RESUMEN
Schistosomus reflexus syndrome (SR) is a rare and lethal congenital malformation that has been reported in the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) in Mexico. Although the etiology remains unclear, it is presumed to be genetic. Since embryonic development in sea turtles largely depends on environmental conditions, we investigated whether sea turtle total mercury content participates in the etiology of SR. Given that several toxins are known to affect both DNA methylation and/or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, we also probed for associations of these parameters to SR and mercury exposure. We measured the levels of each variable in malformed olive ridley sea turtle embryos (either with SR or other non-SR malformations) and embryos without malformations. Malformed embryos (with or without SR) showed higher mercury concentrations compared to normal embryos, while only embryos with SR showed higher levels of methylation compared to embryos without malformations and those with other malformations. Furthermore, we uncovered a positive correlation between mercury concentrations and DNA methylation in SR embryos. With respect to mtDNA copy number, no differences were detected across experimental groups. Because of sample size limitations, this study is an initial attempt to understand the association of environmental toxins (such as mercury) and epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation) in the etiology of SR in sea turtles.
Asunto(s)
Anomalías Múltiples/veterinaria , Mercurio/análisis , Tortugas/anomalías , Animales , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Metilación de ADN , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Mercurio/toxicidad , Síndrome , Tortugas/embriología , Tortugas/genéticaRESUMEN
The olive ridley sea turtle ( Lepidochelys olivacea), considered the most abundant sea turtle species, is listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. The most important nesting areas are located in the Eastern Pacific, and congenital malformations have been previously reported in this species. The present study was conducted in a single population at El Verde beach, one of the most important nesting beaches for the species in the northwestern Mexican Pacific. The study was based on embryos that had been incubated in a controlled environment. Schistosomus reflexus syndrome (SRS) was observed in 124 of 20 257 olive ridley embryos (0.6%), comprising 124 of 400 (31%) cases of congenital malformations over a 7-month period. Affected embryos had malformations of the carapace, bridge, or plastron, resulting in exposure of the abdominal or thoracic viscera, as well as spinal malformation and abnormal positioning of limbs adjacent to the head with subsequent ankylosis. SRS phenotypes (although lethal) varied from mild to severe, although most cases were severe. SRS was mostly associated with congenital malformations in the neck (short neck, 80%), tail (anury, 38%), and flippers (different types of dysmelias, 53%). In most cases of severe SRS, ankyloses were present. Documenting these findings could be important to identify the cause of the developmental defects, and identification of the cause of the defects may be of significance to the population and to our efforts to manage this and other populations at risk.
Asunto(s)
Tortugas/anomalías , Anomalías Múltiples/patología , Anomalías Múltiples/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , México , Océano Pacífico , Síndrome , Tortugas/embriologíaRESUMEN
Durante la realización de una cesárea en el Centro de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad CES se encontró un neonato de la raza Bull Terrier con signos de Schistosomus reflexus, una alteración congénita en la formación de la pared abdominal con exposición de las vísceras. El cachorro del presente reporte nació con vida y se realizó la corrección quirúrgica de la agenesia de la pared abdominal, procedimiento que le permitió su supervivencia por una semana más. El artículo describe el caso clínico de este neonato que según lo reporta la literatura, es el segundo caso de Schistosomus reflexus en un canino.
During the execution of a caesarean section in the 'Centro de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad CES' a Bull terrier neonate with signs of Schistosomus reflexus, a congenital abnormality in the formation of the abdominal wall with exposure of the viscera, was found. The puppy of this report was born alive and the surgical correction of the abdominal agenesis was performed, which allowed its survival for a week. This article describes the clinic case of this puppy which, according to available literature, is the second Schistosomus reflexum case observed in a dog.
RESUMEN
O Schistosomus reflexus (SR) é uma anomalia congênita fatal e rara, primariamente observada em ruminantes, gestando um feto com dobradura da coluna vertebral, exposição das vísceras abdominais e torácicas, anquilose dos membros, hipoplasia hepática e diafragmática, escoliose e anormalidade do sistema digestório e genitourinário. Foi trazido aoHospital Veterinário da FMVZ - UNESP Botucatu/ SP, uma aberração congênita disforme removida por tração forçada em um parto distócico de vaca mestiça, pertencente a um criador do Município de Lençóis Paulista/ SP. Pelas características gerais e achados de necropsia foi possível concluir tratar-se de um caso raro de SR, não havendo na literatura relato de caso similar desta má formação integralmente revestida pela epiderme e derme.
The Schistosomus reflexus (SR) is a fatal congenital and rare aberration, found primarily in ruminants, gestating a fetus with folding of the backbone, exposure of the abdominal and thoracic viscera, ankylosis of the limbs, diaphragm and liver hypoplasia, scoliosis and abnormalities of the digestive and genitourinary systems. A deformed congenital aberration removed by forced traction in dystocia of a crossbred cow, belonging to a breeder of Lençóis Paulista/ SP city was attended in Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ - UNESP Botucatu/ SP. Trough the general characteristics and necropsy findings we concluded that this is a rare case of SR. There are no reports about similar cases of this malformation, malformation completely covered by epidermis and dermis.
El Schistosomus reflexus (SR) es una anomalía congénita fatal y rara, que se encuentra principalmente en rumiantes, gestando un feto con plegado de la columna vertebral, la exposición de las vísceras abdominales y torácicas, anquilosis de las extremidades, hipoplasia hepática y diafragmática, escoliosis y anomalías del sistemas digestivo y genitourinario. Fue llevado al Hospital Veterinario, FMVZ - UNESP - Botucatu /SP, una aberración congénita deforme removida por tracción forzada en la distocia de vaca mestiza perteneciente a un ganadero en la ciudad de Lençóis Paulista /SP. Por las características generales y resultados de la necropsia fue posible concluir que este es un caso raro de SR, no hay informes sobre casos similares de esta malformación totalmente cubiertos por la epidermis y dermis.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos/clasificación , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Anquilosis/complicaciones , Columna Vertebral/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
O Schistosomus reflexus (SR) é uma anomalia congênita fatal e rara, primariamente observada em ruminantes, gestando um feto com dobradura da coluna vertebral, exposição das vísceras abdominais e torácicas, anquilose dos membros, hipoplasia hepática e diafragmática, escoliose e anormalidade do sistema digestório e genitourinário. Foi trazido aoHospital Veterinário da FMVZ - UNESP Botucatu/ SP, uma aberração congênita disforme removida por tração forçada em um parto distócico de vaca mestiça, pertencente a um criador do Município de Lençóis Paulista/ SP. Pelas características gerais e achados de necropsia foi possível concluir tratar-se de um caso raro de SR, não havendo na literatura relato de caso similar desta má formação integralmente revestida pela epiderme e derme.(AU)
The Schistosomus reflexus (SR) is a fatal congenital and rare aberration, found primarily in ruminants, gestating a fetus with folding of the backbone, exposure of the abdominal and thoracic viscera, ankylosis of the limbs, diaphragm and liver hypoplasia, scoliosis and abnormalities of the digestive and genitourinary systems. A deformed congenital aberration removed by forced traction in dystocia of a crossbred cow, belonging to a breeder of Lençóis Paulista/ SP city was attended in Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ - UNESP Botucatu/ SP. Trough the general characteristics and necropsy findings we concluded that this is a rare case of SR. There are no reports about similar cases of this malformation, malformation completely covered by epidermis and dermis.(AU)
El Schistosomus reflexus (SR) es una anomalía congénita fatal y rara, que se encuentra principalmente en rumiantes, gestando un feto con plegado de la columna vertebral, la exposición de las vísceras abdominales y torácicas, anquilosis de las extremidades, hipoplasia hepática y diafragmática, escoliosis y anomalías del sistemas digestivo y genitourinario. Fue llevado al Hospital Veterinario, FMVZ - UNESP - Botucatu /SP, una aberración congénita deforme removida por tracción forzada en la distocia de vaca mestiza perteneciente a un ganadero en la ciudad de Lençóis Paulista /SP. Por las características generales y resultados de la necropsia fue posible concluir que este es un caso raro de SR, no hay informes sobre casos similares de esta malformación totalmente cubiertos por la epidermis y dermis. (AU)