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Musa (ABB) 'Mali-Ong' is an economically important banana cultivar in Thailand. We morphologically and molecularly characterized 'Nam Wa Mali-Ong'. Leaf blade width was the only statistically different morphological character among the clones. To determine genetic variation, nine 'Nam Wa Mali-Ong' clones were compared with 10 samples of Musa ABB, AA, and BB cultivars by fingerprinting using seven pairs of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and eight inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The SRAP and ISSR primers generated 65 and 76 amplicons, respectively, of which 57 (87.7%) and 62 (81.6%) amplicons, respectively, were polymorphic; the polymorphic information content was 0.28-0.49. The SRAP data revealed two distinct groups: Group I, comprising two subgroups (one including all ABB samples and the other containing the BB genome accessions), and Group II, comprising the AA genome accessions. The ISSR data revealed two groups: Group I, which incorporated the AA (Hom Champa) genome, and Group II, consisting of two subgroups: Subgroup A, comprising only the AA (Hom Chan) accessions, and subgroup B, comprising all the ABB accessions and wild banana M. balbisiana (BB genome). The 'Nam Wa Mali-Ong' samples clustered together, regardless of the markers used. SRAP and ISSR markers will be useful for germplasm evaluation and future Musa (ABB) improvements.

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BACKGROUND: Alhagi maurorum Medik. (camelthorn) is a dominant desert plant indigenous in various habitats, including the Western Desert of Egypt. The plant is especially prevalent in and around economic iron ore deposits. Nutrient and heavy metal levels in A. maurorum tissues and soil samples were assessed to identify associations between heavy metal levels in plants and soil. The objective was to evaluate this species as an indicator of heavy metal pollution. Photosynthetic pigments, protein, proline, alkaloids, flavonoids, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylscavenging, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes, and stress-related gene expression were assessed to determine their functional roles in metal stress adaptation in ultra- and molecular structure. Additionally, the molecular genetic variation in A. maurorum samples was assessed using co-dominant sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). RESULTS: A substantial difference in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of A. maurorum was observed in samples collected from three sites. A. maurorum is suited to the climate in mineralized regions. Morphologically, the stem shows spines, narrow leaves, and a reduced shoot system. Anatomically, modifications included a cuticle coating on leaves and stems, sunken stomata, a compact epidermis, and a thick cortex. Significant anatomical-physiological differences were observed with varying heavy metal soil content, antioxidative enzyme activities increased as a tolerance strategy, and glutathione levels decreased in response to heavy metal toxicity. Heavy metal accumulation also affected the expression of stress-related genes. The highest levels of expression of GST, G6PDH, 6PGD, nitrate reductase 1, and sulfate transporter genes were found in plants collected from site A1. However, auxin-induced protein exhibited its highest expression in plants collected from A2. Six SRAP combinations yielded 25 scoreable markers with a polymorphism rate of 64%, and 5 ISSR markers produced 11 bands with a polymorphism rate of 36.36% for three A. maurorum genotypes. The ME1xEM7 primer combinations provided the most polymorphic information content and resolving power, making it the most useful primer for differentiating A. maurorum genotypes. SRAP markers exhibited a higher diversity index (0.24) than ISSR markers (0.16). CONCLUSIONS: A. maurorum displayed adaptive characteristics for heavy metal sequestration from mining site soils and is proposed as a strong candidate for phytoremediation.

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Paeoniae Radix, the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora, is one of the most important ingredients in Kampo medicine. It is known that Paeoniae Radix is derived from various P. lactiflora cultivars, including medicinal and horticultural cultivars, and that cultivar identification by DNA analysis has been unsuccessful. We attempted to develop sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers as useful DNA markers for the identification and herbal medicine authentication of two cultivars developed in Japan, 'Bonten' and 'Kitasaisho,' which are two superior medicinal strains of P. lactiflora. Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analysis was conducted on fourteen P. lactiflora cultivars, and polymorphic fragments specific to 'Bonten' or 'Kitasaisho' were detected. Then, SCAR markers for 'Bonten' and 'Kitasaisho' were developed from the sequence information of these polymorphic fragments. Thirty cultivars of P. lactiflora and five herbal medicine samples were used to validate the specificity of the developed SCAR markers. As a result, we confirmed that our SCAR markers can identify 'Bonten' or 'Kitasaisho' from the plant samples and the herbal medicine samples. Thus, we have successfully designed two highly specific DNA markers and established an easy, rapid, and cost-efficient method to identify specific cultivars of P. lactiflora. Our SCAR markers are expected to contribute to the maintenance of P. lactiflora cultivars such as 'Bonten' as superior medicinal strains, the development of more elite cultivars in the future, and the deterrence of outflow of original cultivars to foreign countries.

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BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the application of marker-trait association (MTA) analysis for traits related to drought tolerance in smooth bromegrass. The objectives of this study were to identify marker loci associated with important agronomic traits and drought tolerance indices as well as fining stable associations in a diverse panel of polycross derived genotypes of smooth bromegrass. Phenotypic evaluations were performed at two irrigation regimes (normal and deficit irrigation) during 2 years; and association analysis was done with 626 SRAP markers. RESULTS: The results of population structure analysis identified three main subpopulations possessing significant genetic differences. Under normal irrigation, 68 and 57 marker-trait associations were identified using general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear mode1 (MLM), respectively. While under deficit irrigation, 61 and 54 markers were associated with the genes controlling the studied traits, based on these two models, respectively. Some of the markers were associated with more than one trait. It was revealed that markers Me1/Em5-11, Me1/Em3-15, and Me5/Em4-7 were consistently linked with drought-tolerance indices. CONCLUSION: Following marker validation, the MTAs reported in this panel could be useful tools to initiate marker-assisted selection (MAS) and targeted trait introgression of smooth bromegrass under normal and deficit irrigation regimes, and possibly fine mapping and cloning of the underlying genes and QTLs.

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Objective:To establish the sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP）-polymerase chain reaction （PCR） system for <italic>Valeriana officinalis</italic> var. <italic>latifolia</italic>，so as to lay the theoretical and technical foundations for the breeding of<italic> V. officinalis </italic>var. <italic>latifolia</italic>. Method:Single factor test was applied to investigate the effects of <italic>Taq</italic> Mix dose，Mg²⁺concentration，template DNA concentration，and <italic>Taq </italic>DNA polymerase content on SRAP-PCR amplification of <italic>V. officinalis </italic>var. <italic>latifolia</italic>，based on which the orthogonal experiments were performed to optimize the SRAP-PCR system for <italic>V. officinalis </italic>var. <italic>latifolia</italic>. The effective primers that could be used for genetic diversity studies of <italic>V. officinalis</italic> var. <italic>latifolia </italic>were selected under the optimal reaction condition. Result:The results of the single factor test showed that <italic>Taq </italic>Mix dose within the range of 8-11 μL resulted in better amplification. The addition of a low concentration of Mg²⁺，the medium to low concentrations of template DNA，or the low concentration of <italic>Taq</italic> DNA polymerase enhanced the amplification efficiency or richness. As demonstrated by the orthogonal experiments，the influencing degrees of related factors on SRAP-PCR amplification of <italic>V. officinalis</italic> var. <italic>latifolia </italic>were sorted in a descending order as follows： <italic>Taq</italic> Mix dose><italic>Taq</italic> DNA polymerase content>Mg²⁺ concentration>template DNA concentration. The optimal reaction system for <italic>V. officinalis</italic> var. <italic>latifolia </italic>was determined to consist of 11 μL of <italic>Taq</italic> Mix，30 ng of template DNA，0.025 mmol·L^-1Mg²⁺，1.5 U<italic> </italic>of<italic> Taq </italic>DNA polymerase，5 μmol·L^-1 forward primer，and 5 μmol·L^-1 reverse primer，which was supplemented to 20 μL with ddH₂O. The optimal annealing temperature was 36.8 ℃. A total of 17 pairs of effective primers with high band resolution and polymorphism were selected from 88 primer pairs for SRAP-PCR of <italic>V. officinalis</italic> var. <italic>latifolia</italic>. Conclusion:The established SRAP-PCR system for <italic>V. officinalis</italic> var. <italic>latifolia</italic> is stable， which can be used for genetic diversity studies of <italic>V. officinalis</italic> var. <italic>latifolia</italic>.

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Objective:To study the differences in genetic relationship， shape， size， and flavonoid content between traditional and nontraditional medicinal varieties of Citri Reticulatae Semen produced in Sichuan province as well as their equivalence. Method:Six batches of traditional medicinal Citri Reticulatae Semen （<italic>Citrus reticulata</italic> 'Dahongpao'） and 23 batches of nontraditional medicinal varieties were collected， and their genetic relationship was explored using sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP） markers. Following the observation of their shapes and sizes under a stereomicroscope， the contents of naringin， hesperidin， and neohesperidin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. SIMCA 14.1 software was used for cluster analysis of their shapes， sizes， and flavonoid contents， thus figuring out the similarities between the traditional and nontraditional medicinal varieties in character， size， and chemical components. Result:SRAP markers-based genetic relationship analysis effectively distinguished different Citri Reticulatae Semen varieties from each other. Some samples collected from the same or adjacent places exhibited a close genetic relationship and they shared high similarities in shape， size， and flavonoid content. However， the traditional medicinal Citri Reticulatae Semen was still quite different from most nontraditional medicinal varieties. Conclusion:The analysis of differences in genetic materials， appearance， character， and active ingredient content between the traditional and nontraditional medicinal varieties revealed that the equivalence<italic> </italic>of <italic>C.</italic> <italic>reticulata</italic> 'Ponkan' samples from some regions with the traditional medicinal variety was the largest， enabling them to be considered as the emerging medicinal variety.

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Abiotic stress tolerance is one of the target trait in crop breeding under climate change scenario. Selection of suitable gene pools among available germplasm is first requisite for any crop improvement programme. Drought and salinity traits, being polygenic, are most difficult to target. The present investigation aimed at exploring and assessment of the genetic variability in Indian mustard at molecular level. A total of twenty-five genotypes and five related species were used. Sixty-three molecular markers including sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers along with twenty-three expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) were used for diversity analysis. Thirty-seven SRAPs and 18 EST-SSRs showed amplification producing a total of 423 alleles of which 422 were polymorphic. These markers gave an overall polymorphism of 99.78%, with 99.67% polymorphism in SRAPs and 100% polymorphism in EST-SSRs. The study revealed the genetic relationships among different genotypes of B. juncea and related species which could be used for Indian mustard improvement for targeting drought and salinity tolerance in future. Four SRAP and two EST-SSRs identified unique bands which may be related to abiotic stress tolerance. EST sequence BRMS-040 (IM7) was similar to Brassica and radish sequences related to PR-5 (pathogenesis-related) protein.

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The fruiting body pattern is an important agronomic trait of the edible fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, and an important breeding target. There are two types of fruiting body pattern: the cluster type and the chrysanthemum type. We identified the fruiting body pattern of 26 test strains, and then constructed two different near-isogenic pools. Then, we developed sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) molecular markers associated with the fruiting body pattern based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Ten different bands (189-522 bp) were amplified using 153 pairs of SRAP primers. The SCAR marker "SCL-18" consisted of a single 522-bp band amplified from the cluster-type strains, but not the chrysanthemum strains. This SCAR marker was closely associated with the cluster-type fruiting body trait of A. auricula-judae. These results lay the foundation for further research to locate and clone genes controlling the fruiting body pattern of A. auricula-judae.

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The fruiting body pattern is an important agronomic trait of the edible fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, and an important breeding target. There are two types of fruiting body pattern: the cluster type and the chrysanthemum type. We identified the fruiting body pattern of 26 test strains, and then constructed two different near-isogenic pools. Then, we developed sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) molecular markers associated with the fruiting body pattern based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Ten different bands (189–522 bp) were amplified using 153 pairs of SRAP primers. The SCAR marker “SCL-18” consisted of a single 522-bp band amplified from the cluster-type strains, but not the chrysanthemum strains. This SCAR marker was closely associated with the cluster-type fruiting body trait of A. auricula-judae. These results lay the foundation for further research to locate and clone genes controlling the fruiting body pattern of A. auricula-judae.

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Ornamental purslanes (Portulaca L.) are a popular annual bedding and container plant for landscaping. Little information is available concerning the genetic characterization of ornamental purslane resources thus far. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and relationships present in a collection of ornamental purslanes from Portulaca umbraticola and P. grandiflora cultivated in China, using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. The genotyping showed that 16 SRAP primer combinations totally produced 261 informative fragments and averaged 16.31 per primer combination. The major allele frequency and Nei's gene diversity was calculated at 0.78 and 0.31 across the loci, indicative of a moderate low diversity. Both unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering and a Bayesian-based approach apparently assigned the whole accessions into two sub-groups: P. umbraticola and P. grandiflora, well concordant with the botanical classification and flower type. The findings provide a brandnew understanding of genetic diversity and population structure present in ornamental purslane, and benefit a sound design of breeding programs in future.

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Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity among a collection of 52 sesame accessions representing different geographical environments, including eight Saudi landraces. A combination of seventeen primers generated a high number of alleles (365) with 100% polymorphism. The polymorphic information content (PIC) and primer discrimination power (DP) recorded overall means of 0.88 and 5.88, respectively. Genetic similarity values based on Jaccard coefficients ranged from 0.12 to 0.49, with an average similarity value of 0.30, indicating both high genetic distance and a wide genetic basis of the investigated accessions. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram grouped 48 of 52 accessions into seven main clusters, and five accessions failed to form clusters and were separated individually. However, subclusters separated the accessions and, considering the relatedness of accessions and their geographical origin, formed distinct diversity among groups. Saudi landraces showed the widest genetic basis compared with other introduced accessions that were distributed throughout the dendrogram, indicating that agro-ecological zones were indistinguishable by cluster analysis. SRAP analysis revealed a high degree of genetic polymorphism in sesame accessions investigated and showed weak association between geographical origin and SRAP patterns. This wide genetic variability should be considered for sesame breeding programs.

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A total of 148 accessions representing six important species of the genus Stylosanthes, including S. guianensis, S. hamata, S. scabra, S. seabrana, S. macrocephala, and S. capitata, were used to evaluate genetic variation and relationships using sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. The results showed that the 18 selected primer pairs generated 138 distinct fragments. The fragment sizes ranged from 150 to 2000 bp. Genetic similarity coefficients among the 148 accessions ranged from 0.51 to 0.99, with an average of 0.79. The effective allele number (ne) generated by the 18 primer pairs averaged 1.3552 and ranged from 1.2069 to 1.6080; Nei's gene diversity (He) ranged from 0.1304 to 0.3207, with an average of 0.2070; and Shannon's information index (I) averaged 0.3213 and ranged from 0.2233 to 0.4582. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages at the 0.69 similarity level separated the 148 accessions into two distinct groups. One group belonged to S. guianensis, and the other group belonged to the non-S. guianensis type. This study verified that Stylosanthes have rich genetic variation, which is an excellent basis for Stylosanthes breeding for new cultivars. This study demonstrates that the SRAP technique is a reliable tool for differentiating Stylosanthes accessions and for discerning genetic relationship among them.

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Autopolyploidy is widespread in higher plants and plays an important role in the process of evolution. The present study successfully induced autotetraploidys from Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium by colchicine. The plant morphology, genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic changes between tetraploid and diploid plants were investigated. Ligulate flower, tubular flower and leaves of tetraploid plants were greater than those of the diploid plants. Compared with diploid plants, the genome changed as a consequence of polyploidization in tetraploid plants, namely, 1.1% lost fragments and 1.6% novel fragments occurred. In addition, DNA methylation increased after genome doubling in tetraploid plants. Among 485 common transcript-derived fragments (TDFs), which existed in tetraploid and diploid progenitors, 62 fragments were detected as differentially expressed TDFs, 6.8% of TDFs exhibited up-regulated gene expression in the tetraploid plants and 6.0% exhibited down-regulation. The present study provides a reference for further studying the autopolyploidization role in the evolution of C. lavandulifolium. In conclusion, the autopolyploid C. lavandulifolium showed a global change in morphology, genome and gene expression compared with corresponding diploid.

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Taxodium is a genus renowned for its fast growth, good form and tolerance of flooding, salt, alkalinity, disease and strong winds. In this study, a genetic linkage map was constructed using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers based on an F1 population containing 148 individuals generated from a cross between T. 'Zhongshanshan 302' and T. mucronatum. The map has a total length of 976.5 cM, with a mean distance of 7.0 cM between markers, and contains 34 linkage groups with 179 markers (171 SRAPs and 8 SSRs). Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting growth traits, such as seedling height, basal diameter and crown width, were detected based on the constructed linkage map. Four significant QTLs were identified, three of which, namely qtSH-1 for seedling height, qtBD-1 for basal diameter and qtCW-1 for crown width, were located at 2.659 cM of LG7 with logarithm odds values of 3.72, 3.49 and 3.93, respectively, and explained 24.9, 27.0 and 21.7 % of the total variation of the three grown traits, respectively. Another QTL for crown width (qtCW-2) was detected at 1.0 cM on LG13, with a logarithm of odds value of 3.15, and explained 31.7 % of the total variation of crown width. This is the first report on the construction of a genetic linkage map and QTL analysis in Taxodium, laying the groundwork for the construction of a high-density genetic map and QTL mapping in the genus Taxodium.

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Yellow or stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a devastating foliar disease that affects common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) around the world. In China, common wheat landraces are potential sources of disease and abiotic stress resistance genes for wheat improvement. Yilongtuomai (YL), a wheat landrace from Yilong County, Sichuan Province, shows high levels of resistance against most Chinese Pst races. In this study, the resistance of YL to stripe rust disease was examined in detail. Parent strains, YL and Taichung 29, a variety susceptible to Pst race CYR32, and their F1, F2, and F2:3 offspring, were inoculated with CYR32 during the seedling stage in the field or adult-plant stage in the greenhouse. Results indicated that resistance to CYR32 in YL is conferred by a single dominant gene, designated YrYL The segregating F2 population (352 plants), was analyzed in terms of its resistance locus using simple sequence repeats (SSRs), resistance gene analog polymorphisms (RGAPs), and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). A linkage group of 6 SSRs, 2 RGAPs, and 1 SRAP was constructed for the YrYL gene. Using the identified SSRs associated with physical mapping of RGAP using Chinese Spring nullisomic-tetrasomic stocks, the YrYL gene was localized to the short arm of chromosome 7D. The gene was flanked by 1 SSR marker, Xbarc92, and 1 RGAP marker, CLRRfor/Ptokin4, at genetic distances of 5.35 and 9.86 cM, respectively. The YrYL gene was compared to other stripe rust resistance genes reported on chromosome 7D by evaluating its reaction patterns to CYR32 and its pedigree relationship. Our results suggest that the YrYL gene is a new stripe rust resistance gene.

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Knowledge of the genetic diversity and structure of tree species across their geographic ranges is essential for sustainable use and management of forest ecosystems. Acer grosseri Pax., an economically and ecologically important maple species, is mainly distributed in North China. In this study, the genetic diversity and population differentiation of 24 natural populations of this species were evaluated using sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers and morphological characters. The results show that highly significant differences occurred in 32 morphological traits. The coefficient of variation of 34 characters was 18.19 %. Principal component analysis indicated that 18 of 34 traits explained 60.20 % of the total variance. The phenotypic differentiation coefficient (VST) was 36.06 % for all morphological traits. The Shannon-Wiener index of 34 morphological characters was 6.09, while at the population level, it was 1.77. The percentage of polymorphic bands of all studied A. grosseri populations was 82.14 %. Nei's gene diversity (He) and Shannon's information index (I) were 0.35 and 0.50, respectively. Less genetic differentiation was detected among the natural populations (GST = 0.20, ΦST = 0.10). Twenty-four populations of A. grosseri formed two main clusters, which is consistent with morphological cluster analysis. Principal coordinates analysis and STRUCTURE analysis supported the UPGMA-cluster dendrogram. There was no significant correlation between genetic and geographical distances among populations. Both molecular and morphological data suggested that A. grosseri is rich in genetic diversity. The high level of genetic variation within populations could be affected by the biological characters, mating system and lifespan of A. grosseri, whereas the lower genetic diversity among populations could be caused by effective gene exchange, selective pressure from environmental heterogeneity and the species' geographical range.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the genetic diversity of yam resources in China and provide reliable molecular evidences for cultivar identification and genetic relationship. METHODS: Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was applied to detect the genetic diversity of 21 yam cultivars from eight cultivated populations, Popgene software (version 1.32) was used to calculate genetic parameters, UPGMA clustering was carried out using Mega software (version 4.1), and principal component analysis was performed with the help of Ntsys-pc (Version 2.1) program. RESULTS: Three hundreds and nine bands were amplified by 20 SRAP primer combinations, of which 289 bands were polymorphic. The Nei's gene diversity index (H=0.2881), Shannon's information index (I=0.4416) and total genetic diversity (Ht=0.2891) revealed a relatively high genetic diversity level among yam populations. Within populations, HNWX population showed the highest genetic diversity (PPB= 35.92%), whereas the lowest diversity (PPB=0) was observed in FJSM and ZJRG populations. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst=0.8658) and genetic flow (Nm=0.0075) indicated that the genetic diversity among populations was higher than that of within populations. A well-separated groups coupling with cultivated species was formed according to the genetic distance (GD) ranging from 0.0498-0.4879 of the investigated populations. Twenty-one investigated cultivars could be distinguished and be effectively grouped into four origins, i.e., Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Dioscorea alata Linn., Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burkill. and Dioscorea fordii Prain et Burkill.. CONCLUSION: The genetic diversity level of yam resources is high, and relatively high genetic variation exists among four yam species. SRAP marker is an effective method to identify and classify numerous yam cultivars.

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Objective: To study the genetic diversity of Dipsacus asper from different populations and provide a reference for the rational utilization of its germplasm. Methods: The genetic diversity of the 14 populations of D. asper was analyzed by SRAP molecular markers. Results: Ten pairs of primers produced 124 sites, among which 102 were polymorphic sites. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) was 82.26%. The Nei's genetic diversity index (H) and the Shannon's information index (I) were 0.2800 and 0.4353, respectively. At the population level, PPL was 53.92%, H was 0.1212-0.2440, and I was 0.1796-0.3611. The genetic diversity values of the five populations were relatively high, and the populations had the characteristics of high altitude and microhabitat. Genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.2930, gene flow (Nm) was 1.2064. Cluster analysis based on genetic similarity indicated that the 14 populations could be divided into three groups. Conclusion: The genetic diversity among the populations of D. asper was at relatively high level. The genetic variance of D. asper mainly existed within the populations. The high genetic diversity could be attributed to the geographical position (altitude) and climate, while geographic isolation (microhabitat) was another important factor for the genetic variance within the populations.

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Objective: To study the genetic diversity of Liriope muscari. Methods: The genetic diversity of 47 populations was analyzed by SRAP marker technique. Results: Fifteen primers amplified 323 polymorphic bands, and the average percentage of polymorphic bands reached to 88.47%. The average of polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.90. Nei's gene diversity index (H) was 0.197 7 and Shannon's information index (I) was 0.319 0. Gene differentiation index (Gst) was 0.252 8. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method showed that genetic similarity coefficient ranged in 0.59-0.99. Conclusion: L. muscari shows higher genetic diversity and the majority of genetic variation occurs in populations.

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Objective: To research genetic diversity of different Lonicera macranthoides geographical populations. Methods: Seventeen materials were estimated by the approach of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). The data of amplified bands were analyzed by Popgene 1.31 and Treeconw software. The system diagram of genetic relationship was built by UPGMA. Results: The 24 pairs of SRAP primers combination employed produced a total of 239 discernable and reproducible amplified fragments. Among them there were 210 polymorphic bands. The percentage of polymorphic bands within different populations was 87.8%; Genetic diversity analysis showed that Nei's gene diversity (He) was 0.239 9 and Shannon's genetic diversity index (I) was 0.372 4. Basis on the DNA molecular level, the results indicated that there was abundant genetic diversity among the tested materials. Genetic similarity coefficient ranges changed from 0.442 3 to 0.940 2. The dendrogram including all samples was obtained by UPGMA. In the dendrogram, there were two cluster groups. Conclusion: The genetic diversity of L. macranthoides geopraphical population in China is plentiful. SRAP markers can be effectively applied to genetic analysis in L. macranthoides populations.