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ABSTRACT The COVID-19 has challenged the professions and Implantology also has its challenges in the pandemic. Several factors can interfere with the osseointegration process and more associated factors, greater the interference risks. Risk assessment in the therapy indication is the main decision to define the best technique, the best biomaterial, the best surgical access and the best moment to intervene. The purpose of this review was to investigate and synthesize the scientific evidence on the factors that may interfere with dental implant therapy in the midst of pandemic. The literature was reviewed in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Sciello and Google Scholar using the keywords "COVID-19", "pandemic", "risk factors", "impact factor", "dental implants", "dentistry", "oral health", "osseointegration", "bone metabolism", "drug risk factors", "chronic stress", "antidepressants", "zinc", "hydroxychloroquine", "ivermectin", "vitamins", "corticosteroids", "surgical risks" and "disinfection". The present review showed that chronic stress and depression caused by the pandemic, the consequent use of antidepressants, the use of prophylactic and therapeutic drugs such zinc, vitamin D, hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids, can interfere with bone metabolism and consequently in osseointegration establishment and/or maintenance. Any osseointegrable biomaterial can be influenced by systemic factors and drugs' actions that can affect the homeostasis of the inflammatory process, cell proliferation and bone remodeling. These factors' influence on dental implant therapy should be investigated through new reviews, observational studies and randomized clinical trial.

RESUMO A COVID-19 desafiou as profissões e a Implantodontia também tem seus desafios na pandemia. Vários fatores podem interferir no processo de osseointegração e quanto mais fatores associados, maiores os riscos de interferência. A avaliação do risco na indicação da terapia é a principal decisão para definir a melhor técnica, o melhor biomaterial, o melhor acesso cirúrgico e o melhor momento para intervenção. O objetivo desta revisão foi investigar e sintetizar as evidências científicas sobre os fatores que podem interferir na terapia com implantes bucais em meio a uma pandemia. A literatura foi revisada em bancos de dados como PubMed, Web of Science, Sciello e Google Scholar usando as palavras-chave "COVID-19", "pandemia", "fatores de risco", "fator de impacto", "implantes dentários", "odontologia", "saúde bucal", "osseointegração", "metabolismo ósseo", "fatores de risco medicamentosos", "estresse crônico", "antidepressivos", "zinco", "hidroxicloroquina", "ivermectina", "vitaminas", "corticosteróides", "riscos cirúrgicos" e "desinfecção". A presente revisão mostrou que o estresse crônico e a depressão causados pela pandemia, o consequente uso de antidepressivos, o uso de drogas profiláticas e terapêuticas como zinco, vitamina D, hidroxicloroquina e corticosteroides, podem interferir no metabolismo ósseo e consequentemente no estabelecimento da osseointegração e/ou sua manutenção. Qualquer biomaterial osseointegrável pode ser influenciado por fatores sistêmicos e ações de drogas que podem afetar a homeostase do processo inflamatório, proliferação celular e remodelação óssea. A influência desses fatores na terapia com implantes dentários deve ser investigada por meio de novas revisões, estudos observacionais e ensaios clínicos randomizados.

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BACKGROUND: Involved in physical and brain development, immunity and metabolism, micronutrients have profound health effects. The nutritional status of pregnant women is a major determinant of foetal health. French Guiana has a rapid population growth. Social inequalities, cultural practices and gastrointestinal nematode infections in French Guiana could affect the prevalence of these deficiencies. The main objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency among pregnant women in French Guiana. The secondary objective was to identify socio-demographic, dietary, obstetrical and neonatal risk factors associated with deficiencies. METHODS: Pregnant women over 22 weeks of pregnancy hospitalized for delivery at the Obstetrical Emergency Department of the Hospital Center in Cayenne from May 2018 to March 2019 were included. A socio-demographic and food questionnaire was administered. Medical data were collected from the medical records. Blood and urine samples were taken. The descriptive analysis used Student and chi-squared tests. RESULTS: A total of 341 women were included. The majority were born in Haiti (39%) and French Guiana (34%). At least one micronutrient deficiency was observed in 81% of women. Precarious women had a significantly greater risk of micronutrient deficiency during pregnancy compared to those with both normal and complementary health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant women in French Guiana are a public health problem, a fact that was previously overlooked in the context of rising obesity. With over half the women overweight or obese, and 81% with at least 1 micronutrient deficiency, balanced nutrition should be a major focus.

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Os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos (DME) são considerados um problema de saúde pública em razão dos anos vividos com incapacidade e da cronicidade. Essas doenças provocam morte prematura, incapacidade e sofrimento para os cidadãos com repercussões negativas sobre o desenvolvimento social e econômico dos países. DME estão entre as principais causas de anos de vida perdidos ajustados por incapacidade ou morte (DALY) em diversos países. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura e incapacidade por DME, atribuíveis a fatores de risco observados no Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD), e comparar a posição dos riscos ocupacionais no ranqueamento dos riscos, em 1990 e 2017 para o Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo que utilizou dados do GBD Brasil 2017 para análise da carga de DME e subgrupos e os fatores de risco atribuíveis. Realizou-se a análise descritiva, comparando-se as taxas de DALY por sexo e faixa etária (15 a 49 anos e 50 a 69 anos) para os anos de 1990 e 2017. Foi comparada a posição dos riscos ocupacionais no ranqueamento dos fatores de risco. Em 2017, a maior contribuição para a carga de DALY por DME no Brasil foi a lombalgia seguido por "outros" DME e cervicalgia, em ambos os sexos e faixas etárias. Em 1990 e 2017, em ambos os sexos. Na faixa etária de15 a 49 anos, a maior taxa de DALY por DME e lombalgia foi atribuída aos fatores ergonômicos; na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos destacou-se o tabagismo, com exceção de 2017 para o grupo dos homens. A taxa de DALY por artrite reumatoide foi atribuída ao tabagismo, sendo maior entre mulheres da faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos. O Índice de Massa Corporal elevado (IMC) foi o fator de risco mais relevante na carga de osteoartrite, sendo as maiores taxas na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos. Independentemente do sexo e faixa etária, IMC elevado foi o fator de risco que mais contribuiu para a taxa de DALY por gota. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de políticas entre os setores de saúde e trabalho para nortear modificações nos sistemas e processos laborais, além da inclusão de DME e fatores de risco ocupacionais nas agendas de enfrentamento de DCNT. Sugere-se avaliar a carga de DME por região do Brasil, além de continuar investigando a carga atribuível aos riscos ambientais/ocupacionais para cervicalgia, osteoartrite, artrite reumatoide e gota. Os resultados apresentados sugerem a abordagem dos diferenciais de gênero na elaboração das políticas setoriais de emprego e nas ações de prevenção de DME e seus subgrupos.

Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are considered a public health problem due to the years lived with disability and chronicity. These diseases cause premature death, disability and suffering for citizens with negative repercussions on countries' social and economic development. MSK disorders are among the main causes of Disability Adjusted Lost Life Years or Death (DALY) in several countries. The aim of the study was to analyze the years of life lost due to premature death and disability due to MSK disorders, attributable to risk factors observed in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and compare the position of occupational risks in the ranking of risks, in 1990 and 2017 for Brazil. This is a descriptive study that used data from the GBD Brazil 2017 to analyze the burden of MSK disorders and subgroups and the attributable risk factors. A descriptive analysis was performed, comparing the DALY rates by sex and age group (15 to 49 years and 50 to 69 years) for the years 1990 and 2017. The position of occupational risks in the ranking of risk factors was compared. In 2017, the main contribution to the total burden of DALY due to MSK disorders in Brazil was low back pain followed by "others" MSK disorders and neck pain, in both sexes and age groups. In 1990 and 2017, the highest rates of DALY due to MSK disorders and low back pain were attributed to occupational ergonomic factors in the 15-49-year group, regardless of sex, whereas smoking was the major contributor in the 50-69-year group with the exception of 2017 for males. Rheumatoid arthritis-related DALY rates were attributed to smoking and were higher among women aged 50-69 years. High body mass index (BMI) was the most relevant risk factor for the burden of osteoarthritis, with higher rates detected in the 50-69-year group. High BMI was the most significant risk factor for DALY rate attributed to gout, regardless of sex or age group. Findings of this study emphasized the need for health and work sector policies to guide changes in labor systems and processes and suggest MSK disorders and occupational risk factors should be included in the agenda to address CNCD. Determination of the burden of MSK disorders per Brazilian region and continuing investigation of the burden attributable to environmental/occupational risks for neck pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout are warranted. Findings of this study suggested the need for different gender approaches regarding the formulation of professional policies and actions aimed to prevent MSK disorders and respective subgroups.

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BACKGROUND: The clinical manifestations of microcephaly/congenital Zika syndrome (microcephaly/CZS) have harmful consequences on the child's health, increasing vulnerability to childhood morbidity and mortality. This study analyzes the case fatality rate and child-maternal characteristics of cases and deaths related to microcephaly/CZS in Brazil, 2015-2017. METHODS: Population-based study developed by linkage of three information systems. We estimate frequencies of cases, deaths, case fatality rate related to microcephaly/CZS according to child and maternal characteristics and causes of death. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied. RESULTS: The microcephaly/CZS case fatality rate was 10% (95% CI 9.2-10.7). Death related to microcephaly/CZS was associated to moderate (OR = 2.15; 95% CI 1.63-2.83), and very low birth weight (OR = 3.77; 95% CI 2.20-6.46); late preterm births (OR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.21-2.23), Apgar < 7 at 1st (OR = 5.98; 95% CI 4.46-8.02) and 5th minutes (OR = 4.13; 95% CI 2.78-6.13), among others. CONCLUSIONS: A high microcephaly/CZS case fatality rate and important factors associated with deaths related to this syndrome were observed. These results can alert health teams to these problems and increase awareness about the factors that may be associated with worse outcomes.

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OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de caries temprana de la infancia en niños en riesgo social y analizar sus factores de riesgo asociados. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con 246 niños de 24 a 71 meses de edad, reclutados de 13 barrios marginales, en Santiago, Chile. Se utilizó un cuestionario para obtener información sobre etnia, peso al nacer, edad y educación de la madre, uso de biberón nocturno, cepillado de dientes y visitas dentales. La caries temprana de la infancia fue registrada de acuerdo a la definición aceptada por la Academia Americana de Pediatría Dental. Se utilizó un análisis de regresión logística múltiple para investigar la influencia de los factores de riesgo en la experiencia de caries. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de caries temprana de la infancia fue de un 63%. Los análisis bivariados mostraron asociaciones entre etnicidad, educación de la madre, uso de biberón nocturno, visitas dentales y caries temprana de infancia. El modelo multivariado final, mostró que los niños cuyas madres tenían un bajo nivel de educación tenían mayores probabilidades de desarrollar caries temprana de la infancia. CONCLUSIÓN: Los niños estudiados tuvieron una alta prevalencia de caries temprana de la infancia, siendo la educación de la madre, el determinante más importante.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) among children at social risk and to analyze its associated determinants. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with 246 children aged 24 to 71 months, recruited from 13 different slums, below the poverty line, in Santiago, Chile was performed. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information from the parents on ethnicity, birth weight, mother's age and education, night bottle feeding, tooth brushing and dental visits. Early childhood caries was defined using the American Academic of Pediatric Dentistry criteria. Multiple logistic regression analysis with a stepwise selection procedure was used to investigate the influence of risk factors on the early childhood caries experience. RESULTS: The prevalence of early childhood caries was 63%. Bivariate analyses showed associations among ethnicity, mother's education, bottle feeding at night, dental visits and caries experience. The final multivariate model showed that children whose mothers had a low level of education were more likely to develop early childhood caries. CONCLUSIONS: The children at social risk studied had a high prevalence of early childhood caries, with the education of the mother as the most important determinant.

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Introducción. La mortalidad materna se define como la muerte durante el embarazo o el puerperio, por causas relacionadas con la gestación. Las principales causas de mortalidad materna han variado en países desarrollados, donde la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa se encuentra en ascenso. Objetivo. Evaluar el nivel de riesgo para enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en el puerperio, en pacientes atendidas en la clínica Esimed de Tunja, año 2017. Método. Estudio observacional con diseño transversal analítico en una población de 1538 gestantes, con una muestra de 304 pacientes seleccionadas mediante muestreo aleatorio simple, a partir de la base de datos reportada por el sistema de información de la institución prestadora de salud. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables sociodemográ-ficas, así como vía del parto, presencia de clasificación de riesgo para enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en la historia clínica y empleo de tromboprofilaxis. Resultados. Se encontró mayor probabilidad de tener parto por cesárea en pacientes mayores de 35 años, con respecto al grupo de comparación. Un 75,9% de la población no presentó clasificación de riesgo para enfermedad tromboembólica venosa, por tanto, solo el 10,1% presentó indicación de tromboprofilaxis en pacientes que la requerían. Conclusiones. Es necesario realizar una adecuada clasificación de riesgo a todas las pacientes que están siendo atendidas en la institución; así como la relevancia de controlar los factores de riesgo que mayor implicación demostrada tienen para el desarrollo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa, como es el caso de la cesárea.

Introduction. Maternal mortality is defined as death during pregnancy or the puerperium, due to causes related to pregnancy. The main causes of maternal mortality have varied in developed countries, where the venous thromboembolic disease is on rise. Objective. To evaluate the level of risk for venous thromboembolic disease in the puerperium, in pa- tients treated at the Esimed Clinic in Tunja, 2017. Method. Observational study with analytical cross-sectional design, in a population of 1538 pregnant women, with a sample of 304 patients selected by simple random sampling from the database repor- ted by the system of a health care institution. Sociodemographic variables were considered, as well as delivery pathway, presence of risk classification for venous thromboembolic disease in the clinical history and use of thromboprophylaxis. Results. We found a higher probability of having a cesarean delivery in patients older than 35 years, compared to the comparison group. The 75,9% of the population did not present a risk classification for venous thromboembolic disease, therefore there was 10,1%, indication of thromboprophylaxis in patients who required it. Conclusions. It is necessary to carry out an adequate risk classification for all patients who are being treated at the institution; as well as the relevance of controlling risk factors, which have a greater demonstrated implication for the development of venous thromboembolic disease, as is the case of cesarean section.

Introdução. As mulheres no período pós-parto apresentam maior risco de morbimortalidade, com um aumento de até 10 vezes o risco de doença tromboembólica, em comparação com as mulheres não grávidas em idade fértil. Objetivo. Descrever as características sociodemográficas, fatores de risco e classificação de risco para eventos tromboembólicos de puérperas em um hospital de referência no departamento de Boyacá durante 2018. Metodologia. Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, realizado em 398 puérperas, pesquisadas e avaliadas pelo serviço de ginecologia e obstetrícia do Hospital Regional de Sogamoso, durante 2018; foram identificados fatores e a classificação de risco para eventos tromboembólicos foi realizada. Resultados e conclusões. As mulheres pós-parto têm uma idade média de 26 anos [RIQ; 10 anos], da área urbana em 62,6% e a maioria (69,6%) do estrato socioeconômico um. Os fatores de risco mais encontrados foram cesariana (33,2%), excesso de peso (31,4%), obesidade grau I e II (11,3%) e parto prematuro (7,5%). A classificação de risco para eventos tromboembólicos na população total foi classificada em: 6% de baixo risco, 89,5% de risco moderado e 4,5% de alto risco. A identificação do nível de risco para eventos tromboembólicos em puérperas é necessária nos serviços de ginecologia e obstetrícia, de maneira padronizada e sistemática; da mesma forma, mitigue esses riscos e garanta a prevenção desse tipo de complicação.

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Background: Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality today. Despite its wide distribution, it presents particularly prevalent in certain groups of individuals, particularly when exposed to a higher degree of inflammation, giving increased cardiovascular risk. Rheumatic diseases expose their holders to this increased cardiovascular risk condition; however only recently have been associated with spondyloarthritis, particularly ankylosing spondylitis (AS). For being a classically autoimmune disease related to HLA histocompatibility system, AS may present phenotypic variations in different ethnic groups with possible diverse cardiovascular consequences. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the cardiovascular risk profile, correlating the time since diagnosis and activity of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in patients from the rheumatology outpatient clinic of the UFMS-affiliated hospital. Methods: Of 55 patients with AS, 42 were selected consecutively and compared to a control group (CG) in a cross-sectional study. Patients with diabetes, indigenous background and pregnant women were excluded. Quantitative variables were assessed by use of Student t test, while qualitative variables, by chi-square test. The patients underwent electrocardiography, echocardiography and carotid Doppler examination, measurement of serum lipid levels and inflammatory markers, and were stratified according to global cardiovascular risk. The AS activity and impairment were evaluated by use of the BASMI, BASDAI, BASFI and ASDAS. Results: Mean age, 42.87 ± 12.37 years; time since AS diagnosis, 10.76 ± 8.74 years. There was no difference in cardiovascular risk stratification between the groups, most of the patients being at high or moderate risk (AS: 64.3%, and CG: 52%, p = 0.134). The prevalence of manifest CVD (2%) showed no difference between the groups, except for right bundle-branch block (AS: 14%, and CG: 2%, p = 0.027). The prevalence of subclinical CVD showed no difference between the groups, except for higher carotid medial-intimal thickness (CIMT) in the AS group (AS: 1.82 ± 2.63, and CG: 0.67 ± 0.16, p = 0.018). There was no correlation between AS activity or inflammatory markers and CVD, but with time since AS diagnosis and CIMT (p = 0.039, r = 0.328). Conclusions: Prevalence of CVD and risk factors was similar in the groups. Subclinical atherosclerosis degree was higher in the AS group, related to the time since diagnosis, but was independent of the cardiovascular risk factors or inflammation. Most patients with AS are at high cardiovascular risk

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Introducción: el cáncer de pulmón es la neoplasia maligna más frecuente, y causante de un tercio de todas las muertes por cáncer, con un aumento significativo de su incidencia en los últimos años. Objetivo: identificar factores de riesgo asociados al cáncer de pulmón. Método: se realizó un estudio de casos y control en el Hospital Lucía Iñiguez Landín en el período entre julio de 2011 a enero de 2013. El universo estuvo constituido por 118 pacientes que ingresaron en Salas de Medicina que presentaban uno o varios factores de riesgo para esta enfermedad. De ellos, 59 pacientes con diagnósticos no relacionados con cáncer de pulmón fueron seleccionados como el grupo control y el grupo casos estuvo constituido por los 59 pacientes que ingresaron con este diagnóstico. Resultados: predominó en el grupo de casos el sexo masculino para 83,1%. Los fumadores representaron 71,2% del total del grupo casos. El hábito de fumar y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica fueron los factores de riesgo de mayor importancia con una OR de 3,8 y 2,49, respectivamente. La exposición a sustancias cancerígenas y el alcoholismo no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: el sexo masculino fue el más afectado por esta enfermedad. Los pacientes fumadores tuvieron 3,8 veces mayor riesgo de presentar cáncer de pulmón, que los no fumadores y los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica presentaron 2,49 veces mayor probabilidad de desarrollar cáncer.

Introduction: the lung cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasm and the cause of third of all deaths caused by the cancer, with a high increase of incidence in these last years. Objective: to determine the risk factors associated to lung cancer. Method: a cases and control study in Lucía Iñiguez Landín hospital from July 2011 to January 2013. The universe comprised 118 patients who were admitted in the medical - ward and presented one or some risks factors for this illness, 59 of these patients with diagnosis not related to lung cancer were selected as the control group and the case group was composed of 59 patients that were admitted with this diagnosis. Results: the male sex predominated in the case group the representing 83.1%. The smokers represented 71.2% of the cases group. The smoking and pulmonary obstructive chronic disease was the most important risk factors found with OR of 3.8 and 2.4 respectively. The cancerous substances exposure and the alcoholism did not show significant differences. Conclusion: the male sex was the most affected. The smokers had 3.8 more times of highest risk for lung cancer comparing with no smokers and those patients with obstructive pulmonary disease had 2.49 times of high probability for developing cancer.

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Objetivo: Determinar los factores predictores de mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) en el Hospital Universitario San Jorge de Pereira entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2011. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, realizado en los pacientes con diagnóstico de ACV. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas, teniendo en cuenta las variables edad, sexo, tipo de ACV (isquémico o hemorrágico), trastorno asociado, antecedentes personales relacionados con ACV, mortalidad. Se aplicaron modelos de regresión logística para determinar qué variables se asociaron significativamente con la mortalidad. Resultados: Se evaluó un total de 350 pacientes con edad promedio 69,2+/-11,6 años; del total, 51,4 % fueron mujeres; 57,4 % presentaron un episodio súbito; 78,6 % de los ACV fueron de tipo isquémico y el 21,4 % hemorrágico. Los trastornos, en orden de aparición, fueron: déficit motor (80,9 %), déficit de lenguaje (43,4 %), cefalea (35,7 %), alteración de pares craneales (28,3 %). Las comorbilidades encontradas fueron: hipertensión arterial (72,6 %), dislipidemia (47,7 %), diabetes mellitus (19,7 %), tabaquismo (17,4 %), enfermedad cardíaca isquémica (9,4 %), ACV previo (6 %) y fibrilación auricular (6 %). El 16 % de pacientes falleció por ACV; de estos, el 74,6 % fueron hemorrágicos. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre muerte por ACV e inicio súbito (OR:0,65; IC95 %:0,021-0,200; p<0,001), hemorragia intraparenquimatosa (OR:91,3; IC95 %:20,6-403,7; p<0,001) y edad entre 40 y 55 años (OR: 2,91; IC95 %:2,07-5,18; p<0,001). Conclusiones: Dado que las variables asociadas con muerte no son modificables al ingreso del paciente al hospital, se deben reforzar las medidas de salud pública para prevenir la aparición de ictus.

Objective: Identify predictors of stroke mortality (ACV) at the Hospital Universitario San Jorge de Pereira, between January 2008 and December 2011. Materials and methods: Cross sectional study, realized in patients with a diagnosis of stroke. Information was obtained from medical records taking into account patient age, sex, type of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic), associated disorder, personal history associated with stroke mortality. We applied logistic regression models to determine which variables were significantly associated with mortality. Results: 350 patients evaluated. Mean age 69.2 years + / -11.6 years, 51.4 % of the participants were women; 57.4 % had a sudden episode, 78.6 % of ischemic ACV and 21.4 % was bleeding. Disorders in order of appearance were: Motor deficit (80.9 %), language deficits (43.4 %), headache (35.7 %), and cranial nerve disorder (28.3 %). Comorbidities were hypertension (72.6 %), dyslipidemia (47.7 %), diabetes mellitus (19.7 %), smoking (17.4 %), ischemic heart disease (9.4%), previous ACV (6 %) and atrial fibrillation (6 %); 16 % of patients died from stroke, of these, 74.6 % were bleeding. Statistically significant association was found between mortality from stroke and sudden onset (OR 0.65; IC 95%:0.021-0.200, p <0.001), intraparenchymal hemorrhage (OR: 91.3; IC95 %:20.6-403.7; p<0.001) and age between 40 and 55 years (OR: 2.91; IC95 %:2.07-5.18; p<0.001). Discussion: Since the variables associated with death are not modifiable at patient's admission to hospital, should reinforce the public health measures to prevent the occurrence of stroke.

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Cardiovascular diseases prevention strategies require refinement because their incidence decreases very slowly. Risk functions were developed by including classical cardiovascular risk factors (age, sex, smoking, diabetes, blood pressure, and basic lipid profile) in cohorts followed more than 10 years. They are reasonably precise for population screening of, principally, coronary artery disease risk, required in all cardiovascular primary prevention clinical guidelines. Coronary artery disease risk functions classify patients in risk strata to concentrate the maximum therapeutic and life style effort in the highest risk groups, in which the number needed to treat and cost-effectiveness are optimal. By communicating the relative risk and vascular age to patients, increased motivation to comply with the proposed drug and life-style modifications can be achieved. Approximately 20% of the population 35 to 74 years old has an intermediate risk that requires reclassification into high or low risk because they concentrate 35% of population coronary artery disease events. Several biomarkers (biochemical, genetic or imaging) are being tested to improve coronary artery disease risk functions precision. Computerized systems of health facilities should incorporate, automated risk calculation in order to support the preventive task of health care providers.

Las estrategias de prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares necesitan refinamiento porque su incidencia se reduce muy lentamente. Las funciones de riesgo incorporaron los factores de riesgo clásicos (edad, sexo, consumo de tabaco, diabetes, presión arterial, y perfil lipídico básico) en cohortes seguidas generalmente más de 10 años. Son razonablemente precisas para el cribado poblacional del riesgo de enfermedad coronaria exigido en las guías de práctica clínica. Clasifican a los pacientes en niveles de riesgo para concentrar un mayor esfuerzo terapéutico y preventivo en los de mayor riesgo, y en los que el número necesario a tratar y el coste-efectividad son óptimos. Proporcionar el riesgo relativo y de la edad vascular al paciente, le motiva a cumplir seguir tratamientos y estilos de vida. Alrededor del 20% de la población de 35 a 74 años tiene riesgo intermedio y requiere reclasificación a alto o bajo riesgo porque concentra 35% de eventos poblacionales de enfermedad coronaria. Se ensayan nuevos biomarcadores (bioquímicos, genéticos o de imagen) para mejorar la precisión de las predicciones. Si los equipos informáticos de los sistemas de salud incorporaran el cálculo automatizado del riesgo se facilitaría la tarea preventiva del personal asistencial.

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ResumenLa disfunción sexual eréctil (DE) es un problema de salud que afecta la calidad de vida del que la padece, de su pareja y de su entorno.Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el grado de severidad de la DE con factores de riesgos conocidos, comorbilidades, parámetros clínicos, bioquímicos y hormonales, atendidos en la consulta de andrología del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología (INEN).Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó 385 pacientes > 20 años, atendidos entre 2009-2012. Variables estudiadas: clínicas, antropométricas, bioquímicas y hormonales. Estadígrafos: pruebas Chi2 y ANOVA.Resultados: La media de edad fue 56,85 ±8,2 años. El 82,9 % tenía ≥ 50 años y un 95 % padecía alguna enfermedad crónica. Predominó los grados moderados y severos de DE (45 % y 39 % respectivamente), los diuréticos e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina se asociaron a la DE (p=0,042) y (p=0,012). El consumo de alcohol fue común (69,9%). El Índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, índice cintura/cadera, glucemia, colesterol total y triglicéridos se incrementaron cuando fue mayor el grado de severidad de la DSE. La testosterona total se asoció inversamente con una significación estadística (p=0,005). Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron: diabetes tipo 2 (p < 0,004), hipertensión arterial (p < 0,007), obesidad (p < 0,005) y enfermedad de Peyronie (p<0,017).Conclusiones: Se encontró una asociación directamente proporcional entre el grado de severidad de la DE con algunos de sus factores de riesgo y enfermedades crónicas frecuentes. Esta fue inversamente proporcional a los valores de testosterona total.

AbstractThe sexual erectile dysfunction (ED) is a health problem that affects the life quality of which suffers it, of their couple and of their environment.Objective:To determine the association among the grade of severity of ED with factors of well-known risks, associates diseases, clinical, biochemical and hormonal parameters, assisted in the consultation of andrology of the National Institute of Endocrinology (INEN).Method:An observational descriptive study was performed, transversal, including 385 patients > 20 years, assisted among 2009-2012. Studied variables: clinical, anthropometrics, biochemical and hormonal. Statisticians: Quarter Chi Test and ANOVA.Results:The age stocking was 56, 85 ±8,2 years. The 82,9 % have ≥50 years and 95% suffered some chronic illness. It prevailed the moderate and severe grades of ED (45% and 39% respectively), the diuretics and IECAs were associated to ED (p=0,042) and (p=0,012). The consumption of alcohol was common (69, 9%). The corporal mass index, circumference of the waist, waist/hip index, glycemic, total cholesterol and triglycerides were increased when it was bigger the grade of severity of ED. The total testosterone was inversely associated with a statistical significance (p=0,005). The most frequent associates diseases were: Type 2 Diabetes (p <0,004), High Blood Pressure (p <0,007), Obesity (p <0,005) and Peyronie´s Disease (p <0,017). Conclusions: A directly proportional association between the grade of severity of ED and some risk factors and frequent chronic illnesses was found. This was inversely proportional to the values of total testosterone.

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ResumenLa disfunción sexual eréctil (DE) es un problema de salud que afecta la calidad de vida del que la padece, de su pareja y de su entorno.Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el grado de severidad de la DE con factores de riesgos conocidos, comorbilidades, parámetros clínicos, bioquímicos y hormonales, atendidos en la consulta de andrología del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología (INEN).Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó 385 pacientes > 20 años, atendidos entre 2009-2012. Variables estudiadas: clínicas, antropométricas, bioquímicas y hormonales. Estadígrafos: pruebas Chi2 y ANOVA.Resultados: La media de edad fue 56,85 ±8,2 años. El 82,9 % tenía ≥ 50 años y un 95 % padecía alguna enfermedad crónica. Predominó los grados moderados y severos de DE (45 % y 39 % respectivamente), los diuréticos e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina se asociaron a la DE (p=0,042) y (p=0,012). El consumo de alcohol fue común (69,9%). El Índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, índice cintura/cadera, glucemia, colesterol total y triglicéridos se incrementaron cuando fue mayor el grado de severidad de la DSE. La testosterona total se asoció inversamente con una significación estadística (p=0,005). Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron: diabetes tipo 2 (p < 0,004), hipertensión arterial (p < 0,007), obesidad (p < 0,005) y enfermedad de Peyronie (p<0,017).Conclusiones: Se encontró una asociación directamente proporcional entre el grado de severidad de la DE con algunos de sus factores de riesgo y enfermedades crónicas frecuentes. Esta fue inversamente proporcional a los valores de testosterona total.

AbstractThe sexual erectile dysfunction (ED) is a health problem that affects the life quality of which suffers it, of their couple and of their environment.Objective:To determine the association among the grade of severity of ED with factors of well-known risks, associates diseases, clinical, biochemical and hormonal parameters, assisted in the consultation of andrology of the National Institute of Endocrinology (INEN).Method:An observational descriptive study was performed, transversal, including 385 patients > 20 years, assisted among 2009-2012. Studied variables: clinical, anthropometrics, biochemical and hormonal. Statisticians: Quarter Chi Test and ANOVA.Results:The age stocking was 56, 85 ±8,2 years. The 82,9 % have ≥50 years and 95% suffered some chronic illness. It prevailed the moderate and severe grades of ED (45% and 39% respectively), the diuretics and IECAs were associated to ED (p=0,042) and (p=0,012). The consumption of alcohol was common (69, 9%). The corporal mass index, circumference of the waist, waist/hip index, glycemic, total cholesterol and triglycerides were increased when it was bigger the grade of severity of ED. The total testosterone was inversely associated with a statistical significance (p=0,005). The most frequent associates diseases were: Type 2 Diabetes (p <0,004), High Blood Pressure (p <0,007), Obesity (p <0,005) and Peyronie´s Disease (p <0,017). Conclusions: A directly proportional association between the grade of severity of ED and some risk factors and frequent chronic illnesses was found. This was inversely proportional to the values of total testosterone.

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Este artigo apresenta resultados de pesquisa realizada no Núcleo de Medicina e Odontologia Legal (NUMOL) de Campina Grande (PB). Objetiva mostrar a atividade de trabalho, evidenciando os fatores de risco e as estratégias de defesa utilizadas para enfrentá-los e subvertê-los. Os pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos se basearam nas abordagens da Ergonomia Situada e da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Foram feitas 15 observações sistemáticas do trabalho e quatro entrevistas coletivas com as equipes do NUMOL. Identificaram-se os fatores de risco biossanitário, ergonômico, de acidentes e psicológico. Percebeu-se a mobilização dos trabalhadores diante das variabilidades, na cooperação no trabalho e na elaboração de estratégias de defesa. Concluiu-se que os trabalhadores são ativos, usam os saberes de prudência e elaboram estratégias de defesa para se proteger dos riscos e transformar o sofrimento.

This article presents the results of a research which took place in the NUMOL (Center for Forensic Medicine and Odontology) of Campina Grande (PB, Brazil). It shows the work activity and highlights the risk factors, as well as the defense strategies used to confront and transform such risks. The theoretical approaches and methods used are the Located Ergonomics and Work Psychodynamic. Fifteen work systematic observations and four interviews with NUMOL teams were made. We identified biohealth, ergonomic, psychological, and accident risk factors. It was realized that workers are mobilized in face of the work variability through work cooperation, developing defense strategies. It was concluded that workers are active and use their knowledge of prudence elaborating strategies to protect themselves from the risks of work and to transform the suffering.

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Introducción: el tromboembolismo pulmonar es una complicación frecuente en pacientes hospitalizados, que presenta elevadas tasas de mortalidad. Su importancia es tal que supera en estudios de necropsias a enfermedades como las neumonías y el cáncer de pulmón. Objetivos: determinar la correlación clínico-anatomopatológica de los fallecidos por tromboembolismo pulmonar; identificar el comportamiento de variables como: grupos de edades, sexo, los síntomas, signos sugestivos y factores predisponentes más frecuentes. Determinar el calibre de la arteria pulmonar afectada y la presencia o no de infarto pulmonar. Método: estudio transversal de 120 fallecidos con diagnóstico presuntivo de tromboembolismo pulmonar desde el primero de enero de 2010 hasta el 30 de junio de 2012 en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Lucía Iñiguez Landín; se realizó una revisión de los protocolos de necropsia. Para el análisis de las variables se utilizó la comparación de proporciones para muestras independientes (z) para un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: el sexo femenino se encontró más afectado y sobre todo en las edades mayores de 60 años. Los factores de riesgo predominantes fueron: la edad avanzada, las enfermedades cardíacas, las inmovilizaciones y la cirugía mayor. La disnea, taquicardia, dolor torácico pleurítico, tos y hemoptisis fueron las principales manifestaciones clínicas encontradas. Sólo en 24 casos se confirmó el diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar (20 %), 19 sin infarto pulmonar (15,8 %). Las ramas vasculares medianas fueron las mayormente afectadas, 20 casos (16,6 %). Conclusiones: la correlación clínico-anatomopatológica fue baja confirmándose el infarto pulmonar, solo en cinco fallecidos.

Introduction: thromboembolism is a common complication in hospitalized patients, with high rates of mortality. Its importance is such that it exceeds necropsy studies to diseases such as pneumonia and lung cancer. Objectives: to determine the clinical pathologic correlation of deaths from pulmonary embolism; the behavior of variables such as age group, sex, symptoms, signs suggestive and more frequent predisposing factors. To determine the size of the pulmonary artery affected and the presence or absence of pulmonary infarction. Methods: a cross-sectional study of the deceased with a presumptive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism from the first of January 2010 until June 30, 2012 at Lucía Iñiguez Landín Clinical Surgical Hospital. A review of autopsy records was performed. Comparison of proportions for independent samples (z) for a value of p <0.05 was used for the analysis of the variables. Results: the female sex was more affected especially at ages older than 60 years. The predominant risk factors were advanced age, heart disease, grounding and major surgery. Dyspnea, tachycardia, pleuritic chest pain, cough and hemoptysis were the main clinical manifestations found. Only in 24 cases the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (20 %), 19 without pulmonary infarction (15.8 %) confirmed. Median vascular branches were the most affected in 20 cases (16.6 %). Conclusions: clinical and pathologic correlation was low. Pulmonary infarction was confirmed only five deaths.

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CONTEXTO: Al ser considerada la ergonomía como una disciplina de carácter científico, que evalúa los riesgos ergonómicos en el medio ambiente laboral, puede evitar enfermedades ocupacionales y accidentes del trabajo, contribuyendo a mejorar las condiciones laborales en una organización. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas músculo-esqueléticos en trabajadores operativos del puesto de trabajo mantenimiento de una Empresa Petrolera Ecuatoriana. METODOLOGÍA: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en 102 trabajadores de sexo masculino, correspondientes al puesto de trabajo de mantenimiento de una empresa petrolera, situada en una locación de la Provincia de Sucumbíos, durante el año 2013; la edad comprendida estuvo entre 18 y 49 años. Para la recolección de datos a cada uno de los trabajadores, previo consentimiento informado se aplicó: un Cuestionario Socio-Demográfico, una Historia Médica Ocupacional y el Cuestionario Nórdico Estandarizado. RESULTADOS: La mayor prevalencia de síntomas músculo-esqueléticos, se encuentra en el grupo de trabajadores de entre 30 y 40 años de edad, en las regiones anatómicas: espalda baja 66 (64,7%), seguido de espalda alta 44 (43,1%), cuello 38 (37,3%) y hombro 27 (26,5%), siendo los más afectados los puestos de trabajo técnico-eléctrico y técnico-mecánico. La regresión logística binaria determinó que las variables no son estadísticamente significativas y, por lo tanto, por sí solas no explican la aparición de síntomas Músculo-Esqueléticos. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que existe una elevada prevalencia de síntomas músculo-esqueléticos en la población estudiada, por lo que se recomienda efectuar una evaluación ergonómica exhaustiva de los puestos de trabajo y posteriormente buscar mecanismos y estrategias de control y prevención de riesgos ergonómicos, con la finalidad de minimizar el desarrollo de lesiones músculo-esqueléticos en la población de estudio.

CONTEXT: When considered ergonomics as a scientific discipline that evaluates ergonomic hazards in the working environment, you can prevent occupational diseases and industrial accidents, helping to improve working conditions in an organization. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in workers operating as a maintenance work Ecuadorian Oil Company. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 male workers, job for the maintenance of an oil company, situated in a location in the province of Sucumbíos, in 2013, the age range was between 18 and 49. To collect data for each worker, informed consent was applied: A Socio-Demographic Questionnaire an Occupational Medical History and the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. RESULTS: The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms are in the group of workers between 30 and 40 years old, in the anatomical regions: lower back 66 (64,7%), followed by upper back 44 (43,1% ), neck 38 (37,3%) and shoulder 27 (26,5%) being the most affected stations mechanical technician and electrician work. Binary logistic regression determined that the variables are not statistically significant, and thus alone do not explain the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the study population, so it is recommended that a comprehensive ergonomic evaluation of jobs and then find mechanisms and strategies for control and prevention of ergonomic hazards, with the aim minimize the development of musculoskeletal injuries in the study population.

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El diseño de instrumentos validados en enfermería es de gran relevancia en la medida en que estas escalas miden y determinan fenómenos o conceptos propios de la disciplina, convirtiéndose en elementos de trabajo importantes en aquellos aspectos de la investigación sobre el cuidado de la salud humana, objeto de la enfermería. Este artículo trata de los procesos que ha seguido el desarrollo psicométrico de un instrumento que se concibió para evaluar los factores que influyen en la adherencia a tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos en personas con riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en el periodo comprendido entre los años 2005 y 2011. Se describe la forma como se diseñó el instrumento original incluyendo las bases teóricas de su construcción y la validez facial y de contenido que se realizó; la evolución en cuanto a mediciones o pruebas psicométricas realizadas con diferentes poblaciones y diferentes contextos a nivel nacional; y la aplicación del instrumento a poblaciones diversas. Se reseñan los estudios realizados para evidenciar la validez facial, de contenido, la consistencia interna y la confiabilidad y validez de constructo, realizados por investigadores estudiantes de la Maestría con Énfasis en Cuidado para la Salud Cardiovascular de la Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, con los cuales se ha procesado el desarrollo psicométrico.

The design of validated instruments is very relevant insofar as these scales measure and determine phenomena or concepts belonging to this discipline, which makes them important elements of work in those aspects of investigation concerning the care of human health, the object of nursery. This article is about the processes gone through by the psychometric development of an instrument conceived to evaluate factors which influence the adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in persons with a cardiovascular disease risk factor, in the 2005-2011 period. The way in which the original instrument was designed is described here, including the theoretical basis of its construction and the facial and content validity; also, the evolution regarding the measurements or psychometric tests made with different populations and national contexts; and the application of the instrument on different populations. We review the investigations made to evidence the facial and content validity, the internal consistency and reliability and validity of construct, made by the investigating students on the Master's Degree: Emphasis in the Care for Cardiovascular Health of the Faculty of Nursing of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, with whom the psychometric development was processed.

O desenho de instrumentos validados em enfermagem é de grande relevânciana medida que estas escalas medem e determinam fenômenosou conceitos próprios da disciplina, convertendo-se em importantes elementos de trabalho naqueles aspectos da pesquisa sobre o cuidado da saúde humana, objeto da enfermagem. Este artigo trata dos processos que seguiu o desenvolvimento psicométrico de um instrumento que foi concebido para avaliar os fatores que influem na aderência a tratamentos farmacológicos e não farmacológicos em pessoas com risco de doença cardiovascular, no período compreendido entre os anos 2005-2011. Descreve-se a forma como se desenhou o instrumento original, incluindo as bases teóricas de sua construção e a validade facial e de conteúdo que se realizou; a evolução das mediçõesou provas psicométricas realizadas com diferentes populações e diferentes contextos a nível nacional, assim como a aplicação do instrumento a populações diversas. Resenham-se os estudos realizados para evidenciar a validade facial, de conteúdo, consistência interna, e confiabilidade e validade de constructo, realizados por pesquisadores estudantes do Mestrado com Ênfaseem Cuidado para a Saúde Cardiovascular da Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidad Nacional de Colombia, com os quais se processou o desenvolvimento psicométrico.

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As infecções microbianas neonatais, especialmente as sepses, correspondem a uma das causas mais importantes de morbimortalidade em unidades de terapia intensiva e sua prevalência é maior naqueles pacientes expostos a procedimentos invasivos. Objetivo: identificar a prevalência de sepse neonatal hospitalar, bem como os principais fatores de risco associados a esta infecção e os microrganismos envolvidos. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo revisando as fichas de investigação epidemiológica do Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar com dados dos recém-nascidos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva de referência estadual do Tocantins, no período de julho de 2007 a junho de 2009. Observou-se que 25% dos pacientes analisados desenvolveram sepse neste período, dos quais 60% foram do gênero masculino, 67% prematuros e 65% com peso ao nascer menor que 2500 gramas. Entre os fatores de risco de importância clínica, observou-se a prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascimento, ventilação mecânica, cateterismo venoso central e utilização de nutrição parenteral. A prematuridade e o peso ao nascimento foram fatores de menor risco relativo quando comparados aos demais fatores analisados. Resultados: foram identificados 111 pacientes com sepse, com taxa de mortalidade de 26%. Os principais microrganismos associados à sepse neonatal foram Klebsiella pneumoniae (28%), os Staphylococcus coagulase negativa - CoSN (20%) e Candida albicans (14%). Conclusão: os achados neste estudo reforçam a importância de ações de prevenção de infecções neonatais, bem como o manejo asséptico durante a instalação e a manutenção de procedimentos invasivos necessários aos cuidados intensivos neonatais

Neonatal bacterial infections, especially sepsis, are one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units and they are more prevalent among patients who have undergone invasive procedures. Objective: to identify the prevalence of hospital neonatal sepsis as well as the associated risks factors for this infection and the involved microorganisms. Method: a retrospective study was done going over the epidemiological investigation forms of the Service of Hospital Infection Control with data from newborns admitted in a State reference intensive care unit in Tocantins, from July 2007 to June 2009. We noticed that 25% of the analyzed patients developed sepsis and 60% were males, 67% premature and 65% with a weight at birth below 2500 grams. Among the risks factors of clinical importance we noticed, the prematurity, low birth weight, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheterization and use of parenteral nutrition. The prematurity and birth weight were lower relative risks factors in comparison with the other analyzed factors. Results: 111 patients with sepsis were found, with a mortality rate of 26%. The main microorganisms associated with neonatal sepsis were Klebsiella pneumoniae (28%), Staphylococcus coagulase negative - CoSN (20%) and Candida albicans (14%). Conclusion: the findings on this study emphasize the importance of actions for prevention of neonatal infections as well as aseptic handling during set up and maintenance of invasive procedures needed in neonatal intensive care

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We designed and implemented an intervention to improve the diet of 94 miners with cardiovascular risk of a mining company. The diagnosis included a qualitative study of the desires, motivations and barriers that workers have to lead a healthy life, a survey of food consumption and checking the institutional food service. Anthropometric and biochemical data were provided by the company. Based on the results, the intervention included improving the supply of healthy foods and conducting the communication campaign "Minero 100% Filete", workshops and nutritional counseling for them and their families. After 8 months of intervention we found a significant increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables and a decreased consumption of fried, cured and red meats. There was no significant change in BMI. However, there were significant decreases in systolic blood pressure, blood glucose levels, triglycerides and an increase in HDL cholesterol. Although the program was well received by the workers, it is acknowledged that there are significant adverse factors which merit improvement.

Se diseñó e implementó una intervención de 8 meses para mejorar la alimentación de 94 mineros con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El diagnóstico incluyó un estudio cualitativo de los deseos, motivaciones y barreras de los trabajadores, una encuesta de consumo de alimentos y la revisión del aporte de la alimentación institucional. Los datos antropométricos y bioquímicos fueron proporcionados por la compañía minera. Con esta base, se solicitó mejorar la oferta de alimentos saludables y se realizó la campaña comunicacional "Minero 100% Filete", consejería nutricional, y talleres con las familias. Al finalizar la intervención se observó un aumento significativo del consumo de frutas y verduras y una disminución del consumo de frituras, cecinas y carnes rojas. No hubo cambios significativos en el IMC. Se registraron disminuciones significativas en la presión arterial sistólica, glicemia, triglicéridos y un aumento del colesterol HDL. El programa fue bien aceptado por los trabajadores, pero se reconocen factores ambientales adversos importantes de mejorar.

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Introducción: el embarazo en la adolescencia es un problema de salud mundial. Objetivo: determinar los conocimientos sobre embarazo en la adolescencia y sus riesgos en adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hogar Materno Carlos J. Finlay. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal con 86 adolescentes embarazadas entre 10 y 19 años, atendidas en el Hogar Materno Carlos J. Finlay en el período comprendido de diciembre del 2007 al 2010. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de las pacientes, se aplicó un cuestionario y se analizaron las variables.Resultados: la incidencia del embarazo en la adolescencia fue alta, prevaleció la adolescencia tardía; entre los factores de riesgos biológicos y psicosociales que agravan el embarazo fueron el estado nutricional deficiente seguido del peso menor de 45Kg o talla menor de 1.45 cm, en su gran mayoría se encontraban solteras y aún estudiando. Respecto a la edad de las primeras relaciones sexuales refirieron haberlas tenido entre los 14 y 16 años y tenían antecedentes obstétricos. Se observó que no tenían orientación sexual y el personal de la salud, junto a sus padres, no tenía un papel fundamental. El conocimiento sobre los riesgos biológicos, psicológicos y socioeconómicos era pobre. Conclusiones: el poco conocimiento sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia y sus riesgos es resultado de las características socioeconómicas y el origen de la orientación sexual que poseen. Recomendaciones: crear instrumentos y estrategias que den su aporte a la disminución de la incidencia mundial del embarazo en la adolescencia(AU)

Introduction: pregnancy in the adolescence is a health problem all over the world. Objective: to determine the knowledge on pregnancy in the adolescence and their risks in the pregnant adolescents assisted in the maternal house Carlos J Finlay. Material and Methods: it was carried out a cross section descriptive study, with 86 pregnant adolescents among 10 and 19 years old assisted in the maternal house Carlos J Finlay between December 2007 and 2010. The clinical histories of the patients were revised, a questionnaire was applied and the variables were analyzed. Results: the incidence of the pregnancy in the adolescence was high, prevailing the late adolescence, the biological and psychosocial risks factors that increase pregnancy were the poor nutritional state, weight below 45Kg or size below 1.45 cm, the majority of them were single and still studying. About the age the first sexual relationships they referred to have them before 14 to 16 years old and they had obstetrics antecedents. It was observed that they didn't have sexual orientation and that the health care personnel and their parents didn't play a fundamental role. The knowledge about the biological, psychological and socioeconomic risks was poor. Conclusions: the poor knowledge on the pregnancy in the adolescence and its risks is a result of the socioeconomic characteristics and their poor sexual orientation. Recommendations: to create instruments and strategies that gives their contribution to the decrease the world incidence of pregnancy in the adolescence(AU)

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Introducción: el embarazo en la adolescencia es un problema de salud mundial. Objetivo: determinar los conocimientos sobre embarazo en la adolescencia y sus riesgos en adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hogar Materno Carlos J. Finlay. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal con 86 adolescentes embarazadas entre 10 y 19 años, atendidas en el Hogar Materno Carlos J. Finlay en el período comprendido de diciembre del 2007 al 2010. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de las pacientes, se aplicó un cuestionario y se analizaron las variables. Resultados: la incidencia del embarazo en la adolescencia fue alta, prevaleció la adolescencia tardía; entre los factores de riesgos biológicos y psicosociales que agravan el embarazo fueron el estado nutricional deficiente seguido del peso menor de 45Kg o talla menor de 1.45 cm, en su gran mayoría se encontraban solteras y aún estudiando. Respecto a la edad de las primeras relaciones sexuales refirieron haberlas tenido entre los 14 y 16 años y tenían antecedentes obstétricos. Se observó que no tenían orientación sexual y el personal de la salud, junto a sus padres, no tenía un papel fundamental. El conocimiento sobre los riesgos biológicos, psicológicos y socioeconómicos era pobre. Conclusiones: el poco conocimiento sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia y sus riesgos es resultado de las características socioeconómicas y el origen de la orientación sexual que poseen. Recomendaciones: crear instrumentos y estrategias que den su aporte a la disminución de la incidencia mundial del embarazo en la adolescencia.

Introduction: pregnancy in the adolescence is a health problem all over the world. Objective: to determine the knowledge on pregnancy in the adolescence and their risks in the pregnant adolescents assisted in the maternal house Carlos J Finlay. Material and Methods: it was carried out a cross section descriptive study, with 86 pregnant adolescents among 10 and 19 years old assisted in the maternal house Carlos J Finlay between December 2007 and 2010. The clinical histories of the patients were revised, a questionnaire was applied and the variables were analyzed. Results: the incidence of the pregnancy in the adolescence was high, prevailing the late adolescence, the biological and psychosocial risks factors that increase pregnancy were the poor nutritional state, weight below 45Kg or size below 1.45 cm, the majority of them were single and still studying. About the age the first sexual relationships they referred to have them before 14 to 16 years old and they had obstetrics antecedents. It was observed that they didn't have sexual orientation and that the health care personnel and their parents didn't play a fundamental role. The knowledge about the biological, psychological and socioeconomic risks was poor. Conclusions: the poor knowledge on the pregnancy in the adolescence and its risks is a result of the socioeconomic characteristics and their poor sexual orientation. Recommendations: to create instruments and strategies that gives their contribution to the decrease the world incidence of pregnancy in the adolescence.