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BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported the effect of physical activity (PA) or sedentary behavior (SB) on increasing occurrence of depression in patients with cardiovascular disease, leading to a higher risk of adverse clinical outcomes. However, the association between the combination of PA and SB and depression in patients with cardiovascular disease remained unstudied. METHODS: Patients with cardiovascular disease (aged ≥18 years) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2016. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association between PA, SB, and depression. RESULTS: Among the 2585 patients (mean age 64.43 years; 54.65 % male) in this study, the prevalence of depression was 16.40 %. After adjustment for age, gender, race, education level, marital status, poverty income ratio, employment status, smoking, alcohol use, BMI, hypertension, and number of cardiovascular diseases, depression was negatively associated with higher PA (adjusted OR = 0.567, 95 % CI 0.403, 0.799) and positively associated with higher SB (adjusted OR = 1.472, 95 % CI 1.089, 1.990), respectively. The risk of depression associated with higher PA and lower SB was significantly lower (adjusted OR = 0.464, 95 % CI 0.307, 0.702) compared to those with lower PA but higher SB. LIMITATIONS: This was a cross-sectional study with limited ability to make causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that patients with higher PA and lower SB have a lower risk of depression than those with low PA levels and high SB levels. Moving more and sitting less is a potential preventive measure against depression in patients with cardiovascular disease.

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Background: Reducing sedentary behavior is a promising intervention target for improving health for older adults; however, few interventions include African American communities. The purpose of this research was to extend the reach of an effective sedentary behavior intervention to African American elders. Methods: Two pilot studies assessed the feasibility (retention, adherence, and safety) and acceptability (participant and leader perspectives) of a 4-wk "Stand Up and Move More" (SUMM) intervention. Sedentary behavior (self-reported and monitor-derived), function (short physical performance battery), and quality of life (SF-36) were measured at baseline (wk0), postintervention (wk4), and follow up (wk12; study 1) to examine preliminary effectiveness of the intervention. Participants (N=26) attended SUMM or an attention-matched stress management intervention (study 2). The magnitude of treatment effects were determined using Hedge's g effect size calculations [small (g=0.20 to 0.49), moderate (g=0.50 to 0.79), large (g>0.80)]. Results: Retention and adherence rates ranged from 50%-100% and 80%-100%, respectively. There were no adverse events. Participants expressed high satisfaction, and the leader of the SUMM intervention indicated that the intervention content was beneficial. Hedges' g revealed negligible to small changes in sedentary behavior (g<0.50) following SUMM. There were moderate to large improvements in function (g=0.51-0.82) and quality of life (g=0.54-1.07) from wk0 to wk4 in study 1; and moderate to large improvements in function (g=0.51-0.88) from wk0 to wk4 in study 2. There was a moderate improvement in quality of life (SF-36 emotional role limitations g=0.54) in the SUMM group only. Conclusion: Given its feasibility, safety, and acceptability, SUMM may be a promising intervention to improve functioning and well-being among African American elders.

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BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior and depression have been linked to inflammation. However, the specific role of inflammation in the relationship between sedentary behavior and depression remains unclear. METHOD: We examined associations among the inflammatory marker (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR]), sedentary behavior, and depression in a robust, ethnically diverse sample (n = 29,769) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). RESULT: Our findings indicate that individuals experiencing depression and/or engaging in sedentary behavior show elevated levels of the NLR. Even after adjusting for confounding variables such as age, sex, and body mass index, sedentary behavior remains significantly associated with both depression and NLR levels. Additionally, our analysis reveals a non-linear relationship between NLR levels and depression, suggesting a complex interaction. Importantly, NLR partially mediates a modest yet statistically significant portion (1.920 %, p = 0.014) of the association between sedentary behavior and depression. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the intricate interplay among sedentary behavior, inflammation, and depression, providing insights into potential avenues for intervention and management.

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Estimates suggest that over 80% of people with COVID-19 may experience mild to no symptoms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that around 7-8% of positive COVID-19 cases were hospitalized in the first year of the pandemic. A substantial body of evidence points to obesity, sedentary behavior, and low physical activity levels as risk factors for susceptibility to the virus and the severity of symptoms. Obese individuals are 46% more likely to contract the virus than those of normal weight, and those who are physically active have an 11% reduced risk of contracting the virus. Medical experts have also identified obesity, sedentary behavior, and physical inactivity as risk factors for severe COVID-19 symptoms and long COVID. Evidence from bariatric surgery suggests that weight loss decreases the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. The mechanisms linking obesity, sedentary behavior, and physical activity to COVID-19 are somewhat similar. Obesity, sedentary behavior, and low physical activity are all linked to inflammation, immune dysfunction, and comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease that increase COVID-19 risk. Additionally, achieving the recommended 150 min of moderate-intensity exercise seems to be the desired dose for protection from COVID-19.

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BACKGROUND: Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) can result in unfavorable outcomes in elderly surgical patients. Physical activity (PA) has been shown to improve cognitive function, potentially by reducing systemic inflammatory responses. However, there is a lack of supportive data indicating whether PA has a protective effect against dNCR. AIMS: To examine the correlation between dNCR and PA, and to further analyze if pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate this relationship. METHODS: This study is a prospective nested case-control investigation of elderly patients who had knee replacement surgery. dNCR was defined as a decline in cognitive function compared with baseline by using a battery of neuropsychological tests. PA was assessed with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between PA and dNCR. Mediation analysis was employed to evaluate whether pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate the relationship between them. RESULTS: A cohort of 152 patients was included, resulting in an incidence rate of dNCR of 23.68%. PA was associated with dNCR after full adjustment [OR = 0.199, (95% CI, 0.061; 0.649), P = 0.007]. Mediation analysis showed that the IL-6 mediated the statistical association between PA and dNCR, with mediation proportions (%) of 77.68 (postoperative concentration of IL-6) or 27.58 (the absolute change in IL-6 before and after surgery). CONCLUSIONS: PA serves as a protective factor against dNCR, possibly through the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations. THE CHINESE CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRY: : www.http://chictr.org.cn , Registration No. ChiCTR2300070834, Registration date: April 24, 2023.

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Objective: This cross-sectional study examined the influence of sedentary behavior (SB) time substitution with physical activity (PA) on depressive symptoms among adults with overweight/obesity. SB time was replaced with equal amount of walking/bicycling or leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Methods: Data of the 18344 adults, who were overweight and obesity was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2006-2018. PA of participants was measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Depressive symptoms, including overall, somatic, and cognitive depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Isotemporal substitution model based on weighted multiple linear regression was used to assess the association of SB time substitution with PA on depressive symptoms. Results: Independent model analysis showed that 30 min/day SB time was significantly associated with higher PHQ-9 depressive symptoms, while engage in walking/bicycling or leisure-time MVPA for 30 min/day was associated with lower depressive symptoms. Isotemporal substitution analyses revealed that replacing 30 min/day SB time with equal amount of walking/bicycling or leisure-time MVPA was associated with significant lower PHQ-9 total scores (walking/bicycling: ß = -0.088, 95%CI = -0.129, -0.047, P < 0.01; MVPA: ß = -0.160, 95%CI = -0.185, -0.134, P < 0.01). Moreover, cognitive depressive symptoms (walking/bicycling: ß = -0.035, 95%CI = -0.058, -0.013, P < 0.01; MVPA: ß = -0.074, 95%CI = -0.088, -0.060, P < 0.01), and somatic depressive symptoms (walking/bicycling: ß = -0.053, 95%CI = -0.075, -0.030, P < 0.01; MVPA: ß = -0.085, 95%CI = -0.100, -0.071, P < 0.01) were also significantly lower after replacing SB time with either walking/bicycling or MVPA. However, replacing 30 min/day PA with SB time represented with higher depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Replacing SB time with walking/bicycling or MVPA is beneficial in lowering the depressive symptoms among overweight/obese adults. Owing to the benefits of PA on depression, strategies promoting PA participation, are necessary for better social/mental well-being and healthy society.

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BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior (SB) has emerged as a significant health concern that deserves attention. This study aimed to examine the associations between prolonged sedentary behavior and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality as well as to explore desirable alternatives to sitting in terms of physical activity (PA). METHODS: Two prospective cohort investigations were conducted using the UK Biobank and NHANES datasets, with a total of 490,659 and 33,534 participants, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the associations between SB and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality due to cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory diseases, and digestive diseases. In addition, we employed isotemporal substitution models to examine the protective effect of replacing sitting with various forms of PA. RESULTS: During the average follow-up times of 13.5 and 6.7 years, 36,109 and 3057 deaths were documented in the UK Biobank and NHANES, respectively. Both cohorts demonstrated that, compared with individuals sitting less than 5 h per day, individuals with longer periods of sitting had higher risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality due to cancer, CVD, and respiratory diseases but not digestive diseases. Moreover, replacing SB per day with PA, even substituting 30 min of walking for pleasure, reduced the risk of all-cause mortality by 3.5% (hazard ratio [HR] 0.965, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.954-0.977), whereas cause-specific mortality from cancer, CVD, and respiratory diseases was reduced by 1.6% (HR 0.984, 95% CI 0.968-1.000), 4.4% (HR 0.956, 95% CI 0.930-0.982), and 15.5% (HR 0.845, 95% CI 0.795-0.899), respectively. Furthermore, the protective effects of substitution became more pronounced as the intensity of exercise increased or the alternative duration was extended to 1 h. CONCLUSIONS: SB was significantly correlated with substantially increased risks of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality from cancer, CVD, and respiratory diseases. However, substituting sitting with various forms of PA, even for short periods involving relatively light and relaxing physical activity, effectively reduced the risk of both overall and cause-specific mortality.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of replacing time spent in sedentary behavior (SB) with moderate to vigorous physical activity on sleep quality in young adults. METHODS: Multicenter cross-sectional study, carried out with students enrolled in undergraduate courses at universities in Brazil. Sleep quality was assessed using a question of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-brief) and classified as good or poor sleep quality. SB was evaluated by self-reported total sitting time, and the level of leisure-time PA was classified according to the intensity of moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA), which were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. An isotemporal replacement logistic model was used to evaluate the effects of different SB, MPA, and VPA sessions on sleep quality. RESULTS: A total of 8,059 study participants were evaluated, the majority had poor sleep quality (64.79%), were physically inactive (48.28%, defined as practicing < 150 min of MPA or < 75 min of VPA per week), and spent ≥ 9 h/day in SB (55.08%). The multivariate model showed an association between non-adherence to wake-based movement guidelines and poor sleep quality, where those with one altered behavior were 43% more likely to have poor sleep quality (OR:1.43;95%CI:1.27 to 1.60), while individuals with two altered behaviors were 97% more likely (OR:1.97;95%CI:1.73 to 2.24). In the isotemporal analysis, replacing MPA and VPA with equivalent time in SB increased the odds of poor sleep at all times assessed, with peaks of 56% for MPA and 68% for VPA. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that replacing SB with the same amount of MPA or VPA may reduce poor sleep quality.

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Many university students, especially graduate students, are experiencing poor physical and psychological health. Thus, universities are initiating programs like Exercise is Medicine-On Campus (EIM-OC) to promote positive physical activity behavior to improve physical and mental health for primarily undergraduate university students. However, the influences on physical activity when transitioning from an undergraduate to a graduate student are unknown. To explore perceptions of if and how the physical activity levels of graduate students changed from their time as undergraduate students while considering environmental and lifestyle factors. METHODS: Using a qualitative, phenomenological research design, a convenience sample of current graduate students enrolled at a large, mid-South university completed a 20-minute interview. Questions included inquiring on current household, occupational, active transportation, leisure time, and overall physical activity during the graduate and past undergraduate programs. All interviews were transcribed, and major themes were derived using thematic analysis. Twenty-one (62% female; 52% master's students) participants completed interviews. Overall, participants perceived their physical activity decreased, including occupational, active transport, and leisure-time physical activity. Major themes discussed by participants included: increased academic and occupational responsibilities, changes in the physical and social environment, increased awareness of health and activity, and life transitions. The decline in physical activity once individuals enter their graduate program necessitates an intervention, like EIM-OC, during or after undergraduate studies to promote the initiation or continuation of regular physical activity to improve graduate students' overall health.

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Purpose: Sedentary time (ST) is associated with mortality independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in patients with COPD. The proper processing methods for the measurement data and factors related to ST are still unknown. We investigated several conditions for determining the proper processing of ST accelerometric data and created a reference equation for ST using ST-related factors. Patients and Methods: In Study 1, we evaluated the minimum required number of days to obtain repeatability at different measurement times and assessed the effects of rainy days or weekend days on ST in patients with COPD. In Study 2, we detected the ST-related factors among 28 parameters and created a reference equation for ST using the detected factors. Results: In Study 1, 38 patients with stable COPD were analyzed. The minimum number of days required for repeatability was 3 for 8-h wearing and 2 for 10-h wearing. The ST was significantly prolonged on rainy days, but not on weekends. In Study 2, 216 patients with stable COPD were analyzed. BMI, FEV1%pred, 6MWD, and mMRC were detected as ST-related factors, and a reference equation could be created using these four factors. The equation was validated for patients whose ST was ≥ 6 h. Conclusion: By using properly processed measurement data of ST, we created a reference equation for assessing ST that is expected to be useful for providing individual guidance on the shortening of ST to patients with COPD.

When measuring sedentary time (ST) objectively, we should recognize that the minimum required number of days is three and that ST is prolonged on rainy days. The reference equation for ST could be created using four ST-related factors. It might serve as a guide for shortening ST in COPD.

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This study aims to investigate both the prevalence and associated factors of frailty, pre-frailty, and each criterion of frailty according to the Fried phenotype criteria among older adult outpatients receiving care from geriatric services. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2020 and 2022 and included 335 older adults. Fried's criteria and a comprehensive geriatric assessment, including physical, clinical and mental health variables were investigated. More than half of participants presented frailty (11.6 %) and/or pre-frailty (43.3 %) according to Fried's criteria, with physical inactivity and low gait speed as the most prevalent criteria. Several factors demonstrated associations with the diagnosis of frailty/pre-frailty, including retirement status, marital status (unmarried), the use of walking aids, lower educational attainment, decreased functional status, and poor mental health. Furthermore, various factors were associated with each of Fried's criteria, highlighting that certain factors might align with a specific criterion without necessarily correlating with the diagnosis of frailty and pre-frailty.

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BACKGROUND: Physical activity is associated with both the hedonic (e.g., affect) and eudaimonic (e.g., purpose in life) aspects of well-being. While there is evidence linking momentary physical activity and affect in daily life, the examination of momentary purpose remains largely unexplored. PURPOSE: This study investigates the bidirectional associations between physical activity, positive and negative affect, and momentary purpose using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) and accelerometer data. METHODS: Middle-aged participants (40-70 years old, n = 291) wore accelerometers and completed three daily EMA surveys on momentary experiences for 8 consecutive days. Physical activity (active time and counts) from 20- to 60-min periods before and after EMA surveys were used in the analyses. Multilevel models were adjusted for temporal and contextual factors, age, sex, education, work status, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: When participants were more physically active than usual, they reported feeling more purpose-driven and positive affect. Similarly, when participants reported feeling more purpose-driven or experiencing positive affect, they engaged in more physical activity in the subsequent time period. These associations were similar for physical activity from 20- to 60-min periods before and after the EMA survey. Physical activity and negative affect were not related in either direction. CONCLUSIONS: In middle-aged adults' daily lives, physical activity has bidirectional relations with purpose and positive affect. This study highlights the dynamic associations between physical activity and the positive aspects of both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Future interventions or public health programs should integrate physical activity and mental well-being to maximize mutual benefits.

This study examined how physical activity relates to feelings of purpose and positive and negative affect in daily life among middle-aged adults (aged 40­70). Participants wore activity trackers and completed surveys on their smartphones about their feelings three times a day for 8 days. The study found that when participants were more physically active than usual, they experienced higher levels of purpose and more positive emotions. Conversely, feeling more purposeful or positive also led to more physical activity later on. The results suggest that physical activity and positive well-being are interconnected and reinforce each other in daily life.

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BACKGROUND: To examine the associations of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) with longevity and age acceleration (AA) using observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, and quantify the mediating effects of lipids. METHODS: In Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS), PA and SB were assessed by the Chinese Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Longevity was defined as participants whose age at follow-up or at death was at or above the 90th age percentile. AA was defined as the residual resulting from a linear model that regressed phenotypic age against chronological age. Linear regression and Poisson regression with robust error variance were used to assess the associations of total and specific PA in different intensities, and SB with AA and longevity, yielding ßs or relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Two-sample MR was conducted to examine the causal effects. Mediation analysis was used to assess the mediating effects of lipids. RESULTS: Of 20,924 participants aged 50 + years in GBCS, during an average follow-up of 15.0 years, compared with low PA, moderate and high PA were associated with higher likelihood of longevity (RR (95% CI): 1.56 (1.16, 2.11), 1.66 (1.24, 2.21), respectively), and also cross-sectionally associated with lower AA (ß (95% CI): -1.43 (-2.41, -0.45), -2.09 (-3.06, -1.11) years, respectively). Higher levels of moderate PA (MPA) were associated with higher likelihood of longevity and lower AA, whereas vigorous PA (VPA) showed opposite effects. The association of PA with longevity observed in GBCS was mediated by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 8.23% (95% CI: 3.58-39.61%), while the association with AA was mediated through LDL-C, triglycerides and total cholesterol by 5.13% (3.94-7.30%), 7.81% (5.98-11.17%), and 3.37% (2.59-4.80%), respectively. Additionally, in two-sample MR, SB was positively associated with AA (ß (95% CI): 1.02 (0.67, 1.36) years). CONCLUSIONS: PA showed protective effects on longevity and AA, with the effects being partly mediated through lipids. Conversely, SB had a detrimental impact on AA. MPA was associated with higher likelihood of longevity and reduced AA, whereas VPA showed adverse effects. Our findings reinforce the recommendation of "sit less and move more" to promote healthy longevity, and highlight the potential risks associated with VPA in the elderly.

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Objective: This investigation aimed to explore the potential causal relationship between physical activity, sedentary behavior and the risk of sepsis. Methods: Using a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach, this study evaluated the association between physical activity (including moderate to vigorous physical activity [MVPA], vigorous physical activity [VPA], and accelerometer assessed physical activity) and sedentary behaviors (including television watching, computer use, and driving) with the risk of sepsis. This assessment was based on whole-genome association study data from the UK Biobank and the FinnGen database. Causal inferences were estimated using inverse variance-weighted, weighted median, and MR-Egger methods. Sensitivity analyses were performed using Cochran's Q test, the MR-Egger intercept test, and the leave-one-out method. Results: The risk of sepsis was significantly inversely associated with genetically predicted MVPA (odds ratio [OR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24-0.93, P = 0.0296) and VPA alone (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04-0.87, P = 0.0324). Conversely, prolonged driving time showed a significant positive association with the risk of sepsis (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.40-11.40, P = 0.0097). Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence of a causal relationship between MVPA and VPA and a reduced risk of sepsis, while prolonged sedentary behaviors such as driving are positively associated with an increased risk of sepsis. These findings provided essential scientific evidence for the development of effective sepsis prevention strategies.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between allergic diseases and the tendency to self-harm in adolescents, considering the role of sedentary behavior. METHODS: This was a population-based cross-sectional study, carried out in 2022, with 727 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, from a capital in the Northeast of Brazil. The authors evaluated the association between each allergic disease (asthma, rhinitis and eczema) and self-harm, sedentary behavior and other variables. The authors performed an adjusted analysis of the associations between each allergy disease and the tendency to self-harm and then adjusted to the presence of family members and sedentary behavior. RESULTS: The prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema were 18.76%, 36.21% and 12.86%, respectively. Sedentary behavior and tendency to self-harm were more frequently reported in asthmatics (PR 2.16; 95% CI: 1.55 - 3.00 and PR 1.98; 95% CI: 1.47 - 2.68, for sedentary behavior and self-harm respectively), rhinitis (PR 1.53; 95% CI: 1.25 - 1.88 and PR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.62, respectively) and eczema (PR 2.35; 95% CI: 1.54 - 3.58 and PR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.05 - 2.28, respectively). There was a reduction in the strength of this association in the three conditions, which included a loss of association. CONCLUSION: High rates of sedentary behavior and self-harm in those with asthma, rhinitis and eczema. Physical activity attenuated the risk for self-harm. It warns about the urgency in detecting these factors, whether in the diagnosis or in the implementation of therapy, seeking to reduce their harmful consequences in the short and long term.

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Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to explore the effects of sedentary behavior on the brain functional connectivity characteristics of college students in the resting state after recovering from Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Twenty-two college students with sedentary behavior and 22 college students with sedentary behavior and maintenance of exercise habits were included in the analysis; moreover, 8 â€‹min fNIRS resting-state data were collected. Based on the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) in the time series, the resting-state functional connection strength of the two groups of subjects, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the lower limb supplementary motor area (LS), as well as the functional activity and functional connections of the primary motor cortex (M1) were calculated. The following findings were demonstrated. (1) Functional connection analysis based on HbO2 demonstrated that in the comparison of the mean functional connection strength of homologous regions of interest (ROIs) between the sedentary group and the exercise group, there was no significant difference in the mean functional strength of the ROIs between the two groups ( p > 0.05 ). In the comparison of the mean functional connection strengths of the two groups of heterologous ROIs, the functional connection strengths of the right PFC and the right LS ( p = 0.009 7 ), the left LS ( p = 0.012 7 ), and the right M1 ( p = 0.030 5 ) in the sedentary group were significantly greater. The functional connection strength between the left PFC and the right LS ( p = 0.031 2 ) and the left LS ( p = 0.037 0 ) was significantly greater. Additionally, the functional connection strength between the right LS and the right M1 ( p = 0.037 0 ) and the left LS ( p = 0.043 8 ) was significantly greater. (2) Functional connection analysis based on HbR demonstrated that there was no significant difference in functional connection strength between the sedentary group and the exercise group ( p > 0.05 ) or between the sedentary group and the exercise group ( p > 0.05 ). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the mean functional connection strength of the homologous and heterologous ROIs of the two groups. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the mean ROIs functional strength between the two groups ( p > 0.05 ). Experimental results and graphical analysis based on functional connectivity indicate that in this experiment, college student participants who exhibited sedentary behaviors showed an increase in fNIRS signals. Increase in fNIRS signals among college students exhibiting sedentary behaviors may be linked to their status post-SARS-CoV-2 infection and the sedentary context, potentially contributing to the strengthened functional connectivity in the resting-state cortical brain network. Conversely, the fNIRS signals decreased for the participants with exercise behaviors, who maintained reasonable exercise routines under the same conditions as their sedentary counterparts. The results may suggest that exercise behaviors have the potential to mitigate and reduce the impacts of sedentary behavior on the resting-state cortical brain network.

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BACKGROUND: Depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but it is unknown if successful depression treatment reduces CVD risk. METHODS: Using eIMPACT trial data, we examined the effect of modernized collaborative care for depression on indicators of CVD risk. A total of 216 primary care patients with depression and elevated CVD risk were randomized to 12 months of the eIMPACT intervention (internet cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT], telephonic CBT, and select antidepressant medications) or usual primary care. CVD-relevant health behaviors (self-reported CVD prevention medication adherence, sedentary behavior, and sleep quality) and traditional CVD risk factors (blood pressure and lipid fractions) were assessed over 12 months. Incident CVD events were tracked over four years using a statewide health information exchange. RESULTS: The intervention group exhibited greater improvement in depressive symptoms (p < 0.01) and sleep quality (p < 0.01) than the usual care group, but there was no intervention effect on systolic blood pressure (p = 0.36), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.38), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.79), triglycerides (p = 0.76), CVD prevention medication adherence (p = 0.64), or sedentary behavior (p = 0.57). There was an intervention effect on diastolic blood pressure that favored the usual care group (p = 0.02). The likelihood of an incident CVD event did not differ between the intervention (13/107, 12.1%) and usual care (9/109, 8.3%) groups (p = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS: Successful depression treatment alone is not sufficient to lower the heightened CVD risk of people with depression. Alternative approaches are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02458690.

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Objective: Our study aimed to examine the association between delay discounting (DD) and body mass index (BMI) in individuals with hypertension. Additionally, we sought to explore and compare the potential mediating effects of self-efficacy, physical activity and sedentary behavior in this association. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two cities in the Jiangsu province of China, specifically Nanjing and Yangzhou, from March to June 2023. A total of 972 hypertensive patients completed the questionnaire (M age = 64.7 years, SD age = 8.2 years, 54.2% female). Participants engaged in a money choice experiment on computers, provided their height and weight, and completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). The experimental program was generated using the programming software E-Prime version 2.0. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify potential covariates. Two serial mediation models were conducted using PROCESS macro 4.1 in SPSS 27.0. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were designated as M2 to investigate and contrast their respective mediating effects in the association between delay discounting and body mass index. Results: Self-efficacy, physical activity, and sedentary behavior served as mediators in the relationship between delay discounting and BMI. Self-efficacy accounted for 14.9% and 14.3% of the total effect in Models 1 and 2, respectively, while physical activity and sedentary behavior each accounted for 14.9% and 9.5% of the total effect, respectively. The serial mediation effects of self-efficacy and physical activity, as well as self-efficacy and sedentary behavior, were significant (B = 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.02]; B = 0.01, 95% CI [0.002, 0.01]), collectively contributing 2.1% and 2.4% of the total effect. Sedentary behavior played a smaller mediating role compared to physical activity in this association. Conclusion: The results indicated that self-efficacy, physical activity and sedentary behavior could act as mediators in the association between delay discounting and BMI, thus potentially mitigating the risk of obesity in hypertensive individuals.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a multicomponent training protocol and detraining on frailty status, physical activity level, sedentary behavior patterns, and physical performance in pre-frail older adults. METHODS: A randomized controlled blinded trial was conducted with pre-frail older adults (74.8 ± 6.4 years, 70.4% female), who were allocated to receive a multicomponent training (MulTI = 16) or control group (CG = 11), which received guidance to maintain their daily living habits. Assessments of the frailty phenotype, physical activity levels measured by accelerometer, and physical performance (gait speed, timed up and go, short physical performance battery) were conducted at pre-intervention, post-intervention (16 weeks), and follow-up (6 weeks). The effect of the intervention was analyzed using the marginal homogeneity test and the two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS: All older adults who received the MulTI reversed their frailty status to non-frail (p < 0.001), and after follow-up, 87.5% remained non-frail. In the CG, one older adult reversed their frailty status to non-frail and another became frail (p > 0.05), maintaining this status after the follow-up period. Furthermore, only the older adults in the MulTI showed an improvement in gait speed post-intervention, which was maintained through follow-up (p = 0.008). No changes were observed in the other variables. CONCLUSION: The MulTI was efficient to reverse the process of frailty and improving gait speed in pre-frail older adults. However, receiving only the MulTI was not sufficient to increase physical activity levels and reduce sedentary behavior patterns, necessitating the implementation of behavioral change strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03110419.

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BACKGROUND: Worldwide, physical inactivity (PIA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are recognized as significant challenges hindering the achievement of the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs). PIA and SB are responsible for 1.6 million deaths attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has urged governments to implement interventions informed by behavioral theories aimed at reducing PIA and SB. However, limited attention has been given to the range of theories, techniques, and contextual conditions underlying the design of behavioral theories. To this end, we set out to map these interventions, their levels of action, their mode of delivery, and how extensively they apply behavioral theories, constructs, and techniques. METHODS: Following the scoping review methodology of Arksey and O'Malley (2005), we included peer-reviewed articles on behavioral theories interventions centered on PIA and SB, published between 2010 and 2023 in Arabic, French, and English in four databases (Scopus, Web of Science [WoS], PubMed, and Google Scholar). We adopted a framework thematic analysis based on the upper-level ontology of behavior theories interventions, Behavioral theories taxonomies, and the first version (V1) taxonomy of behavior change techniques(BCTs). RESULTS: We included 29 studies out of 1,173 that were initially screened/searched. The majority of interventions were individually focused (n = 15). Few studies have addressed interpersonal levels (n = 6) or organizational levels (n = 6). Only two interventions can be described as systemic (i.e., addressing the individual, interpersonal, organizational, and institutional factors)(n = 2). Most behavior change interventions use four theories: The Social cognitive theory (SCT), the socioecological model (SEM), SDT, and the transtheoretical model (TTM). Most behavior change interventions (BCIS) involve goal setting, social support, and action planning with various degrees of theoretical use (intensive [n = 15], moderate [n = 11], or low [n = 3]). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our review suggests the need to develop systemic and complementary interventions that entail the micro-, meso- and macro-level barriers to behavioral changes. Theory informed BCI need to integrate synergistic BCTs into models that use micro-, meso- and macro-level theories to determine behavioral change. Future interventions need to appropriately use a mix of behavioral theories and BCTs to address the systemic nature of behavioral change as well as the heterogeneity of contexts and targeted populations.

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