RESUMEN

El objetivo general describir los retos y desafíos de enfermería en la actualidad. Método: Se planteó desde el paradigma positivista, con un enfoque cuantitativo, apoyado en la tipología documental-bibliográfico. Resultados: Los desafíos que enfrenta la profesión de enfermería crean la necesidad de continuar el proceso educativo basado en la idoneidad, el conocimiento y la calidad, que permita a los profesionales posicionarse y recuperar la autonomía y el liderazgo en la disciplina asistencial. En conclusión: El profesional de enfermería se enfrenta, en conjunto, con el equipo de salud, es importante destacar la necesidad de repensar la gestión primaria y hospitalaria desde la cooperación, integración y uso de herramientas que propicien a los pacientes y personas sanas una atención de calidad desde una visión humanista e integral.

The general objective was to describe the challenges of nursing today. Method: It was approached from the positivist paradigm, with a quantitative approach, supported by the documentary-bibliographic typology. Results: The challenges faced by the nursing profession create the need to continue the educational process based on suitability, knowledge and quality, which allows professionals to position themselves and recover autonomy and leadership in the care discipline. In conclusion: The nursing professional faces, together with the health team, the need to rethink primary and hospital management from the cooperation, integration and use of tools that provide patients and healthy people with quality care from a humanistic and comprehensive vision.

RESUMEN

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in dense urban areas is a challenge for municipalities, especially in developing countries, which commonly have deficient waste management. For example, the metropolitan region of Goiás State, Brazil, has 19 municipalities that dispose of about 72.5% of total MSW in unlicensed MSW final disposal facilities. Therefore, this study analysed the investment and operating costs, and revenues of a municipal solid waste management facility, projected for 20 years, shared among these 19 municipalities. The economic viability analysis, has shown that, regardless of the management facility type, MSW collection and transport are the most expensive cost components, accounting for about 60% of MSW management operating costs. For an Internal Rate of Return of 0%, anaerobic digestion is 11% more expensive (in total) than using community composting. For 2040 (last year), the monthly MSW management tariffs will vary between 3.5 and 10.8 R$·inhabitant-1·month-1, depending on the municipality. So, as the unit price of biowaste treatments lowers with waste quantities, for the municipalities with large biowaste quantities, anaerobic digestion becomes recommended for its economic attractiveness. This study can serve as a model for other municipalities in Brazil and elsewhere, helping public decision makers to establish a strategy for MSW management.

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It is discussed in this article, the Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of artisanal fishermen in the State Sustainable Development Reserve Ponta do Tubarão - RN (RDSEPT). The fieldwork was carried out from January 2012 to January 2013, free and semistructured interviews being made to a total of 110 artisanal fishermen who owned more than 20 years of experience on fishing communities of Barreiras (n = 38), Diogo Lopes (n = 38) and Sertãozinho (n = 34), with the aim of recording and analyzing the cognitive aspects - emic/etic of fishermen and identify which communities are better organized for the implementation of shared management. After observed and recorded the fisheries landing in the three communities, 25 main caught fish species were collected and identified by fishermen for further identification and analysis of the LEK. Out of these 10 most important species to local communities and one unknown species for the communities were selected for comparison of the LEK. Knowledge of fishermen from on food items, trophic ecology, and spatial distribution of these species was consistent with the scientific literature and laboratory analysis, being more detailed regarding food items of fish. Only one species was not identified as pertaining to the region by fishermen, which can generate new hypotheses for future studies targeted to the biology and ecology of this species. The LEK is an important tool and should be considered in the management and resources conservation.

É discutido, nesse artigo, o Conhecimento Ecológico Local (CEL) dos pescadores artesanais da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Estadual Ponta do Tubarão RN (RDSEPT). A pesquisa de campo foi de janeiro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013, através de entrevistas livres e semiestruturadas a um total de 110 pescadores que possuiam mais de 20 anos de experiência de pesca nas comunidades de Barreiras (n = 38), Diogo Lopes (n = 38) e Sertãozinho (n = 34), com o objetivo de registrar e analisar os aspectos cognitivos emicista/etcista dos pescadores e identificar qual das comunidades está mais organizada para a implantação da gestão compartilhada. Depois de observados e registrados os desembarques da produção nas três comunidades, foram coletadas as 25 principais espécies de peixes capturadas e identificadas pelos pescadores e taxonomicamente, para posterior análise do CEL. Destas, 10 espécies mais importantes para as comunidades e uma desconhecida foram selecionadas para comparar o CEL. O conhecimento dos pescadores sobre itens alimentares, ecologia trófica e distribuição espacial destas espécies esteve de acordo com a literatura científica e com a análise em laboratório, sendo mais detalhado quanto a itens alimentares dos peixes. Apenas uma espécie não foi identificada como sendo da região por parte dospescadores, o que pode gerar novas hipóteses para futuros estudos direcionados à biologia ou ecologia desta espécie. O CEL caracteriza-se como uma importante ferramenta e deve serconsiderado na gestão e conservação dos recursos.

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RESUMEN

It is discussed in this article, the Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of artisanal fishermen in the State Sustainable Development Reserve Ponta do Tubarão - RN (RDSEPT). The fieldwork was carried out from January 2012 to January 2013, free and semistructured interviews being made to a total of 110 artisanal fishermen who owned more than 20 years of experience on fishing communities of Barreiras (n = 38), Diogo Lopes (n = 38) and Sertãozinho (n = 34), with the aim of recording and analyzing the cognitive aspects - emic/etic of fishermen and identify which communities are better organized for the implementation of shared management. After observed and recorded the fisheries landing in the three communities, 25 main caught fish species were collected and identified by fishermen for further identification and analysis of the LEK. Out of these 10 most important species to local communities and one unknown species for the communities were selected for comparison of the LEK. Knowledge of fishermen from on food items, trophic ecology, and spatial distribution of these species was consistent with the scientific literature and laboratory analysis, being more detailed regarding food items of fish. Only one species was not identified as pertaining to the region by fishermen, which can generate new hypotheses for future studies targeted to the biology and ecology of this species. The LEK is an important tool and should be considered in the management and resources conservation.(AU)

É discutido, nesse artigo, o Conhecimento Ecológico Local (CEL) dos pescadores artesanais da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Estadual Ponta do Tubarão RN (RDSEPT). A pesquisa de campo foi de janeiro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013, através de entrevistas livres e semiestruturadas a um total de 110 pescadores que possuiam mais de 20 anos de experiência de pesca nas comunidades de Barreiras (n = 38), Diogo Lopes (n = 38) e Sertãozinho (n = 34), com o objetivo de registrar e analisar os aspectos cognitivos emicista/etcista dos pescadores e identificar qual das comunidades está mais organizada para a implantação da gestão compartilhada. Depois de observados e registrados os desembarques da produção nas três comunidades, foram coletadas as 25 principais espécies de peixes capturadas e identificadas pelos pescadores e taxonomicamente, para posterior análise do CEL. Destas, 10 espécies mais importantes para as comunidades e uma desconhecida foram selecionadas para comparar o CEL. O conhecimento dos pescadores sobre itens alimentares, ecologia trófica e distribuição espacial destas espécies esteve de acordo com a literatura científica e com a análise em laboratório, sendo mais detalhado quanto a itens alimentares dos peixes. Apenas uma espécie não foi identificada como sendo da região por parte dospescadores, o que pode gerar novas hipóteses para futuros estudos direcionados à biologia ou ecologia desta espécie. O CEL caracteriza-se como uma importante ferramenta e deve serconsiderado na gestão e conservação dos recursos.(AU)

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