RESUMEN

Introduction: A theoretical model of self-oriented cognitive schemata of sexual behaviour (SO-CSSB) was proposed after a previous disambiguation review on the definition and research of sexual attitudes. A quantitative exploration of the proposal may add real-world information regarding the internal structure and the adequacy of the defined factors. Consequently, the present study aims to 1) develop a questionnaire based on the theoretical review and 2) explore the structure of the SO-CSSB model. Method: Following the SO-CSSB principles, a questionnaire was developed and evaluated. An observational cross-sectional online survey was conducted. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a reliability analysis were performed. Results: A study sample, comprised of 188 subjects, was analysed (Age 18-56; M = 25.27; SD = 6.6; 62 male, 33.2%). The EFA yielded 16 factors with eigenvalues above 1, accounting for 67.21% of the variance (KMO = .672, Barlett's = 3958.7, sig.<.01; item communalities between .44 and .80). Items under .49 were cut off, which included values from .49 to .86. There was no correlation between components over .20, in a range from -.19 to .20. Reliability indexes varied from .46 to .86. Conclusion: A final model of 16 components following the SO-CSSB principles was presented. The analysis revealed certain modifications to the theoretical proposal, and the objective of adding a quantitative frame to empirically specify its factors was achieved. This outcome constitutes a step forward to developing a comprehensive model on sexual beliefs.

Introducción: Se propuso un modelo teórico de Esquemas Cognitivos Auto- orientados sobre Conducta Sexual (ECA-CS) tras una revisión previa de desam- biguación sobre la literatura actual de las actitudes sexuales. Una exploración cuantitativa de la propuesta puede añadir información real sobre la estructura interna y la adecuación de los factores definidos. En consecuencia, el presente estudio pretendió 1) desarrollar un cuestionario basado en la revisión teórica y 2) explorar la estructura del modelo ECA-CS. Método: Se elaboró y evaluó un cuestionario siguiendo los principios teóricos del ECA-CS. Se realizó una encuesta observacional transversal en línea. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y un análisis de fiabilidad. Resultados: Se analizó una muestra de 188 sujetos (Edad 18-56; M = 25.27; SD = 6.6) (62 varones, 33.2%). El AFE arrojó 16 factores con valores propios superiores a 1, que explicaban el 67.21% de la varianza (KMO = .672, Bar- lett's=3958.7, sig.<.01) (comunalidades de los ítems entre .44 y .80). Se estableció un punto de corte por debajo de .49, incluyendo valores entre .49 y .86. No hubo correlación entre componentes por encima de .20, en un rango de -.19 a .20. Los índices de fiabilidad variaron de .46 a .86. Conclusiones: Se presentó un modelo final de 16 componentes que sigue los principios del ECA-CS. El análisis reveló ciertas modificaciones a la propuesta teórica, y se logró el objetivo de agregar un marco cuantitativo para especificar empíricamente sus factores. Este resultado consti tuye un paso adelante en el desarrollo de un modelo integral sobre creencias sexuales.

RESUMEN

Culture is a central theme across various theories and disciplines, influencing behavior and self-perception through interactions within social groups, families, and legal systems. This influence extends to the general population and particularly impacts sexual and gender minorities (SGMs), resulting in minority stress that contributes to mental health issues and the development of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs). Adolescents within these groups face typical developmental stressors-such as hormonal changes and societal pressures-compounded by prejudice, increasing their vulnerability to depression, anxiety, stress, substance abuse, and eating disorders. Despite these challenges, Schema Therapy (ST) lacks comprehensive studies on the sociocultural aspects influencing EMS acquisition in SGM adolescents. This theoretical review aims to fill this gap by exploring the impact of society and culture on EMS development within SGM adolescents. We recognize the broad spectrum of cultural influences and emphasize the importance of cultural sensitivity and diversity. This review specifically addresses how societal and cultural dynamics impact SGM individuals, acknowledging that while ethnic or other cultural factors are not the focus of this paper, they merit future research. This manuscript will discuss central topics and their impact on LGBTQIA+ youth, including (1) the background (definition of culture, lack of studies on ST focusing on culture, and studies on adverse psychological outcomes), (2) minority stress theory and prejudice against sexual and gender diversity (distal and proximal stressors and sociocultural aspects), (3) EMSs and unmet emotional needs, (4) ST affirmative strategies (working with schema modes, imagery rescripting, chair work, and photo techniques), and (5) final considerations (limitations and research agenda).

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This presentation attempts to show the healing potential underlying the inclusion of the patient's body in the analytic process, while honouring and revisiting the understanding of the psyche-body connection described by Jung in his early work. In addition, the author offers reflections on the impact of collective trauma whose aftermath, among others, has been the disappearance of thousands of people, consequently breaking the family genealogy, leaving hundreds of children stripped of their roots and true identity. Referencing clinical material, the author describes how the process of translation and integration-from the sensory-perceptual to the conceptual-symbolic-can be halted on account of collective trauma occurring at an early stage in development. Moreover, it is shown how the potential of the archetype or image schema, linked to the somatic-affective early experiences encoded as implicit memories, can be recovered, when Embodied Active Imagination is included in the analytic work. The patient's bodily gestures and somatic experience may bridge the gap between the preverbal-implicit knowledge and the emergence of emotions and images that allow for the creation of a new symbolic narrative.

Cette présentation vise à montrer le potentiel de guérison qu'il y a quand on inclut le corps du patient dans le processus analytique. En même temps la présentation fait honneur et revisite la compréhension du lien psyché-soma que Jung a décrite dans ses écrits précoces. De plus, l'auteur offre des réflexions sur l'impact de traumatismes collectifs dont les suites ont été - entre autres - la disparition de milliers de personnes, et en conséquence la cassure de la généalogie familiale, laissant des centaines d'enfants privés de leurs racines et de leur identité véritable. En faisant référence au matériel clinique l'auteur décrit comment le processus de traduction et d'intégration - du sensoriel-perceptuel au conceptuel-symbolique - peut être stoppé du fait d'un traumatisme collectif se produisant à un stade précoce du développement. D'autre part, il est montré comment le potentiel de l'archétype ou schéma-image, lié aux expériences précoces affectives et somatiques codées en tant que souvenirs implicites, peut être retrouvé quand on inclut l'Imagination Active Incarnée dans le travail analytique. Les mouvements du corps du patient et son expérience somatique peuvent agir comme une passerelle entre la connaissance implicite préverbale et l'émergence d'émotions et d'images qui permettent la création d'un récit symbolique nouveau.

Esta presentación propone mostrar el potencial curativo que subyace a la inclusión del cuerpo del paciente en el proceso analítico, al tiempo que honra y revisita la comprensión de la conexión psique-cuerpo descripta por Jung en sus primeros trabajos. Además, la autora ofrece reflexiones sobre el impacto del trauma colectivo cuyas secuelas, entre otras, han sido la desaparición de miles de personas, rompiendo en consecuencia la genealogía familiar y dejando a cientos de niños despojados de sus raíces y de su verdadera identidad. Tomando como referencia material clínico, la autora describe cómo el proceso de traducción e integración, de lo sensorio-perceptivo a lo conceptual-simbólico, puede detenerse debido a que el trauma colectivo se produce en una fase temprana del desarrollo. Se muestra, a su vez, cómo puede recuperarse el potencial del arquetipo o esquema-imagen, vinculado a las tempranas experiencias somato-afectivas codificadas como memorias implícitas, cuando se incluye la Imaginación Activa Corporizada en el trabajo analítico. Los gestos corporales y la experiencia somática del paciente pueden tender un puente entre el conocimiento preverbal-implícito y la emergencia de emociones e imágenes que permite la creación de una nueva narrativa simbólica.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as correlações entre esquemas iniciais desadaptativos (EIDs) e estilos de coping de atletas adolescentes. A amostra foi composta por 65 atletas, tanto do gênero feminino quanto masculino, com idades entre 12 e 18 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário sociodemográfico, Questionário de Esquemas para Adolescentes e Inventário Balbinotti de Coping para Atletas em Situação de Competição, em formato online. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e correlacionais. Os resultados revelaram correlações estatisticamente significativas positivas com o estilo de coping de afastamento (ρ = 0,246 a ρ = 0,555) e negativas com o estilo de copingde aproximação (ρ = -0,267 a ρ = -0,475). Também foram observados níveis mais elevados de EID de Padrões Inflexíveis (M = 4,40; DP = 1,38) em associação com o estilo de coping de aproximação (M = 4,11; DP = 0,81 a M = 3,59; DP = 0,76). Este estudo contribui com dados sobre a aplicabilidade da Terapia do Esquema no esporte de rendimento infanto-juvenil

This study aimed to measure the correlations among early maladaptive schema (EMSs) and coping strategies CS) in adolescents athletes. Sampling: 65 female and male athletes, aged between 12 and 18 years old. Instruments: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Schema Questionnaire for Adolescents and the Balbinotti Coping Inventory for Competitive Athletes, in online format. Descriptive and correlational analyzes were carried. The results presents statistically signifi cant positive correlations with the distance CS (ρ = 0.246 a ρ = 0.555) and negative correlations with approach CS (ρ = -0.267 a ρ = -0.475), besides higher levels of EMS of Infl exible Patterns (M = 4.40; DP = 1.38) and that the approach CS (M = 4.11; DP = 0.81 a M = 3.59; DP = 0.76). This study contributes with data about the applicability of Schema Therapy in children's performance sports

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las correlaciones entre los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos (EDTs) e los estilos de enfrentamiento (coping) de los atletas adolescentes. Muestreo: 65 deportistas femeninos y masculinos que tenían entre 12 y 18 años. Instrumentos: un cuestionario socio-demográfico, el Cuestionario de Esquemas para Adolescentes y el Inventario de Coping para Deportistas en Competición, en formato online. Se realizarón análisis descriptivos y correlacionales. Los resultados indican correlaciones positivas estadísticamente signifi cativas con el coping de la distancia (ρ = 0.246 a ρ= 0.555) y correlaciones negativas com el coping de la aproximación (ρ = -0.267 a ρ = -0.475), además niveles más altos de EDT de Patrones Infl exibles (M = 4.40; DP = 1.38) y del coping de la aproximación (M = 4.11; DP = 0.81 a M =

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Abstract Introduction: Cognitive distortions of child sexual offenders have been researched because they might be the foundation for tort conduct. Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze cognitive distortions in individuals convicted for statutory rape against children and/or teenagers and verify connections with their family of origin, early maladaptive schema, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, as well as to assess the predictive power of these variables in the occurrence of cognitive distortions. Method: this was a descriptive, correlational and explanatory research performed with 49 men currently serving time without parole. The following instruments were administered: Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, as well as a documentary review of the legal proceedings of the participants. Results: the study revealed connections between cognitive distortions and substance abuse by the father (r=0,417; p=0,034), as well as vulnerability to harm (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectiveness (r=0,405; p=0,013), and grandiosity (r=0,339; p=0,040) schema. The vulnerability to harm scheme was the only predictive variable for cognitive distortions, accounting for 73,4 % of the variance. Conclusion: importance of analyzing cognitive distortions in child sexual victimizers and the possibility of schema therapy as an alternative treatment.

Resumo Introdução: As distorções cognitivas de indivíduos que vitimizam sexualmente crianças e/ou adolescentes vêm sendo objeto de investigação, pois podem estar na base da conduta delitiva. Objetivo: analisar as distorções cognitivas de indivíduos presos pelo crime de estupro de vulnerável contra crianças e/ou adolescentes e verificar associações com experiências na família de origem, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, autoestima e autoeficácia, bem como avaliar o poder preditivo dessas variáveis para a ocorrência de distorções cognitivas. Método: Tratase de uma pesquisa descritiva, correlacional e explicativa, realizada com 49 homens cumprindo pena em regime fechado. Foram aplicados os instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale e foi feito um levantamento documental dos processos judiciais dos participantes. Resultados: O estudo revelou associações entre as distorções cognitivas e o abuso de substâncias paterno (r=0,417; p=0,034), assim como com os esquemas de vulnerabilidade ao dano (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectividade (r=0,405; p=0,013) e grandiosidade (r=0,339; p=0,040). O esquema de vulnerabilidade ao dano foi a única variável preditiva das distorções cognitivas, explicando 73,4 % da variância. Conclusão: importância da análise de distorções cognitivas em vitimizadores sexuais infantis e a possibilidade da terapia dos esquemas como alternativa de tratamento.

Resumen Introdución: Las distorsiones cognitivas de individuos que victimizan sexualmente a niños han sido objeto de investigación, pues pueden ser la base de un comportamiento criminal. Objetivo: Analizar las distorsiones cognitivas de personas encarceladas por el delito de violencia sexual contra niños y / o adolescentes y verificar las asociaciones con experiencias en la familia de origen, esquemas iniciales desadaptativos, autoestima y autoeficacia, así como evaluar el poder predictivo de estas variables en las distorsiones cognitivas. Método: Es una investigación descriptiva, correlacional y explicativa, llevada a cabo con 49 hombres encarcelados en régimen cerrado. Se aplicaron los instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale y se realizó una encuesta documental de los procesos judiciales de los participantes. Resultados: El estudio reveló asociaciones entre las distorsiones cognitivas y el abuso de sustancias paterno (r = 0,417; p = 0,034), así como con los esquemas de vulnerabilidad a daños (r = 0,416; p = 0,008), defectos (r = 0,405; p = 0,013) y magnitud (r = 0,339; p = 0,040). El esquema de vulnerabilidad al daño fue la única variable predictiva para las distorsiones cognitivas, explicando el 73,4 % de la varianza. Conclusiones: importancia de analizar las distorsiones cognitivas en los abusadores sexuales infantiles y la posibilidad de la terapia de esquema como un tratamiento alternativo.

RESUMEN

Esse estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar a relação entre os subtipos de Eventos Estressores Precoces e os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos em adultos. Foram utilizados o Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) e o Questionário de Esquemas de Young - forma reduzida (Young Schema Questionnaire - short form) em uma amostra, não-clínica de 200 pessoas, na qual metade (n=100) apontou a presença de Eventos Estressores Precoces. Os dados foram processados no software IBM SPSS Statistics - versão 22, por meio de estatística descritiva, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, e comparação de médias através do Teste t de Amostras Independentes. As análises de correlação revelaram que cada subtipo de abuso e negligência se relacionou de diferentes formas com os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos, sugerindo que a influência diferencial de cada tipo deve ser estudada. Dentre todos os subtipos de Eventos Estressores Precoces, o abuso emocional se destacou, apresentando maior prevalência e correlações com mais esquemas.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the subtypes of Early Life Stressors and the Early Maladaptive Schemas in adults. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) were used in a non-clinical sample of 200 people in which half (n = 100) had a previous history of Early Life Stressors. The data was processed in the IBM SPSS Statistics - version 22 software, using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations coefficients and comparison of means by using the Independent Samples t-Test. Correlation analysis revealed that each type of abuse and neglect was related in different ways to the Early Maladaptive Schemes, which suggests that the differential influence of each type should be studied. Among all the subtypes of Early Stressful Events, the emotional abuse was the one that stood out, showing a higher prevalence and correlations with more schemes than other form of maltreatment, such as physical and sexual abuse.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la relación entre los subtipos de Eventos Estresantes Tempranos y los Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos en adultos. Se utilizaron el "Cuestionario de Trauma Infantil" (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) y el "Cuestionario de esquemas - forma reducida" (Young Schema Questionnaire - short form) en una muestra no clínica de 200 personas, en la que la mitad (n = 100) indicó la presencia de EEP. Los datos fueron processados en el software IBM SPSS Statistics, versión 22, utilizando estadística descriptiva, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y comparación de medias utilizando la Prueba t para Muestras Independientes. Los análisis de correlación revelaron que cada subtipo de abuso y negligencia se relacionó de diferentes formas con los Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos, sugiriendo que se debería estudiar la influencia diferencial de cada tipo. Entre todos los subtipos de Eventos Estresantes Tempranos, se destacó el abuso emocional, que tuvo una mayor prevalencia y correlaciones con más esquemas.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The targeted therapy cetuximab [directed at the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)] in combination with 5-fluorouracil and platinum-based chemotherapy (the EXTREME regimen) has shown substantial efficacy for patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN). Thus, this scheme has been established as the preferred first-line option for these patients. However, more recently, a new strategy combining platinum, taxanes, and cetuximab (the TPEx regimen) has demonstrated similar efficacy with a more favorable toxicity profile in clinical trials. AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the TPEx scheme as first-line therapy in advanced SCCHN in a multicenter cohort study. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study included patients with histologically confirmed recurrent or metastatic SCCHN treated with first-line TPEx at five medical centers in Argentina between January 1, 2017 and April 31, 2020. Chemotherapy consisted of four cycles of docetaxel, cisplatin, and cetuximab followed by cetuximab maintenance therapy. Clinical outcomes and toxicity profiles were collected from medical charts. Treatment response was assessed by the investigator in accordance with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (version 1.1). Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0). RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were included. The median age at diagnosis was 58 years (range: 36-77 years). The majority of patients (83.3%) received at least four chemotherapy cycles in the initial phase. In the included group, the overall response rate was 62.5%, and 3 patients achieved a complete response (12.5%). The median time to response was 2.4 mo [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-3.5]. With a median follow-up of 12.7 mo (95%CI: 8.8-16.6), the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.9 mo (95%CI: 6.5-7.3), and the overall survival rate at 12 mo was 82.4%. Patients with documented tumor response showed a better PFS than those with disease stabilization or progression [8.5 mo (95%CI: 5.5-11.5) and 4.5 mo (95%CI: 2.5-6.6), respectively; P = 0.042]. Regarding the safety analysis, two-thirds of patients reported at least one treatment-related adverse event, and 25% presented grade 3 toxicities. Of note, no patient experienced grade 4 adverse events. CONCLUSION: TPEx was an adequately tolerated regimen in our population, with low incidence of grade 3-4 adverse events. The median PFS were consistent with those in recent reports of clinical trials evaluating this treatment combination. This regimen may be considered an attractive therapeutic strategy due to its simplified administration, decreased total number of chemotherapy cycles, and treatment tolerability.

RESUMEN

Este estudo investigou as relações entre habilidades sociais, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos e satisfação conjugal. Trata-se de um estudo analítico, observacional, transversal e correlacional. A amostra foi composta por 375 participantes entre 19 e 55 anos (M = 26.45, SD = 5.92), a maioria do sexo feminino, com ensino superior, residentes no Nordeste do Brasil, namorando, sem filhos e em relacionamentos heterossexuais. Foram utilizados o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Conjugais, a Escala de Satisfação Conjugal e o Questionário de Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos e realizadas análises de correlação e mediação. Os resultados indicaram que: (a) maior satisfação conjugal está relacionada a maior repertório de habilidades sociais e menos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, (b) quanto menos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, maior o repertório de habilidades sociais, e (c) a influência dos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos na satisfação conjugal é melhor explicada a partir da mediação das habilidades sociais. Conclui-se que o repertório de habilidades sociais tem papel central no estabelecimento de relações conjugais satisfatórias.

This study investigated the relationships between social skills, early maladaptive schemas, and marital satisfaction. This is an analytical, observational, cross-sectional, and correlational study. The sample consisted of 375 participants between 19 and 55 years (M = 26.45; SD = 5.92), majority were women, had higher education, lived in the northeast region of Brazil, were in courtship, with no children, and in heterosexual relationships. They completed The Inventory of Marital Social Skills, the Marital Satisfaction Scale, and the Young Schema Questionnaire. Correlation and mediation analyses were performed. The results indicated that: (a) greater marital satisfaction is related to a greater repertoire of social skills and fewer early maladaptive schemas, (b) the fewer early maladaptive schemas, the greater the repertoire of social skills, and (c) the influence of the early maladaptive schemas on marital satisfaction is better explained from the mediation of social skills. It is concluded that the repertoire of social skills plays a central role in establishing satisfactory conjugal relationships.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Cortical representation of the painful body region may be disrupted in several chronic pain conditions. The two-point discrimination test (TPDT) and the Left/Right Judgement Task (LRJT) have been used to identify changes in the cortical body schema in several chronic pain conditions. However, it is unclear if these changes are present for all chronic pain mechanisms. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the integrity of the body schema of the painful shoulder in patients with chronic unilateral nociceptive shoulder pain. METHODS: The sample consisted of 52 individuals with chronic unilateral nociceptive shoulder pain. The TPDT was measured over the anterosuperior and lateral regions of both shoulders using a staircase method. Participants also performed judgment tests of shoulder and foot laterality. The comparison of the TPDT and LRJT was performed using the linear regression model with mixed effects. RESULTS: There was no difference in TPDT in the anterosuperior and lateral regions when comparing the symptomatic and asymptomatic shoulders. There was no difference in the LRJT accuracy and response time between the symptomatic and asymptomatic shoulders. No differences were observed when comparing LRJT variables from symptomatic shoulder and foot. CONCLUSION: Therefore, results do not provide clear evidence of altered body schema in chronic nociceptive unilateral shoulder pain. This suggest that alterations in body representations may depend on the primary pain mechanism.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

RESUMO O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi de adaptar e analisar se o YCI apresenta validade psicométrica para aplicação na cidade de Campina Grande - Paraíba. Para o estudo, contou-se com a participação de 480 adultos com idade média de 24,49 anos (DP = 7,296). Os dados foram coletados na cidade de Campina Grande através de um questionário online. Todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais acima de 0,30. A escala apresentou KMO = 0,846 e x² = 6094,745 p<0,000 e o percentual de variância cumulativa foi 35,66%. A versão para o inventário foi composta pelos fatores: (I) Ordem excessiva/Individualidade (α = 0,79); (II) Busca de reconhecimento/Manipulação (α = 0,81); (III) Agressão/Hostilidade (α = 0,70); (IV) Rebelião (α = 0,70). Conclui-se que a versão adaptada apresenta parâmetros psicométricos adequados. Porém, salienta-se que ainda são necessários estudos posteriores com populações de diferentes regiões e com amostras clínicas e não clínicas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to adapt and analyze if the YCI has psychometric validity for application in the city of Campina Grande - Paraíba. For this study, we counted on the participation of 480 adults with a mean age of 24.49 years (DP = 7,296). The data were collected in the city of Campina Grande through an online questionnaire. All items had factorial loads above 0.30. The scale had KMO = 0.846 and x² = 6094,745 p<0,000 and the percentage of cumulative variance was 35.66%. The version for the inventory was composed by the factors: (I) Excessive Order/Individuality (α = 0,79); (II) Recognition-seeking/Manipulation (α = 0,81); (III) Aggression/Hostility (α = 0,70); (IV) Rebellion (α = 0,70). We conclude that the adapted version presents adequate psychometric parameters. However, it should be noted that further studies are still needed with populations from different zones and with clinical and non-clinical samples.

RESUMEN

This study examines the factorial structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory (YRAI). Five hundred and four adults from the state of Rio Grande do Sul participated, with an average age of 34.2 (SD = 12.9), who completed the Young Scheme Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), the Symptom Assessment Scale (SCL-90-R), and YRAI, through an online platform. An exploratory factor analysis was made to verify the distribution of items in common factors and convergent analysis with Spearman's non-parametric correlation to verify associations with psychopathological symptoms (SCL-90-R) and schemes (YSQ-S3). Three factors were found: Somatization and Search for Stimulation (α = 0,84), Cognitive Avoidance (α = 0,78), and Emotional Withdrawal (α = 0,62), with an omega value between 0,75 and 0,87. It was concluded that the Brazilian version of YRAI has appropriate psychometric properties, being valid for the concerned population. In addition, the interpretation of the construct validity was consistent with the theory.

Este estudo examina a estrutura fatorial, consistência interna e a validade convergente do Inventário de Evitação de Young-Rygh (YRAI). Participaram 504 adultos do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com média de idade de 34,2 anos (DP = 12,9), que preencheram o Questionário de Esquemas de Young (YSQ-S3), a Escala de Avaliação dos Sintomas (SCL-90-R) e o YRAI, através de uma plataforma online. Realizaram-se a análise fatorial exploratória para verificar a distribuição dos itens em fatores comuns e a análise convergente com correlação não paramétrica de Spearman para verificar associações com sintomas psicopatológicos (SCL-90-R) e esquemas (YSQ-S3). Três fatores foram interpretados: Somatização e Busca por Estimulação (α = 0,84), Evitação Cognitiva (α = 0,78) e Retraimento Emocional (α = 0,62), com valor de ômega entre 0,75 e 0,87. Concluiu-se que a versão brasileira do YRAI possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas, sendo válida para a população em questão. Além disso, a interpretação da validade de constructo mostrou-se condizente com a teoria.

Este estudio examina la estructura factorial, consistencia interna y validez convergente del Inventario de Evitación de Young-Rygh (YRAI). Participaron 504 adultos de Rio Grande do Sul con edad media de 34,2 años (DE = 12,9), que completaron el Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young (YSQ-S3), Escala de Evaluación de Síntomas (SCL-90-R) y YRAI, por una plataforma online. El análisis factorial exploratorio se realizó para verificar la distribución de ítems en factores comunes. El análisis convergente con la correlación no paramétrica de Spearman para verificar las asociaciones con los síntomas (SCL-90-R) y esquemas psicopatológicos (YSQ-S3). Se encontraron tres factores: Somatización y Búsqueda de Estimulación (α = 0,84), Evitación Cognitiva (α = 0,78) y Retracción Emocional (α = 0,62). Com un valor omega entre 0,75 y 0,87. Se concluyó que la versión brasileña de YRAI tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, siendo válida para esta población. Además, la validez de constructo fue consistente con la teoría.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT Background: Depression and maladaptive schemas were found to worsen the pain experience in individuals with chronic pain. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between depressive symptoms, early maladaptive schemas, distress and discomfort tolerance in female patients with migraine. Methods: Seventy eight female migraine patients(37 depressed and 41 non-depressed subjects according to BDI scores) and 55 healthy controls were evaluated with Numeric Pain Rating Scale(NPRS),Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3(YSQ-SF-3),Discomfort Intolerance Scale(DIS) and Distress Tolerance Scale(DTS). Results: Distress and discomfort tolerance were lower in both migraine groups than control subjects. EMSs were higher in depressed migraine patients than in non-depressed migraine group and non-clinical controls. A positive correlation between BDI and YSQ-SF-3 scores(p<0.001), a negative correlation between BDI and DIS(p<0.01), and also a negative correlation between BDI and DTS(p<0.001) were found among migraine patients. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that 20% of the depressive symptoms were explained with DIS scores, while explanatoriness raised up to 46% by addition of YSQ-SF-3 scores to the model. Discussion: Cognitive interventions for modifying EMSs and improving distress and discomfort tolerance might be added to the treatment strategies in female migraine patients.

RESUMEN

Introducción: el movimiento corporal humano es el resultado de la interacción entre elementos psicológicos, biológicos y sociales. Las amputaciones generan alteraciones en la estructura mental del individuo ocasionando restricciones en la participación social; por ello, es necesario comprender la influencia de la imagen y el esquema corporal de los sujetos con amputación según la teoría del movimiento continuo. Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, Clinical Key, PEDro, SciELO en el mes de abril de 2020; la selección de artículos se dividió en 3 fases, utilizando los términos"body schema", "body image", "amputee" y "movement".Resultados: se encontró un total de 142 artículos, de los cuales se incluyeron 13 que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Discusión: posterior a una amputación se producen alteraciones de la imagen y el esquema corporal, además de cambios plásticos en el sistema nervioso central; derivado de esto existirán modificaciones en el movimiento corporal de la persona.Se requiere favorecer el manejo integral del sujeto con amputación basado en la teoría del movimiento continuo abarcando esferas psicológicas, biológicas y sociales. Conclusión: la aceptación e integración de la imagen y esquema corporal son fundamentales para restablecer la capacidad máxima de movimiento de la persona con amputación.

Introduction: Human body movement is the result of the interaction among psychological, biological and social elements; ampu-tations generate alterations in the individual's mental structure causing restrictions on social participation; therefore, it is necessary to understand the influence of the image and body schema of amputee subjects according to the theory of continuous movement. Methods:A review of the literature was carried out in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Clinical Key, PEDro, SciELO in April 2020; the selection of articles was divided into 3 phases, using the terms "body schema", "body image", "amputee" and "movement". Results: A total of 142 articles were found, of which 13 that met the selection criteria were included. Discussion: After an amputation, alterations of the image and body schema will occur. In addition to plastic changes in the central nervous system, therefore will be modifications in the person's body movement. It is necessary to favor the comprehensive management of the subject with amputation based on the theory of continuous movement, covering psychological, biological and social spheres. Conclusion: The acceptance and integration of the image and body schema are fundamental to reestablish the maximum capacity of movement of the person with amputation

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Content validity indicates the extent to which each item of an instrument measures the phenomenon of interest and its dimension within what it proposes to investigate. This research aimed to perform the translation and to raise the validity evidence of the Schema Mode Inventory instrument, thus initiating its cultural adaptation. Eight specialists from the Schema Therapy area participated as evaluators, who answered two instruments: one investigating the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) and another one the Kappa Concordance Analysis. From the semantic bias, results show that a large part of the instrument measures what it proposes to measure, demonstrating content validity evidence for the Brazilian context (CVC: 0.56 to 0.99; Mean Kappa overall: 0.74).

A validade de conteúdo representa a extensão com que cada item de um instrumento comprova o fenômeno de interesse e sua dimensão dentro daquilo que se propõe a investigar. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram realizar a tradução e apresentar as evidências de validade de conteúdo do instrumento Schema Mode Inventory - versão reduzida, iniciando assim sua adaptação cultural. Para isso, participaram oito especialistas da área da Terapia do Esquema, que responderam a dois instrumentos: um que investiga o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) e outro que realiza a Análise de Concordância Kappa. Os resultados indicaram que, considerando o viés semântico, grande parte do instrumento mede o que sugere medir, possuindo então evidências de validade de conteúdo para o contexto brasileiro (CVC: de 0,56 a 0,99; Kappa médio geral: 0,74).

La validez de contenido representa la extensión con que cada elemento de un instrumento comprueba el fenómeno de interés y su dimensión dentro de lo que se propone investigar. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar la traducción y levantar las evidencias de validez de contenido del instrumento Schema Mode Inventory - versión reducida, iniciando así su adaptación cultural. Ocho especialistas del área de Terapia de esquema participaron como evaluadores, quienes respondieron dos instrumentos: uno investigando el Coeficiente de Validez del Contenido (CVC) y otro el Análisis de Concordancia Kappa. Los resultados indicaron que, por el sesgo semántico, gran parte del instrumento mide lo que sugiere medir, poseyendo entonces evidencias de validez de contenido para el contexto brasileño (CVC: 0,56 a 0,99; Kappa promedio general: 0,74).

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Resumo Este estudo investigou a associação entre a exposição aos maus tratos na infância e a perpetração de violência física nas relações afetivo-sexuais de adolescentes (n = 397; 14-19 anos). Um modelo de mediação foi conduzido para determinar se tais relações podem ser mediadas por Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos (EIDs), a partir da abordagem teórica da Terapia dos Esquemas. Além disso, buscou-se verificar se o modelo é invariante para adolescentes do sexo feminino e masculino. Os resultados indicaram que adolescentes perpetradores de violência no namoro, com histórico de maus tratos na infância, tiveram escores significativamente mais altos na perpetração de violência íntima, do que adolescentes sem histórico de maus tratos. Os EIDs do domínio de Desconexão e Rejeição foram considerados mediadores entre a exposição aos maus tratos e a violência no namoro na adolescência, sendo que este modelo se mostrou mais adequado ao sexo feminino. Implicações clínicas destes achados foram discutidas.

Abstract This study investigated the association between exposure to child maltreatment and dating physical violence in the affective-sexual relationship among adolescents (n =397, 14-19 years). A mediation model was conducted to determine whether these associations can be mediated by early maladaptive schemas (EMS), from the Schema Therapy's theoretical approach. Also, it sought to verify the invariant model by gender. The results showed that teen dating violence perpetrators with a history of child maltreatment had significantly higher scores in the perpetration of intimate violence than adolescents with no history of maltreatment. Disconnection and rejection realm schemas were mediators between exposure to child maltreatment and dating physical violence in adolescence, and this model was adequate to females. The clinical implications of these findings were also discussed.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Several thousand years ago, our human ancestors realized that the brain was the organ of the mind and movement. But, how does the brain generate a voluntary movement and adds consciousness to it? Here, we assume that these two processes can be explained by neuroscience, but a large proportion of our society -including some scientists- considers consciousness as some immaterial substance that dwells in our body. As consequence of these divided opinions, several theories have recently emerged with the aim of explaining consciousness. These theories in no order of importance, but definitely in the order of complexity, are the global workspace (GWT), attention schema (AST), higher order-thought (HOT) and illusionist (IT) theories. All these theories originate from different backgrounds, and each tries to explain different components of consciousness: from a pure neurobiological (GWT) interpretation to a pure psychological-folk interpretation (IT).

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever o processo de adaptação semântica do Questionário de Esquemas de Young - versão breve (YSQ-S3) para o português brasileiro e apresentar dados preliminares da consistência interna do instrumento. Trata-se de um estudo instrumental que seguiu os passos de tradução, síntese, avaliação por experts, avaliação pelo público-alvo, retrotradução e estudo piloto. Inclui uma etapa de estudo de evidências preliminares, na qual foram aplicados o YSQ-S3 e uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos com 200 participantes para análise da consistência interna utilizando alfa de Cronbach. Os resultados indicam que o instrumento apresenta boa adequação semântica para uso no Brasil. A consistência interna total foi classificada como excelente. Destaca-se a importância do seguimento de estudos de evidências de validade. (AU)

This study aimed for the semantic adaptation of the Young Schema Questionnaire - short form (YSQ-S3) to Brazilian Portuguese and presents preliminary data on the internal consistency of the instrument. It was an instrumental study that followed the steps of translation, synthesis, expert and focus group evaluation, back-translation and pilot study. It included a preliminary evidence study stage, in which the YSQ-S3 and a sociodemographic data sheet with 200 participants were analyzed for internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. The results indicate that the Brazilian version of the YSQ-S3 presents good semantic adequacy. Overall internal consistency was rated as excellent. A validation study of this version is currently being carried out. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir el proceso de adaptación semántica del Young Scheme Questionnaire - versión breve (YSQ-S3) para el idioma brasileño y presentar datos preliminares de la consistencia interna del instrumento. Se trata de un estudio instrumental que siguió los pasos de la traducción, síntesis, evaluación por los expertos, evaluación del público objetivo, retrotraducción y estudio piloto. Incluye una etapa de estudio de evidencias preliminares en las que se aplicaron el YSQ-S3 y una ficha de datos sociodemográficos con 200 participantes para el análisis de la consistencia interna a partir del alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados indicaron que el instrumento presenta buena adecuación semántica para uso en Brasil. La consistencia interna total fue clasificada como excelente. Se destaca la importancia del seguimiento de estudios de evidencias de validez. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O presente estudo pretende avaliar se as variáveis sociodemográficas, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e os fatores relacionados com a aparência que influenciam a satisfação com a vida nas pessoas idosas. O estudo, com enfoque transversal e quantitativo, apresentou uma amostra de 53 pessoas idosas não institucionalizadas, com idades compreendidas entre 65 e 89 anos. A recolha de informações foi efetuada através de um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala de Apreciação Corporal (BAS-2),CARSAL/CARVAL e a Satisfação com a Vida (SWLS). Todos os participantes praticam algum tipo de atividade e quase todos os participantes se preocupam com a aparência (90,2%). Apesar de a maioria apresentar uma imagem corporal positiva, a média do IMC é superior ao valor normal (M = 28,13; DP = 4,81). A variável valência (CARVAL) apresenta uma relação positiva com a "prática atual de exercício físico" e uma relação negativa com as variáveis "gostar do corpo", "satisfação com a vida" e "imagem corporal positiva". As variáveis saliência e valência (CARSAL e CARVAL) apresentam um efeito direto com a imagem corporal positiva, enquanto que a valência apresenta um efeito direto de satisfação com a vida. O IMC não influencia a perceção de uma imagem corporal positiva nas pessoas idosas e a prática de exercício físico parece influenciar a satisfação com a vida. A imagem corporal positiva e satisfação com a vida são influenciadas pela avaliação emocional que as pessoas idosas fazem da sua aparência.(AU)

This study aims to assess whether sociodemographic variables, BMI and appearance-related factors influence life satisfaction in older people. In this cross-sectional and quantitative study, 53 non-institutionalized elderly people between the ages of 65 to 89 years participated. They answered a set of instruments consisting of: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Body Mass Index (BMI), the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2), the CARSAL/CARVAL and the Satisfaction with Life (SWLS). All participants practice some type of activity and almost all participants are concerned with appearance (90.2%). Although most have a positive body image, the average BMI is higher than the normal value (M = 28.13; SD = 4.81). The CARVAL variable has a positive connection with current physical exercise practice and a negative connection with body liking, life satisfaction and positive body image. The CARSAL and CARVAL variables have a direct effect on positive body image while CARVAL has a direct effect on life satisfaction. BMI does not influence the perception of a positive body image in the elderly and the practice of physical exercise seems to influence satisfaction with life. Positive body image and life satisfaction is influenced by the emotional assessment that older people make of their appearance.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Objective: The current study aimed to examine the latent structure of a web-based, Brazilian Portuguese version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). Method: The sample consisted of 15,557 adult participants - 4,702 men and 10,855 women - with age ranging from 18 to 60 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the a priori conceptual 15-factor model presumed to underlie the YSQ-SF item set. Results: Most items displayed high levels of reliability (factor loadings greater than 0.7) and low liability to random measurement error (residual variances below 0.02), indicating that the a priori YSQ-SF factor structure is adequate. Discussion: These findings offer empirical evidence supporting YSQ-SF construct validity and, consequently, its application in adults.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The body ownership induced by the rubber hand illusion (RHI) has been related to a neural network involving a frontal-parietal circuit. Previous functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated neural activation in the parietal area relative to the multisensory integration processing and to the recalibration of the felt position of body while a ventral premotor cortex activation has been linked to bodily self-attribution during the RHI. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) or on the premotor cortex (PMv) during RHI to address the specific roles of these two brain areas in the illusion. 156 young adult participants (21.2 ± 3.13 years old; all right-handed) were enrolled for this between-subjects design experiment. Participants received anodal, cathodal and sham tDCS in three different sessions on the right PPC or right PMv and experienced visual-tactile stimulation from the brushes touching the rubber hand and their own left hand in synchronous or asynchronous manner. The RHI was quantified by the (1) onset time for the feeling of body ownership of the rubber hand, (2) proprioceptive drift, and (3) questionnaire about the intensity of the illusion as reported by the participant. All subjects felt the RHI during the synchronous condition. However, we found that the illusion onset time can be modulated by the anodal tDCS condition on the PPC: anodal tDCS decreased the illusion onset time and the subjective experience of body ownership. These findings suggest that the parietal area plays a crucial role in the speed of visual and tactile multisensory integration in the RHI and introduce tDCS as technique that can accelerate the time to integrate an artificial body part and increased the perception of body ownership.

Asunto(s)