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Objective: Dental caries is one of the most common microbial diseases. Because of the infectious nature of the disease, the immunologic response by the host plays an essential role in its development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the sCD14 levels in patients exhibiting two to three teeth with caries involving pulp along with apical periodontitis requiring root canal treatment. Material and Methods: This study was carried out on 20 participants, of whom 10 were caries-free (Control) and 10 had two to three teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis along with apical periodontitis requiring root canal treatment, within the ages of 20- 30 years. Unstimulated saliva of the participants was collected with disposable needle-less syringe from buccal and labial vestibules. The sCD14 levels in salivary samples were assessed before and following endodontic treatment. The results were analyzed by ELISA. Results: The obtained levels of sCD14 were analyzed statistically. Paired T test was performed to assess the significance. The results revealed that there was a significant difference in sCD14 levels with a P=0.0005, as it had drastically reduced once the inflammation has subsided. Conclusion: Higher values of sCD14 levels were seen in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis along with apical periodontitis than in caries free group. The study also showed that sCD levels were significantly reduced following post endodontic treatment. Therefore, increased levels of sCD14 can be considered as a marker of inflammation. (AU)

Objetivo: A cárie dentária é uma das doenças microbianas mais comuns. Devido à natureza infecciosa da doença, a resposta imunológica do hospedeiro desempenha um papel essencial no seu desenvolvimento. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis de sCD14 em pacientes que possuiam dois a três dentes com necessidade de tratamento endodôntico por apresentarem lesão de cárie envolvendo polpa e periodontite periapical. Material e Métodos: Este estudo foi realizado em 20 participantes, dos quais 10 estavam livres de cárie (controle) e 10 tinham dois a três dentes com pulpite irreversível sintomática e periodontite periapical com necessidade de tratamento endodôntico, nas idades de 20 a 30 anos. A saliva não estimulada das crianças foi coletada com seringa descartável sem agulha dos vestíbulos bucal e labial. Os níveis de sCD14 em amostras salivares foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento endodôntico. Os resultados foram analisados por ELISA. Resultados: Os níveis de sCD14 obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente. O teste T pareado foi realizado para avaliar a significância. Os resultados revelaram que houve uma diferença significativa nos níveis de sCD14 com um P = 0,0005, uma vez que reduziu drasticamente uma vez que a inflamação diminuiu. Resultados: Os níveis de sCD14 obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente. O teste T pareado foi realizado para avaliar a significância. Os resultados revelaram que houve uma diferença significativa nos níveis de sCD14 com um P = 0,0005, uma vez que reduziu drasticamente uma vez que a inflamação diminuiu. Conclusão: Valores mais elevados de níveis de sCD14 foram observados em pacientes com pulpite irreversível sintomática junto com periodontite periapical do que no grupo livre de cárie. O estudo também mostrou que os níveis de sCD foram significativamente reduzidos após o tratamento endodôntico. Portanto, níveis aumentados de sCD14 podem ser considerados um marcador de inflamação. (AU)

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Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory disease affecting the skin and joints. The pathogenesis of this disease is associated with genetic, environmental and immunological factors, especially unbalanced T cell activation and improper keratinocyte differentiation. Psoriatic lesion infiltrate is composed of monocytes and T cells, and most studies have focused on the participation of T cells in the pathogenesis of this disease. Here we investigated the contribution of mononuclear phagocytes in the immunopathology observed in psoriatic patients. Significant increases in the levels of TNF, IL-1ß, CXCL9, as well as the soluble forms of CD14 and CD163, were observed within the lesions of psoriatic patients compared to skin biopsies obtained from healthy individuals. Moreover, we found an association between the levels of CCL2, a monocyte attractant chemokine, and disease severity. In conclusion, our findings suggest a potential role for mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

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Immune activation is the hallmark of HIV infection, even in patients with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)-induced viral suppression. A major cause of immune activation during HIV infection is the intestinal microbial translocation as a consequence, among other factors, of the decrease and/or dysfunction of interleukin (IL)-17-producing T-cells, due to their role promoting the integrity of the intestinal barrier. A population of IL-17-producing CD8+ T-cells (Tc17 cells), characterized by the expression of CD161, has been described, but its relation with the persistent immune activation in non-viremic people living with HIV (PLWH) on HAART is unclear. By flow cytometry, we characterized the activation phenotype (evaluated by the expression of HLA-DR and CD38) of circulating CD161-expressing CD8+ T-cells; in addition, we explored the functionality of polyclonally-stimulated Tc17 cells in PLWH under HAART-induced viral suppression, and in healthy individuals. Finally, we determined the association of Tc17 cells with the expression of cellular and soluble activation markers. Circulating CD161-expressing CD8+ T-cells were decreased in PLWH compared with healthy individuals, despite their similar basal activation state. After polyclonal stimulation, IL-17 production was higher in CD8+ T-cells co-expressing HLA-DR and CD38 in healthy individuals. In contrast, although PLWH had a higher frequency of HLA-DR+ CD38+ CD8+ T-cells after stimulation, they had a lower production of IL-17. Interferon (IFN)-γ-producing CD8+ T-cells (Tc1 cells) were increased in PLWH. The low Tc17 cells response was associated with a high expression of CD38 and programmed death 1 protein, high levels of soluble CD14 and the treatment duration. Finally, to explore potential immunomodulatory strategies, the in vitro effect of the anti-inflammatory agent sulfasalazine was assessed on Tc17 cells. Interestingly, a decreased inflammatory environment, death of activated CD8+ T-cells, and an increased frequency of Tc17 cells were observed with sulfasalazine treatment. Thus, our findings suggest that activated CD8+ T-cells have a marked capacity to produce IL-17 in healthy individuals, but not in PLWH, despite HAART. This dysfunction of Tc17 cells is associated with the persistent immune activation observed in these patients, and can be partially restored by anti-inflammatory agents.

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