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PURPOSE: Prospective investigation to determine the prevalence of ocular melanosis in adult Cairn Terriers within the United Kingdom using a previously established staging scheme. METHODS: Ophthalmic assessment was performed on adult Cairn Terriers, recruited from various geographic locations within the United Kingdom. Examination included gonioscopy, rebound tonometry, slit lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, performed by one examiner (AM). RESULTS: A total of 93 dogs were examined, including 52 females and 41 males, aged between 15 months and 16 years 4 months. Sixty of 93 dogs (64.5%) were >7 years of age. Nine of 93 dogs (9.6%) demonstrated changes consistent with ocular melanosis. Four of 9 (44.4%) had Stage 1 disease and 5 of 9 (55.6%), Stage 2. Stages 3 or 4 were not identified in any dogs. Mean intraocular pressures in affected and unaffected dogs were 14.7 mmHg (range 12-17 mmHg) and 12.8 mmHg (range 5-21 mmHg), respectively. Incomplete pupil dilation was noted in affected dogs following pharmacologic mydriasis. CONCLUSION: Ocular melanosis was identified in approximately 10% of examined dogs, over half were dogs of breeding age (<7 years of age). It is possible that Grade 1 disease could go undetected, prior to obvious scleral pigment accumulation (Grade 2 disease). It is therefore recommended that dogs undergoing pre-breeding screens have pre-dilation assessment of the anterior segment using slit lamp biomicroscopy with subsequent gonioscopy to clearly assess for circumferential thickening of the iris base that might otherwise go undetected. Additionally, regular reassessment of breeding dogs is advised as disease progression could be rapid.

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Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in adults. For patients presenting with cataracts and glaucoma, it is recommended to assess whether an intraocular lesion is present as the primary cause. The present study describes the case of a 52-year-old man with primary intraocular malignant melanoma. The patient experienced painless vision loss in the right eye for 1 year, with recent onset of eye swelling and pain in the week prior to seeking medical attention. A slit-lamp examination revealed a shallow anterior chamber in the right eye, a visibly opaque lens and a faint reflection of the tumor surface in the vitreous humor. In addition, the intraocular pressure of this eye was >60 mmHg. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large tumor behind the lens measuring 16×18×14 mm. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. No BRCA-associated protein-1 somatic mutation was detected, whereas germline mutations of MutL protein homolog 1, RAD54 like, and SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 were identified. Extensive systemic examination excluded the possibility that the tumors originated from another part of the body. The present case report highlights the crucial role of slit-lamp examination in the detection of ocular tumors. It is advocated that for patients presenting with cataracts, attention should be paid to the possibility of intraocular tumors. Meticulous slit-lamp microscopy may reveal a reflection of the surface of a malignant melanoma, preventing misdiagnosis.

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Purpose: The authors report three separate cases of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treated with intravitreal bevacizumab before, or at 34 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), with subsequent development of secondary glaucoma. Observations: All three cases involve patients born ≤24 weeks and meeting the American Academy of Pediatrics criteria for ROP screening. Prior to treatment, each patient was noted to have normal anterior chamber structures with no signs of glaucoma. Each patient developed type 1 ROP and was treated with intravitreal bevacizumab, which was administered at or before 34 weeks PMA. Following the administration of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), each patient developed a suspected open-angle glaucoma (OAG) within an approximate 4-week time frame. In these cases, the presentation of glaucoma differed from those that have been previously reported in the literature. Conclusion and importance: Based on similar timing of glaucoma development following intravitreal bevacizumab injections, we hypothesize that the administration of anti-VEGF agents to very premature infants (≤24 weeks) at or before 34 weeks PMA, may predispose them to the development of secondary glaucoma through an unknown and possibly novel pathway.

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Purpose: To explore the efficiency and safety of carbon dioxide (CO2) laser-assisted sclerectomy surgery (CLASS) in Chinese patients with glaucoma secondary to vitrectomy. Methods: This retrospective study consisted of 16 eyes from 16 patients with glaucoma secondary to vitrectomy who underwent CLASS and were followed up for 12 months. Main outcome measures included preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), number of anti-glaucoma medications, and postoperative surgical success rate and complications. Results: The postoperative IOP and number of anti-glaucoma medications used at all follow-up time point were significantly lower than those preoperatively. The difference in BCVA was not significant before and after surgery. The main complicatios were peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and scleral reservoir reduction, which were controlled after neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, 2 (12.50%) patients underwent re-operation. The complete and total success rates at 12 months were 68.75% and 87.50%, respectively. Conclusion: CLASS is a safe and effective procedure for Chinese patients with glaucoma secondary to vitrectomy. PAS and scleral reservoir reduction is a major contributor to postoperative IOP elevation, and trabecular minimally invasive perforation with the Nd:YAG laser is effective in lowering IOP and increasing scleral cistern volume.

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PURPOSE: Treatment with glucocorticoids following paediatric cataract surgery is crucial to prevent inflammation, but may lead to secondary glaucoma, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression. We wish to compare glaucoma outcomes following high-dose and low-dose glucocorticoid treatment after paediatric cataract surgery. METHODS: This cohort study included Danish children undergoing cataract surgery before 10 years of age, receiving either a low-dose or high-dose postoperative glucocorticoid treatment. Case identification and collection of a standardized dataset were retrospective, from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2016, and prospective thereafter, until 31 December 2021. High-dose treatment included 0.5-1.0 mg subconjunctival depot dexamethasone or methylprednisolone, followed by 6-8 drops of dexamethasone for 1 week, tapered by one drop weekly. Low-dose treatment included 6 drops for 3 days, followed by 3 drops for 18 days. Sustained (>3 months) ocular hypertension or glaucoma was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Overall, 267 children (388 eyes) were included in the study. Ninety-five children (133 eyes) had received high-dose treatment and had a median follow-up time of 89 months (IQR: 57.2-107.4), while 173 children (255 eyes) had received the low-dose treatment and had a median follow-up time of 40.5 months (IQR: 22.9-60.4). Survival curves showed a lower risk of glaucoma in the low-dose group for children with axial lengths ≥18 mm. CONCLUSION: Low-dose glucocorticoid treatment was associated with a lower risk of glaucoma in children with axial lengths ≥18 mm. The same effect was not observed in children with shorter eyes. High-dose glucocorticoid should be limited in children undergoing cataract surgery.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of secondary glaucoma after cataract surgery performed in infancy in children with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and children with nonrubella cataracts and to identify associated risk factors. DESIGN: Retrospective case control study. PARTICIPANTS: Children with CRS who had undergone cataract surgery in infancy and age-matched infants who had undergone cataract surgery for infantile cataracts were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of glaucoma and probability of survival was compared among the 2 groups. METHODS: Risk factors for the development of glaucoma were assessed. The minimum follow-up was 1 year after cataract surgery. RESULTS: The study included 211 eyes of 115 children. The CRS group (cases) had 101 eyes (58 children) and the nonrubella cataract group (controls) included 110 eyes (57 children). There was no significant difference in the mean age at surgery among the 2 groups (P = 0.96). Cumulative incidence of secondary childhood glaucoma for the entire study period of 14 years was 32.7% in the CRS group and 24.5% in the control group (P = 0.19). Mean follow-up was 5.8 ± 3.7 years for CRS group and 6.4 ± 3.4 years for the nonrubella group. A significant difference in the cumulative probability of glaucoma free survival at 10 years after cataract surgery (cases 0.53 vs controls 0.8; log rank P = 0.034) was present. Both groups had no significant difference in the time of onset of secondary glaucoma, average number of intraocular pressure lowering medications and number of eyes with surgical intervention for glaucoma (P > 0.05). Microcornea was associated with the development of glaucoma (hazard ratio 2.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-5.57; P = 0.002) in CRS eyes. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the incidence of secondary glaucoma after cataract surgery performed in infants with CRS compared with infants who had undergone surgery for infantile cataracts. Because the 10-year probability of glaucoma free survival was significantly less in children with CRS, a closer and longer follow-up is recommended especially in eyes with at-risk features. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

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PURPOSE: To investigate visual development and long-term complications after cataract surgery in childhood. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients from a family with Marner's hereditary cataracts who had cataract surgery before 18 years of age. The study was conducted from 1 January 2022 until 31 December 2022. The patients contributed to their medical files and participated in an updated ophthalmologic examination. RESULTS: We included 52 patients (101 eyes, 34 females). The median age at cataract surgery was 7 years (IQR: 5-10) and the age at examination was 40 years (IQR: 21-54). Primary and secondary intraocular lens implantation had been performed in 47.5% (25 patients, 48 eyes) and 16.8% (10 patients, 17 eyes). Visual acuity was ≤0.3 logMAR in 77% (78 eyes), and <0.5 logMAR in 8% (8 eyes). Glaucoma was present in 17% (9 patients, 12 eyes), ocular hypertension in 6% (3 patients, 4 eyes), and 10% (5 patients, 5 eyes) had prior retinal detachment. Mild visual field loss (2 < mean defect (MD) ≤ 6 dB) was found in 62% (63 eyes) and moderate to advanced visual field loss (MD > 6 dB) in 24% (24 eyes). Thirty-five patients (67%) held a driver's licence, and three were not allowed to drive due to low visual function. All patients were employed. CONCLUSION: After cataract surgery in childhood, many patients achieve normal visual acuity, but mild visual field loss is common. Long-term follow-up is important due to the high risk of glaucoma.

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AIM: Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome is a rare disease characterized by abnormal proliferation and structural changes of the endothelium, obliteration of the iridocorneal angle, and anomalies of the iris. The consequence of these changes is secondary glaucoma and corneal decompensation. The etiology is unclear, and the syndrome more commonly affects middle-aged women. CASE REPORTS: In this article we present two different case studies of young patients diagnosed with ICE syndrome with complications. The first case report is about a young woman in whom surgical treatment of glaucoma and corneal edema was successful. On the other hand, the second report presents a complicated case of a 29-year-old patient whose treatment was not successful despite repeated interventions. CONCLUSION: This text highlights the complexity of ICE syndrome, the difficulty of its therapy and the importance of early diagnosis.

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We report a case of successful argon laser synechiolysis as a non-invasive alternative for peripheral anterior synechiae release after trabeculectomy in a young patient with steroid-induced ocular hypertension. Steroid-induced ocular hypertension is a known complication of vernal keratoconjunctivitis due to prolonged treatment with steroids. In refractive conditions, augmented trabeculectomy becomes the surgery of choice in these patients. In this article, we report successful treatment of iris tissue plugging the internal ostium with an argon laser and reinstatement of aqueous flow.

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In the first issue of Graefe's Archive from 1854, Albrecht von Graefe wrote about glaucoma. Glaucoma comes from the Greek word "glaukos," gleaming, which was first used by Homer around 800 BCE. Since then, glaukos and glaucoma have taken on many different meanings. The terms blindness, cataract and glaucoma were used interchangeably and twisted together in incomprehensible contexts. Over 2500 years of glaucoma theories were upset by the discovery of the ophthalmoscope in 1851. The first reports of increased intraocular pressure appeared in the mid-seventeenth century, but it took over 200 years for this elevated pressure to be accepted by the ophthalmological community. The discovery of glaucoma simplex in 1861 was an important step forward. What did doctors know about glaucoma before 1850 and why did it take so long to classify glaucoma in its various categories? And why is it that we still do not know what the cause is for primary open angle glaucoma? I will try to answer some of these questions after a historical overview.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) via a pars plana approach in a large cohort of refractory glaucoma patients DESIGN: Single-center, retrospective, longitudinal, cohort study. METHODS: This study recruited patients who underwent ECP and consecutively visited and were followed up for at least 5 years at Beijing Tongren Eye Center, China from January 2013 to December 2017. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. Treatment success was defined as 6 mmHg ≤ IOP ≤ 21 mmHg with or without anti-glaucoma medications. RESULTS: A total of 121 eyes of 105 patients including 51 children and 54 adults were enrolled. The mean follow-up was 7.2 ± 1.3 years. The most common glaucoma diagnoses were secondary glaucoma (74 eyes, 61.1 %) and primary congenital glaucoma (19 eyes 15.7 %). The mean extent of the first ECP was 259 degrees. There was an overall decrease in IOP of 38.3 % from 33.3 ± 9.0 mmHg preoperatively to 20.5 ± 7.5 mmHg after surgery, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The success rate after 1 or more ECP surgery was 65.3 %. After adjusting for sex, number of prior TCP surgeries and the extent of ECP degree, the failure of ECP was associated with being children (as compared with adults; P = 0.028; OR = 2.549) and higher preoperative IOP (P = 0.001; OR = 1.084). CONCLUSION: ECP is an effective procedure for lowing IOP in refractory glaucoma, particularly in patients who are also candidates for vitreoretinal interventions. Hence, a collaborative approach between glaucoma and retinal specialists is of utmost importance in devising an optimal management strategy for glaucoma treatment.

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PURPOSE: To describe the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of pupillary block glaucoma (PBG) following vitreoretinal surgery (VR surgery). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of 6941 patients, who underwent VR surgery at a tertiary eye care centre in South India between January 2015 and December 2019. Amongst them, clinical data of 61 patients who developed PBG were taken for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 53.90 (13.4) years and the incidence of PBG was .87%. Median (IQR) time of onset of PBG following VR surgery was 3.33 (1.1-6.6) months and majority were pseudophakic (75%). PBG resolved with Nd:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) alone in 50 (82%) patients, whereas 11(18%) patients required additional interventions like surgical iridectomy, trabeculectomy or diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) either as a stand-alone procedure or in combination with silicone oil removal (SOR). Mean (SD) intraocular pressure at the onset of PBG was 41.61 (14.5) mmHg, which reduced drastically following LPI to 24.28 (14.9) mmHg which further dropped significantly at 6 months follow up to 20.34 (13.9) mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of secondary PBG after VR surgery was .87%, and we observed diabetes mellitus, combined cataract and VR surgery, use of 1000cs SO endotamponade, intraoperative endolaser and multiple VR surgical interventions as common associations. Majority of the patients with PBG after VR procedures resolved with LPI and medical management. Few individuals (18%) required additional laser or surgical intervention for IOP control.

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Glaucoma is one of the world's leading causes of irreversible vision loss. It is often asymptomatic until it reaches an advanced stage, which can have a significant impact on patients' daily lives. This paper describes the case of a 50-year-old female patient who presented with acute onset of ocular pain, photophobia, and loss of visual acuity in her right eye (RE). The patient's medical history includes congenital cataracts, surgical aphakia, nystagmus, strabismus, amblyopia, and secondary glaucoma. Ophthalmological examination showed BCVA RE-hand movement, left eye (LE)-0.08 with an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 30 mmHg in RE and 16 mmHg in LE. Biomicroscopic examination of RE showed corneal graft, epithelial and endothelial edema, endothelial precipitates, corneal neovascularization, aphakia, and Ahmed valve superotemporally. Despite maximal topical and systemic treatment, Ahmed valve, and trabeculectomy, secondary glaucoma in the right eye remained refractory. Reimplantation of an Ahmed valve was performed. This resulted in a favorable outcome with increased visual acuity and controlled intraocular pressure. The combination of aphakia, penetrating keratoplasty, and secondary glaucoma is a challenge for any surgeon. It is important that both the perioperative risks and the possible complications are carefully assessed in each patient, especially if associated pathology is present.

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PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the association of corneal hysteresis (CH) in patients with secondary glaucoma to control patients and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Additionally, to determine the consistency of CH measurements in patients with secondary glaucoma. METHODS: A total of 84 patients (121 eyes) were prospectively included in this study. Twenty-three patients (46 eyes) were healthy controls, 24 patients (40 eyes) were diagnosed with POAG, and 27 patients (35 eyes) were diagnosed with a form of secondary glaucoma. CH and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured using the Ocular Response Analyzer. Three measurements per eye were performed and used for the analysis and to determine fluctuations in CH data. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni analysis and Chi-Squared testing was done to determine differences between groups. RESULTS: All patients were matched for age. Patients in both POAG and secondary glaucoma groups were matched for age and IOP. All groups had similar sex and racial compositions as well as similar proportions of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. CH was lower (p < .05) in patients with POAG (9.32 ± 1.64) and secondary glaucoma (7.89 ± 3.18) when compared to healthy controls (11.16 ± 1.60). Fluctuations in CH measurements were minimal in all groups. Further analysis of the secondary glaucoma group revealed no differences in CH between different types of secondary glaucoma (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Patients with secondary glaucoma have lower CH when compared to POAG or control groups. The ORA exhibits precision of CH measurements for control, POAG, and secondary glaucoma groups, making it a reliable tool in management of secondary forms of glaucoma.

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Reverse pupillary block with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after cataract surgery with in-the-bag implantation of intraocular lens (IOL) is considered a very rare complication. We report the case of a 47-year-old female patient with bilateral high axial myopia and posterior staphyloma presented with left acute loss of vision and eye pain, headache, and vomiting 2 weeks after uneventful presenile cataract surgery with single-piece IOL implantation in the capsular bag 1 month and 2 weeks in the right and left eyes, respectively. Gonioscopy showed extremely wide angle in all quadrants compared to the other eye with Spaeth classification of E 60c + 2 (14). Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the left eye showed epithelial corneal edema, 4.56 mm-deep anterior chamber, abnormal iris configuration with posterior concavity, and angle opening ranging between 60° and 74°, with unremarkable posterior chamber IOL and ciliary body. We managed the patient with topical antiglaucoma medications and laser peripheral iridotomy. IOP returned to normal levels. The patient was followed for 12 consecutive months. Elevated IOP from the reverse pupillary block is a rare postoperative complication of cataract surgery. It was initially described in association with the ciliary sulcus implanted IOL. Elevated IOP from the reverse pupillary block was then reported associated with scleral sutured IOLs and Yamane technique, and most recently with in-the-bag implanted 3-piece-IOL. Herein, we report the first case of pseudophakic reverse pupillary block in association with in-the-bag implanted single-piece foldable acrylic IOL.

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Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the prevalence of pre-iridal monocellular and fibrovascular membranes in canine globes affected with congenital glaucoma associated with anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD), primary glaucoma associated with goniodysgenesis (GD), and secondary glaucoma, and (ii) examine the associations between monocellular and fibrovascular membranes by breed, gender, age and histopathologic ocular changes on light microscopic examination. Methods: Records of dogs who had eyes enucleated due to blindness and uncontrolled glaucoma were reviewed. Glaucoma was categorized clinically and histologically into three groups: congenital/ASD, primary/GD, and secondary glaucoma. The presence or absence and type of pre-iridal membrane (monocellular or fibrovascular) and other intraocular histologic findings were reviewed and compared statistically for each group. Results: In total, 108 canine globes (101 dogs) were included. Pre-iridal monocellular membranes were identified with light microscopy in 10 out of 19 congenital/ASD, 29 out of 40 primary, and 23 out of 49 secondary glaucoma globes. Fibrovascular membranes were observed in 3 out of 19 congenital/ASD, 9 out of 40 in primary, and 24 out of 49 secondary glaucoma globes. There were no associations between the type of membrane and breed, gender, or age. Peripheral anterior synechiae were more common in globes with fibrovascular membranes, and uveal atrophy was more common in globes with monocellular membranes. Conclusion: Pre-iridal monocellular membranes are common in all types of canine glaucoma. They are identified with light microscopy most easily in cases of primary glaucoma, and they are masked by pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes in other forms of glaucoma.

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Silicone oil has emerged as the common option for intraocular tamponade during complicated retina vitrectomy. However, the postoperative elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), influenced by numerous factors, remains a significant and frequently encountered complication that poses a potential threat to vision. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with elevated IOP following silicone oil tamponade, including silicone oil viscosity, preoperative high IOP, diabetes, and lens status. This comprehensive review aims to gather and summarize the current research findings regarding the risk factors contributing to IOP elevation following silicone oil tamponade, as well as the optimal management strategies for secondary glaucoma. The analysis includes the physicochemical properties of silicone oil, preoperative and intraoperative risk factors, and the effective management of secondary glaucoma. Enhancing our understanding of the primary factors associated with silicone oil-induced IOP elevation will facilitate the guidance of timely and appropriate interventions.

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INTRODUCTION: Indirect carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) can lead to secondary glaucoma, posing significant treatment challenges. This paper discusses a case where standard embolization failed, and an Ahmed FP7 valved glaucoma tube shunt was crucial for managing the increased intraocular pressure (IOP), highlighting the necessity for individualized surgical approaches. CASE PRESENTATION: A 48-year-old female presented in the emergency department with conjunctival hyperemia, proptosis and elevated IOP; initial imaging findings were indicative of orbital inflammatory disease. Further evaluation with cerebral CT angiography revealed a possible CCF. Subsequent angiography confirmed an indirect CCF type D, leading to the patient undergoing endovascular embolization. Final monitoring revealed a subtotal occlusion of the fistula. Although there was some improvement post-procedure, IOP remained elevated despite medication, and subsequent attempts of embolization were unsuccessful. Surgical intervention with a tube shunt was performed, allowing IOP to decreased to a normal range. Optic nerve head optical coherence tomography, standard automated perimetry, and best-corrected visual acuity remained stable during the 33-month follow-up. DISCUSSION: In managing glaucoma linked to CCF, a multidisciplinary approach is critical. Conservative methods are often adequate, with spontaneous CCF closure observed in a significant percentage. Endovascular embolization is reserved for refractory cases, with embolization showing a higher rate of IOP normalization compared to medication alone. Yet, when fistula closure is challenging or contraindicated, individualized management strategies like glaucoma surgery may be employed. CONCLUSIONS: When fistula closure is not achievable, the Ahmed FP7 valved tube shunt can successfully regulate IOP with minimal complications, providing an effective alternative for refractory cases.

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BACKGROUND: The eyeWatch System (EWS) (Rheon Medical, Lausanne, Switzerland) was developed as a glaucoma drainage device (GDD) to precisely control intraocular pressure (IOP) and thus prevent the development of postoperative hypotension and its complications. OBJECTIVE: To report 1­year outcomes from a single-center cohort undergoing EWS surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of patients undergoing EWS surgery at the University Eye Hospital Bonn, Germany from May 2021 to September 2022. RESULTS: A total of 5 eyes of the first 5 consecutive patients treated with the EWS were included in this study. The mean preoperative IOP was 34.6 mm Hg (23-45 mm Hg) which was reduced to 12.2 mm Hg (9-18 mm Hg) with a mean reduction of 60%. Local pressure-lowering therapy was reduced from 2.8 agents preoperatively (1-4) to 0.6 agents after 1 year. All patients achieved the target IOP of below 21 mm Hg including 4 patients without any medication. The complication rate was low. One patient had to undergo two surgical revisions as the IOP was elevated to over 30 mm Hg after surgery and tube exposure became apparent during the course of the follow-up so that a second donor patch was sutured on. The same patient had an elevated IOP >30 mm Hg after a cMRI examination, so that a reduction of IOP by adjusting the EWS using the eyeWatch pen (EWP) was performed. IOP adjustments with the eyeWatch pen (EWP) were performed in 4 of 5 patients in the first year after surgery; the mean IOP before adjustment was 21.33 mm Hg (15-37 mm Hg) which was reduced to a mean of 8.58 mm Hg (4-16 mm Hg). CONCLUSION: The EWS effectively lowers IOP and the amount of necessary pressure-lowering therapy. With the EWP postoperative adjustments of IOP are possible without further invasive measures.

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PURPOSE: To examine the long-term risk of glaucoma after cataract surgery in childhood. METHODS: This study took place from January 2022 until December 2022 and included patients from a large family with hereditary childhood cataract who had cataract surgery before 18 years of age. Patients underwent an ophthalmologic examination to determine the presence of glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT). Patients who did not want to participate in the examination could contribute with a medical journal from their treating ophthalmologist. The risk of long-term glaucoma was determined using survival analysis, and risk factors were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: We included 68 patients (133 eyes) with a median age at cataract surgery of 7 years (IQR: 5-10). The median follow-up time after cataract surgery to glaucoma/OHT or the latest ophthalmologic examination was 35 years (IQR: 15-48). Twelve patients (18 eyes) had glaucoma, and five patients (eight eyes) had OHT, resulting in 15 patients with glaucoma/OHT. The long-term risk of glaucoma/OHT diagnosed in adulthood was 47.7% (CI: 21.8-70.9) at the age of 70 years of patients who were free of glaucoma before their 18th year. We could not confirm or dismiss an association between glaucoma/OHT and sex, age at surgery, number of ocular interventions before 18 years of age or glaucoma after cataract surgery in a first-degree relative. CONCLUSION: Cataract surgery in childhood is associated with a high risk of late-onset glaucoma. Regular lifelong follow-up is important to ensure early diagnosis and prevent extensive vision loss.

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