RESUMEN
Murine typhus is a febrile, fleaborne disease caused by infection with Rickettsia typhi bacteria. Cases can range from mild and nonspecific to fatal. We report 2 cases of murine typhus in Costa Rica, confirming the presence and circulation of R. typhi causing severe disease in the country.
Asunto(s)
Rickettsia , Tifus Endémico Transmitido por Pulgas , Animales , Ratones , Humanos , Tifus Endémico Transmitido por Pulgas/diagnóstico , Tifus Endémico Transmitido por Pulgas/epidemiología , Tifus Endémico Transmitido por Pulgas/microbiología , Costa Rica/epidemiología , Rickettsia typhi/genéticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: It is known that viral infections are epidemiologically prevalent and some of them are harmful to the central nervous system (CNS) due to the development of neuropsychiatric syndromes which affect the cognitive, affective, behavioral and perceptual domains. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a comprehensive analysis of the psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions of COVID-19 based on epidemiological, pathophysiological and clinical foundations observed in previous and recent pandemic events, and also to make a proposition about effective therapeutic interventions to help tackle this serious public health problem, more specifically in its neuropsychiatric developments. METHOD: This current literature review has utilized literature reserves and scientific search engines MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science. The search terms included, "SARS-CoV-2", "etiology," "psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions", "severe infections" "COVID-19". Specific choices of unique papers from each of the searches were identified. The inclusion criteria were relevance and availability of full-text. Papers were excluded on the basis of relevance and non-availability of full-text. Papers were identified in the general literature reserve as pertinent to the search terms. RESULTS: The main psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions analyzed were depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, nonspecific neurological symptoms, delirium, cerebrovascular complications, encephalopathies, neuromuscular disorders, anosmia and ageusia. CONCLUSION: The psychiatric and neuropsychiatric symptoms of acute respiratory syndromes can appear during or after the infectious stage. Among the risk factors pointed out for such effects are the female gender, health professionals, presence of avascular necrosis and distressing pain.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/psicología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Coronavirus/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/etiología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/psicología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/fisiopatología , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
Severe infections are common in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients with AAV and severe infections according to clinical phenotype. Retrospective cohort study including patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Baseline characteristics were compared between patients with and without at least one severe infection. Demographics, comorbidities, clinical characteristics, laboratory and treatment were retrieved at diagnosis and at every infectious event. One hundred and eight patients were included (57 with and 51 without infections). Patients with an infection had received more frequently methylprednisolone boluses at AAV diagnosis than patients without infections (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-5.9, p = 0.01). There were a total of 108 severe infections in 57 patients (median follow-up 18 months). Thirty-two patients (56%) had an infectious complication within the first year of AAV diagnosis, 43 (75%) had pulmonary involvement during the first infection. The most frequent type of infection was pneumonia. Phenotypes were: Non-severe AAV (n = 11), severe PR3-AAV (n = 30), severe MPO-AAV (n = 9); the number of infectious events in each group was 11, 69, 18, respectively. Patients with severe MPO phenotype were older and required more frequently ICU stay compared to other phenotypes. Positive correlation was found between total of infections and pulmonary infiltrates due to vasculitis (ρ = 0.40, p = 0.003), endobronchial involvement (ρ = 0.40, p = 0.003), and alveolar hemorrhage (ρ = 0.34, p = 0.015). Severe infections, most commonly pneumonia, were frequent in this cohort, especially during the first year after diagnosis, in patients with pulmonary involvement and severe PR3 phenotype who received methylprednisolone boluses.
Asunto(s)
Glucocorticoides/efectos adversos , Granulomatosis con Poliangitis/complicaciones , Poliangitis Microscópica/complicaciones , Sepsis/etiología , Adulto , Antiinflamatorios , Anticuerpos Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Glucocorticoides/administración & dosificación , Granulomatosis con Poliangitis/inmunología , Humanos , Terapia de Inmunosupresión/efectos adversos , Terapia de Inmunosupresión/métodos , Masculino , México , Poliangitis Microscópica/inmunología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Se evaluó la implementación del método de PCR múltiple FilmArrayTM (Biofire Diagnostics, LLC, EE.UU.) en 21 niños con infección respiratoria aguda baja, 3 con meningoencefalitis, y un caso de sepsis. Se registraron el tiempo de demora hasta obtener el resultado y adecuar el tratamiento, los días de internación, los patógenos detectados y el costo de la incorporación de esta metodología. En los niños estudiados con FilmArrayTM el resultado estuvo disponible a los 90 minutos desde la toma de la muestra. Se detectaron patógenos no demostrados por los métodos disponibles, como Rhinovirus, además de diagnosticar coinfección viral; el tiempo promedio de estadía resultó 5 días. Se estimó reducir un 40% el costo global de internación. La implementación de FilmArrayTM resultó sencilla y se pudo incorporar a la sistemática de trabajo. Si bien esta experiencia incluyó un bajo número de pacientes, aportó información que demuestra el potencial de esta metodología para un mejor manejo del paciente crítico.
The implementation of multiple PCR FilmArrayTM (Biofire Diagnostics, LLC, USA) for 21 children with low acute respiratory infection, 3 with meningoencephalitis, and 1 case of sepsis was evaluated. Delay time until the result was obtained and the treatment adapted, hospitalization days, pathogens detected and the cost of incorporating this methodology were all recorded. In the children studied with FilmArrayTM the result was available 90 minutes after the sample was taken. Pathogens were not demonstrated by the available methods, such as Rhinovirus, apart from diagnosing viral coinfection, the average length of stay was 5 days. It was estimated to reduce the overall cost of hospitalization by 40%. The implementation of FilmArrayTM was simple and could be incorporated into the work system. Although this experience included a low number of patients, it provided information that demonstrates the potential of this methodology for better management of the critical patient.
Foi avaliada a implementação do método de PCR múltiplo FilmArrayTM (Biofire Diagnostics, LLC, EUA) em 21 crianças com infecção respiratória aguda baixa, 3 com meningoencefalite e um caso de sepse. O tempo de atraso foi registrado até a obtenção do resultado e a adaptação do tratamento, dias de internação, patógenos detectados e o custo da incorporação dessa metodologia. Nas crianças estudadas com o FilmArrayTM, o resultado ficou disponível 90 minutos após a coleta da amostra; foram detectados os patógenos não demonstrados pelos métodos disponíveis, como o Rinovírus, além de diagnosticar a coinfecção viral; o tempo médio de permanência foi de 5 dias. Foi estimado reduzir o custo total da hospitalização em 40%. A implementação do FilmArrayTM foi simples e pôde ser incorporada à sistemática de trabalho. Embora essa experiência tenha incluído um número de pacientes baixo, forneceu informações que demonstram o potencial dessa metodologia para um melhor gerenciamento do paciente crítico.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Rhinovirus , Infecciones Bacterianas/complicaciones , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Infecciones/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalitis , Pediatría/métodos , Terapéutica , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Metodología como un Tema , Hospitalización , Infecciones , Tiempo de Internación , MétodosRESUMEN
Esta monografía se refiere a diferentes procesos que se caracterizan por una inflamación progresiva de la región perineal que llega a la necrosis de la piel, el tejido celular subcutáneo y ocasionalmente el músculo, generando una severa toxicidad sistémica. Es necesario agruparlos bajo la denominación de infecciones graves del periné teniendo en cuenta su forma similar de presentación, el diagnóstico precoz que merecen, y el tratamiento exhaustivo del que depende su curación. Existen factores predisponentes, como la diabetes mellitus, y otros desencadenantes, como los procedimientos invasivos locorregionales, que favorecen la aparición de esta afección. Las causas más frecuentes son infecciones anorrectales, genitourinarias y lesiones traumáticas. Casi todos los casos se caracterizan por presentar flora bacteriana mixta y sinérgica. En los cultivos se identifican organismos anaerobios y aerobios facultativos. El diagnóstico se basa en los hallazgos clínicos. La utilidad de las imágenes se limita al diagnóstico precoz de lesiones que potencialmente pueden dar lugar al surgimiento de esta entidad, y a la búsqueda de colecciones que han pasado desapercibidas. La bacteriología provee las bases para ejercer un programa de tratamiento de rutina. El tratamiento debe ser instaurado inmediatamente. La buena evolución de esta grave patología se basa en las medidas urgentes y generales de reanimación, compensación y sostén, antibióticoterapia adecuada, y con una cirugía que siempre debe ser precoz y agresiva. El impacto de la terapia coadyuvante con oxígeno hiperbárico en cuanto a mejoras en los resultados permanece en controversia. Con respecto a la cirugía reparadora, debe tenerse en cuenta que el realizar un debridamiento agresivo, conlleva acarrear con malos resultados estéticos y dificultad en la cicatrización del lecho quirúrgico...
This work talks about different processes that characterize by a progressive inflammation of the perineal region which includes skin, hypodermis and occasionally the muscle necrosis, generating a severe general toxicity. It is necessary to group them under the denomination of serious infections of perineum considering its similar form of presentation, the precocious diagnosis needed, and the exhaustive treatment that depends its treatment. There are many helping factors, such as diabetes mellitus, and other leading ones, like regional invasive procedures, which help to promote this affection. The most frequent causes are anorectal and genitourinary infections, and traumatic injuries. Almost all cases are characterized by displaying mixed and sinergical bacterial flora. Anaerobic and facultative aerobic organisms are identified in tissue cultures. The diagnosis is based on the clinical findings. The utility of images is limited to the precocious diagnosis of injuries that can give rise to the sprouting of this illness, and the search of unnoticed collections. Bacteriology provides the bases to start a program of routine treatment. Treatment must be restored immediately. The favorable evolution of this serious pathology is based on urgent and general measures of resuscitation, suitable antibiotic therapy, and surgery, that always must be precocious and aggressive. The impact of helping hyperbaric oxygen therapy as far as improvements in results remains in controversy. As far as repairing surgery, it must be consider that making an aggressive surgery entails to carry with bad aesthetic results and difficulties in the cicatrization of the surgical wound. This fact does not have to be more important than the initial therapeutic success, which will save of the patient's life. Without a suitable handling, the perineum severe infections present a terrible prognosis, with high mortality rate and anatomic and functional sequels that causes invalidity.