sexual risk. Results revealed that both colorist attraction and skin-tone self-concept were positively associated with body shame. Colorist attraction was positively associated with sexual risk, whereas skin tone self-concept was not associated. Furthermore, self-esteem moderated the positive significant association between skin tone self-concept and body shame, such that the association was only significant among Latinx young adults who reported mean and high levels of self-esteem; self-esteem did not moderate any of the other study's associations. These findings inform the development of tailored mental and sexual health interventions to reduce health disparities among Latinx young adults, considering the influence of skin tone socialization.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Purpose: In the quest for a youthful appearance, women use a variety of anti- aging cosmetics. Defining skin problems is especially important for the selection of anti-aging solutions. However, the skin problems faced by Chinese women at different ages are different. This study aimed at Chinese women aged 20-40 years old and analyzed facial skin aging characteristics of those with old-perceived age. Patients and Methods: The total of 400 standard facial photographs from Chinese female volunteers aged 20-40 was assessed by another 126 Chinese women. The facial areas and skin aging characteristics that influenced age estimation were collected at the same time. Skin aging characteristics, including wrinkles, skin tone, pigmentation and pores, were analyzed based on facial photographs. Groupings were made based on deviation of perceived age from chronological age, and skin aging characteristics among groups were compared. Results: The perceived age of Chinese women aged 20-40 has a moderate correlation with chronological age. Women aged 20-30 generally had an old-perceived age. Deep skin tone was a prominent problem in this age group, with those who had the older-perceived age observed the darker and redder skin tone. Women aged 31-40 were perceived partly old but appeared with wrinkle aggravation, as well as deepening of redness, enlarged pores, and increased pigmentation at the mid-face. The perceived older women also had more visible frown lines and darker skin tone at the upper face. Conclusion: The perceived age of Chinese women aged 20-40 tends to deviate from their chronological age. Women aged 20-30 with old-perceived age are associated with deep skin tone, even found darker and redder in older-perceived women group, while women aged 31-40 are associated with wrinkles and deterioration at mid-face area and upper-face problems drive more attention in older-perceived women group.

RESUMEN

Knowledge of a person's level of skin pigmentation, or so-called "skin tone", has proven to be an important building block in improving the performance and fairness of various applications that rely on computer vision. These include medical diagnosis of skin conditions, cosmetic and skincare support, and face recognition, especially for darker skin tones. However, the perception of skin tone, whether by the human eye or by an optoelectronic sensor, uses the reflection of light from the skin. The source of this light, or illumination, affects the skin tone that is perceived. This study aims to refine and assess a convolutional neural network-based skin tone estimation model that provides consistent accuracy across different skin tones under various lighting conditions. The 10-point Monk Skin Tone Scale was used to represent the skin tone spectrum. A dataset of 21,375 images was captured from volunteers across the pigmentation spectrum. Experimental results show that a regression model outperforms other models, with an estimated-to-target distance of 0.5. Using a threshold estimated-to-target skin tone distance of 2 for all lights results in average accuracy values of 85.45% and 97.16%. With the Monk Skin Tone Scale segmented into three groups, the lighter exhibits strong accuracy, the middle displays lower accuracy, and the dark falls between the two. The overall skin tone estimation achieves average error distances in the LAB space of 16.40±20.62.

RESUMEN

Eurocentric physical characteristics, including a thin, tall physique, long straight hair, and fair skin, typify Western beauty standards. Past research indicates that for Black women, greater identification with one's racial/ethnic culture may buffer against internalizing Eurocentric beauty standards, specifically the thin ideal. Black/White Biracial women often experience different appearance pressures from each of their racial identity's sociocultural appearance ideals. Unfortunately, body image research is limited among Bi/Multiracial individuals. Participants were recruited online via Prime Panels, a high-quality data recruitment service provided by CloudResearch. Participants, M(SD)Age= 34.64 (12.85), self-reported their racial/ethnic identification, thin and thick/curvy ideal internalization, and hair and skin tone satisfaction. Using linear regression analyses, we assessed whether racial/ethnic identification buffered against monoracial Black (n = 317) and Black/White Biracial (n = 254) women's thin ideal internalization. Additionally, we assessed whether stronger racial/ethnic identity was associated with stronger thick/curvy ideal internalization and hair and skin tone satisfaction. Supporting hypotheses, greater racial/ethnic identification was associated with higher thick/curvy ideal internalization and hair and skin tone satisfaction among both Black and Biracial women. Contrary to hypotheses, greater racial/ethnic identification was not associated with lower thin ideal internalization in either group. Our results stress the need to use racially and culturally sensitive measurements of body image.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a study on women with sensitive skin of various skin tones to analyse their skin characteristics and preferences for foundation shades. METHODS: Volunteers were categorized based on their individual typological angle, and their preferences were assessed using self-perception and software-based mass aesthetic assessment. The Baumann Questionnaire is a valuable tool for identifying patients with sensitive skin and gaining a comprehensive understanding of their skin sensitivity. The skin characteristics of two groups were compared using a more suitable classification method. RESULTS: Individuals diagnosed with sensitive skin typically have skin tones classified as Types I, II and III, with Type I being the most common in sensitive skin cases. The sensitive group exhibited higher levels of transepidermal water loss, lighter skin tone, lower yellowness, increased glossiness, higher haemoglobin content, more acne, fewer blackheads, and fewer pores. Among them, Type I skin is characterized by lower elasticity, increased oiliness, higher hydration levels and fewer visible pores. Type II skin is characterized by lower hydration levels, higher oiliness and increased redness. Type III exhibits more pores, decreased oiliness and enhanced elasticity. Foundations No. 2 and No. 3 are fairer than foundations No. 1 and No. 4. In the self-assessment, Type I and Type II subjects preferred No. 3, while Type III subjects preferred No. 1 and No. 4 because they matched their skin tone. The results of the software evaluation showed that popular aesthetics preferred Type I and Type II to use No. 2, and Type III to use No. 2 and No. 3, as they resulted in a fairer complexion. CONCLUSION: Sensitive skin of different skin tone types confronts different skin problems. The findings also highlight the public's inclination towards lighter foundation shades, despite the common practice of selecting shades that harmonize with one's inherent skin tone.

OBJECTIF: Nous avons mené une étude sur des femmes à la peau sensible de différentes carnations afin d'analyser les caractéristiques de leur peau et leurs préférences en matière de teintes de fond de teint. MÉTHODES: Les volontaires ont été classées en fonction de leur angle typologique individuel et leurs préférences ont été évaluées à l'aide d'une auto­perception et d'une évaluation esthétique de masse basée sur un logiciel. Le questionnaire de Baumann est un outil précieux pour identifier les patients à la peau sensible et obtenir une compréhension globale de leur sensibilité cutanée. Les caractéristiques cutanées de deux groupes ont été comparées à l'aide d'une méthode de classification plus appropriée. RÉSULTATS: Les personnes chez qui l'on a diagnostiqué une peau sensible ont généralement des teintes de peau classées en types I, II et III, le type I étant le plus courant dans les cas de peau sensible. Le groupe sensible présente des niveaux plus élevés de perte d'eau transépidermique, un teint plus clair, une couleur moins jaune, une brillance accrue, une teneur en hémoglobine plus élevée, plus d'acné, moins de points noirs et moins de pores. Parmi eux, la peau de type I se caractérise par une élasticité plus faible, un taux de sébum plus élevé, des niveaux d'hydratation plus élevés et moins de pores visibles. La peau de type II se caractérise par des niveaux d'hydratation plus faibles, un taux de sébum plus élevé et des rougeurs plus importantes. Le type III présente plus de pores, une diminution de l'aspect gras et une meilleure élasticité. Les fonds de teint n° 2 et n° 3 sont plus clairs que les fonds de teint n° 1 et n° 4. Lors de l'auto­évaluation, les sujets des types I et II ont préféré le fond de teint n° 3, tandis que les sujets du type III ont préféré le fond de teint n° 1 et le fond de teint n° 4 parce qu'ils correspondaient à leur carnation. Les résultats de l'évaluation du logiciel ont montré que l'esthétique populaire préférait que les sujets de type I et de type II utilisent le n° 2, et que les sujets de type III utilisent le n° 2 et le n° 3, car ils donnaient un teint plus clair. CONCLUSION: Les peaux sensibles de différents types de carnation sont confrontées à des problèmes cutanés différents. Les résultats mettent également en évidence le penchant du public pour les teintes de fond de teint plus claires, malgré la pratique courante consistant à choisir des teintes qui s'harmonisent avec le teint inhérent à la peau.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Virtual reality (VR) may be a viable method to observe and describe signals of implicit bias. Using the context of the human papillomavirus vaccine counseling, we sought to describe physicians' communication practices exploring differences when counseling parents with different skin colors. METHODS: Physicians (N = 90) at an academic primary care center were recruited for a VR study in which they counseled dark or light-skinned parent avatars who expressed hesitation about human papillomavirus vaccination for their adolescent child. Investigators coded previously recorded simulations. Associations between communication and parent skin color were examined using t-tests and Chi-square tests. RESULTS: Both direct (e.g., addressing the concern immediately) and circuitous (e.g., providing alternative information) communication patterns were observed. Physicians used passive voice less commonly when counseling dark-skinned versus light-skinned avatars (p < .05). DISCUSSION: VR demonstrated feasibility in capturing clinicians' communication behaviors including measuring eight distinct indicators of implicit bias.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Skin color classification can have importance in skin health, pigmentary disorders, and oncologic condition assessments. It is also critical for evaluating disease course and response to a variety of therapeutic interventions and aids in accurate classification of participants in clinical research studies. A panel of dermatologists conducted a literature review to assess the strengths and limitations of existing classification scales, as well as to compare their preferences and utilities. We identified 17 skin classification systems utilized in dermatologic settings. These systems include a range of parameters such as UV light reactivity, race, ethnicity, and degree of pigmentation. The Fitzpatrick skin type classification is most widely used and validated. However it has numerous limitations including its conflation with race, ethnicity, and skin color. There is a lack of validation data available for the remaining scales. There are significant deficiencies in current skin classification instruments. Consensus-based initiatives to drive the development of validated and reliable tools are critically needed.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Understanding the variances in visual skin changes across all skin tones is important in clinical care. However, the experiences of those teaching skin assessment to pre- and post-registrant nurses are unknown. AIMS: To determine the barriers and facilitators experienced in teaching skin assessment across a range of skin tones to pre- and post-registrant nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional, mixed-methods online survey was undertaken throughout February and March 2023 based on the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change. FINDINGS: In this self-selecting sample, most participants were aware of why it was important to include all skin tones when teaching skin assessment and were professionally motivated to include this in their practice. However, resources and support are needed to overcome an unconscious bias in teaching skin tone diversity, resulting in a lack of availability of good quality photographs and educator confidence in their own skills. Educators not considering skin tone when selecting patient cases and relying on people with dark skin tones to highlight where practice is not inclusive may also lead to insufficient exposure for students. CONCLUSION: There is some awareness of the importance of including diverse skin tones in teaching, but further education and resources are needed.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The stoma care nurse (SCN) assesses peristomal skin during each patient intervention. Living in a diverse multicultural society, the SCN needs to consider dark skin tones and how these are documented. This article looks at how the literature on peristomal skin assessment and available tools discuss skin colour, and compare this with the tissue viability literature. Stoma care and peristomal skin literature features very little about skin colour. Registered nurses are often unaware of the differences when assessing light skin tones versus dark skin tones. The article discusses how to assess for, identify and document problems around peristomal skin with patients who have dark skin tones. The differences in skin breakdown between light skin tones and dark skin tones are highlighted. There needs to be further research and development of tools to assist clinicians in identification and documentation relating to skin tone, thus providing consistency in assessment.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In the study, we engage the question of racial "fluidity" by examining patterns of ethnoracial identification in adolescence and, importantly, shifts in ethnoracial identification between adolescence and adulthood using two waves of data from a nationally representative, longitudinal study of adolescents who were in Grades 7 to 12 during the 1994 to 1995 school year. Our theoretical framework draws from social identity theory and brings together bodies of research in race and immigration to make a case for the importance of phenotype, ancestry, and sociocultural elements as potential mechanisms for patterns among Latinx youth, as shifts in ethnoracial identification are predominantly a Latinx phenomenon. The bulk of the findings suggest that both phenotype and immigration are important factors for ethnoracial self-identification among Latinx youth, as well as shifts in their ethnoracial identification in young adulthood. Given what we know about ethnoracial categorization and ascription, findings suggest that, overall, shifts in ethnoracial identification among Latinx youth are primarily about bringing their self-identification into alignment with how they think they tend to be (and most likely are) perceived by others, which we suggest represents a Sedimentation of the Color Line. We close by discussing the myriad implications of our findings for the U.S. racial order and the ongoing debate about how to "measure" the Latinx population.

RESUMEN

Background Instagram, a widely used social media platform with over two billion active users, has the potential to propagate dermatologic health information within the public sphere. However, there is a lack of representation of people of color (POC), making it crucial to share accurate and inclusive posts to increase awareness about dermatologic conditions. It is also necessary to address the misconceptions about skin diseases and other hereditary conditions within various ethnic groups. To combat this, a group of medical students created South Jersey Skin Talk (SJST), an initiative aimed to improve dermatologic health literacy in skin-of-color communities, particularly in underserved areas like Camden County, NJ. Using reliable sources to prevent the spread of misinformation, SJST's accessible Instagram page explains skin conditions, especially emphasizing appearances and manifestations in POC. The hypothesis being investigated by this group is that the implementation of SJST as a community intervention is expected to improve dermatologic health literacy in POC. Methods A 13-question survey was conducted via Qualtrics (Seattle, Washington) and was distributed on social media (Instagram, Facebook, Reddit, Twitter, TikTok, and GroupMe). It remained open for eight weeks during which users 18 years or older were invited to participate. The survey was divided into four sections: demographics, Instagram usage, knowledge of dermatology, and inclusion and diversity on SJST's page. A total of 184 total responses were collected, which were compared using chi-squared analyses on Qualtrics software. Results POC felt less represented on social media compared to White respondents prior to visiting SJST on Instagram (p < 0.00001). However, after viewing SJST, 87.5% of White participants and 88% of POC reported feeling represented on the page. Additionally, both groups of respondents indicated that they felt more knowledgeable about their primary skin concern after viewing the SJST's posts. Furthermore, 86.8% of POC reported that they would feel more confident participating in a conversation with their dermatologist regarding their primary dermatologic concern. Conclusion SJST is a community outreach organization focused on improving health literacy for POC and bridging the gap in healthcare disparities between White and POC populations. The results from this survey confirm the hypothesis and illustrate that community interventions targeted at education for POC increase health literacy and patient autonomy. These results also show that there is a need for more representation and diversity in medical dermatology on social media. Further studies should be done to investigate other disparities affecting adequate representation for POC.

RESUMEN

Age and gender perception from looking at people's faces, without any cultural or conventional cues, is primarily based on two independent components: a) the shape or facial structure, and b) surface reflectance (skin tone and texture, STT). This study examined the relative contribution of facial STT to the perception of age. A total of 204 subjects participated in four experiments presenting artificial 3D realistic faces of different age versions under two key experimental conditions: with and without STT. Two experiments involved a discrimination-age task, and other two involved a direct age-estimation task. The faces for the last experiment were generated from the photographs of real people. The results were quite consistent throughout the experiments. Data suggest that the contribution of the STT information leads to roughly 25-33 % of accuracy in age perception. Interestingly, a differential pattern emerges in relation to facial age: the relative contribution of skin information increases sharply with advancing age, to the point that age judgments of the older faces (60 years old) without STT information fall to the chance level. This pattern suggests that facial skin tone and texture are the main sources of information for estimating the age of people past their maturity as those are the principal visual signs of aging beyond the anatomical changes of facial structure.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Many research studies seek to improve vital sign monitoring to enhance the conditions under which doctors and caregivers track patients' health. Non-invasive and contactless monitoring has emerged as an optimal solution for this problem, with telemedicine, self-monitoring, and well-being tools being the next generation of technology in the biomedical field. However, there is worldwide concern about the general purpose and bias toward a certain demographic group of these techniques. In particular, skin tone and the accuracy of monitoring dark skin tone groups have been key questions among researchers, with the lack of results and studies contributing to this uncertainty. METHODS: This paper proposes a benchmark for remote monitoring solutions against a medical device across different skin tone people. Around 330 videos from 90 patients were analyzed, and heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were compared across different subgroups. The Fitzpatrick scale (1-6) was used to classify participants into three skin tone groups: 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6. RESULTS: The results showed that our proposed methodology could estimate heart rate with a mean absolute error of 3 bpm across all samples and subgroups. Moreover, for heart rate variability (HRV) metrics, we achieved the following results: in terms of mobility assistive equipment (MAE), the HRV-inter-beat interval (IBI) was 10 ms, the HRV-standard deviation of normal to normal heartbeats (SDNN) was 14 ms, and the HRV-root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) between normal heartbeats was 22 ms. No significant performance decrease was found for any skin tone group, and there was no error trend toward a certain group. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that our methodology meets acceptable agreement levels for the proposed metrics. Furthermore, the experiments showed that skin tone did not impact the results, which remained within the same range across all groups. Moreover, it enables the end users to understand their general well-being and improve their overall health.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Skin tone and pigmented regions, associated with melanin and hemoglobin, are critical indicators of skin condition. While most prior research focuses on pigment analysis, the capability to simulate diverse pigmentation conditions could greatly broaden the range of applications. However, current methodologies have limitations in terms of numerical control and versatility. METHODS: We introduce a hybrid technique that integrates optical methods with deep learning to produce skin tone and pigmented region-modified images with numerical control. The pigment discrimination model produces melanin, hemoglobin, and shading maps from skin images. The outputs are reconstructed into skin images using a forward problem-solving approach, with model training aimed at minimizing the discrepancy between the reconstructed and input images. By adjusting the melanin and hemoglobin maps, we create pigment-modified images, allowing precise control over changes in melanin and hemoglobin levels. Changes in pigmentation are quantified using the individual typology angle (ITA) for skin tone and melanin and erythema indices for pigmented regions, validating the intended modifications. RESULTS: The pigment discrimination model achieved correlation coefficients with clinical equipment of 0.915 for melanin and 0.931 for hemoglobin. The alterations in the melanin and hemoglobin maps exhibit a proportional correlation with the ITA and pigment indices in both quantitative and qualitative assessments. Additionally, regions overlaying melanin and hemoglobin are demonstrated to verify independent adjustments. CONCLUSION: The proposed method offers an approach to generate modified images of skin tone and pigmented regions. Potential applications include visualizing alterations for clinical assessments, simulating the effects of skincare products, and generating datasets for deep learning.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Health inequalities and poorer outcomes have been identified for patients with dark skin tones. The reasons are multi-factorial, but may include delayed treatment due to a lack of recognition of early clinical signs of physiological deterioration. Within the medical literature there is a light skin tone bias, leading to healthcare professionals having insufficient knowledge regarding the assessment of patients with different skin tones, which may result in reduced confidence and create patient safety issues. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the confidence levels of healthcare professionals when assessing patients of different skin tones. Methods: The methodology followed scoping review frameworks set out by Arksey and O'Malley (2005), the Joanna Briggs Institute (Peters et al., 2020) and the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) (Tricco et al., 2018). Searches for literature were performed between February and June 2022 using electronic databases EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, the Allied Complementary Medicine Database, e-journals, MEDLINE, CINAHL), British Nursing Index (ProQuest), Scopus, Web of Science, Zetoc, UpToDate, Google Scholar, NICE Evidence, ResearchGate, Opengrey and the British Association of Dermatologists. No date range was specified, expanders were left on and the findings were screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included papers were synthesised using narrative synthesis. Results: Thirteen papers were identified, and the extracted data charted by the paper's origin, sample size, profession and confidence levels. Our synthesis revealed reduced confidence in assessing, managing and diagnosing skin conditions in dark skin tones. A lack of training was cited by different health professionals, but undertaking tailored training and experiential learning increased confidence. Conclusions: There is a safety issue for patients with dark skin tones, as healthcare professionals lack clinical confidence in managing and treating all ethnicities equally. Tangible diversity within healthcare training is required, supported by inclusive skin tone imagery and appropriate terminology within medical literature.

Asunto(s)