RESUMEN
The present review focusses on the regulation and interplay of cardiac SR Ca2+ handling proteins involved in SR Ca2+ uptake and release, i.e., SERCa2/PLN and RyR2. Both RyR2 and SERCA2a/PLN are highly regulated by post-translational modifications and/or different partners' proteins. These control mechanisms guarantee a precise equilibrium between SR Ca2+ reuptake and release. The review then discusses how disruption of this balance alters SR Ca2+ handling and may constitute a first step toward cardiac damage and malignant arrhythmias. In the last part of the review, this concept is exemplified in different cardiac diseases, like prediabetic and diabetic cardiomyopathy, digitalis intoxication and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
RESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Membrane depolarization of airway smooth muscle (ASM) opens L-type voltage dependent Ca(2+) channels (L-VDCC) allowing Ca(2+) entrance to produce contraction. In Ca(2+) free conditions Na(+) permeates through L-VDCC in excitable and non-excitable cells and this phenomenon is annulled at µM Ca(2+) concentrations. Membrane depolarization also induces activation of Gq proteins and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release. In bovine ASM, KCl induced a transient contraction sensitive to nifedipine in Ca(2+)free medium, indicating an additional mechanism to the SR-Ca(2+) release. It is possible that Na(+) could permeate through L-VDCC in bovine ASM. KCl induced a transient contraction in Ca(2+) free medium with a fast intracellular Ca(2+) increment, reduced by TMB-8. This contraction was abolished by caffeine and CPA, diminished with nifedipine and augmented by Bay K8644. Increasing extracellular Na(+) concentration in tracheal myocytes, proportionally augmented the SBFI fluorescence ratio, suggesting an increment in the intracellular Na(+) concentration ([Na(+)]i). 50mM Na(+) with and without Ca(2+) induced a [Na(+)]i increment, enhanced by Bay K8644 and inhibited with D-600. In Ca(2+) free medium, KCl increased [Na(+)]i. Ba(2+) currents corresponding to L-VDCC were observed in myocytes and Na(+) permeated in the presence and absence of Ca(2+). SBFI-loaded myocytes in Na(+) and Ca(2+) containing Krebs stimulated with carbachol showed a Na(+) increment with a plateau. D-600 and 2-APB almost abolished the carbachol-induced Na(+) increment. RT-PCR demonstrated that CaV1.2 is the only L-VDCC subunit present in ASM. CONCLUSION: under physiological conditions, Na(+) permeates through L-VDCC in bovine ASM, probably contributing to sustain membrane depolarization during agonist stimulation.