RESUMEN
The objective of this study was to apply simulation and genetic algorithms for the economic and environmental optimization of the reverse network (manufacturers, waste managers, and recyclers in Sao Paulo, Brazil) of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) to promote the circular economy. For the economic evaluation, the reduction in fuel, drivers, insurance, depreciation, maintenance, and charges was considered. For the environmental evaluation, the impact of abiotic, biotic, water, land, air, and greenhouse gases was measured. It was concluded that the optimized structure of the WEEE reverse chains for Sao Paulo, Brazil provided a reduction in the number of collections, thus making the most of cubage. It also generated economic and environmental gains, contributing to the strategic actions of the circular economy. Therefore, the proposed approach is replicable in organizational practice, which is mainly required to meet the 2030 agenda of reducing the carbon footprint generated by transport in large cities. Thus, this study can guide companies in structuring the reverse WEEE chains in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and other states and countries for economic and environmental optimization, which is an aspect of great relevance considering the exponential generation of WEEE.
RESUMEN
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) possesses unique characteristics such as its growing production and the potential for resource extraction due to its composition. The implementation and operationalization of a reverse logistics system (RLS) for WEEE is a challenge, particularly concerning the micro level. The implementation of such systems often prioritizes urban centers and their higher population densities, generally overlooking the micro level. The latter refers to ward- or village-level divisions, which can be regarded as the smallest administrative divisions of both urban and rural areas. Furthermore, it encompasses any area facing logistical challenges regarding RLS operationalization due to factors such as geographical isolation, budgetary constraints, imbalances, social isolation, environmental aspects, and even geopolitical conflicts. This study is aimed at addressing this literature gap by discussing the challenges to implement and operationalize a WEEE RLS at the micro level. A systematic literature review was employed as our methodology. We found 13 challenges for developed and developing countries without distinction between macro and micro levels. An additional approach highlighted the significance of monitoring and controlling WEEE RLS. The challenge The population and LRS entities' lack or insufficient training and awareness received the most citations in the conducted search. These challenges were organized by operational phase and discussed from the perspective of the micro level to comprehend multifactorial local challenges involving all stakeholders in the reverse logistics of WEEE in emerging nations. This can assist local administrators and constitutes the primary contribution of this study.
Asunto(s)
Residuos Electrónicos , Administración de Residuos , Reciclaje/métodos , Residuos Electrónicos/análisis , Electrónica , Presupuestos , Administración de Residuos/métodosRESUMEN
O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de alimentos, isso demandadiversos insumos agrícolas, dentre estes, os agrotóxicos. Esses sãoacondicionados em embalagens, geralmente de material sintético, isso causapreocupação quanto ao modo de descarte, por isso, há legislação específica queobriga a devolução e destinação adequada. No Brasil foi criado o InstitutoNacional de Processamento de Embalagens Vazias (INPEV), que adotou comoestratégia a Logística Reversa para atender o disposto na lei. O objetivo destetrabalho foi avaliar os resultados da logística reversa das embalagens deagrotóxicos, adotada no Brasil, a partir do ano 2002, quando foi fundado oINPEV. Foram utilizados dados de comercialização de agrotóxicos e de devoluçãodas embalagens. A pesquisa constatou que, desde o início das operações doinstituto, houve um crescimento nas devoluções de embalagens vazias, e até2015, foram devolvidas 365.942 toneladas, sendo Mato Grosso o estado quemais fez uso da prática, sendo também o que mais utilizou agroquímicos.Concluiu-se que a criação do INPEV tem contribuído para a redução daquantidade de embalagens descartadas inadequadamente.
Brazil is one of the world's largest food producers, and this requires severalagricultural inputs, among them, agrochemicals. These are packed in packaging,usually made of synthetic material, which causes concern as to the way ofdisposal, so there is specific legislation that requires the return and properdisposal. In Brazil, the National Institute of Empty Packaging Processing (INPEV)was created, which adopted Reverse Logistics as a strategy to comply with theprovisions of the law. The objective of this work was to evaluate the results ofreverse logistics of pesticide packaging, starting in 2002, when INPEV wasfounded. Data on the commercialization of pesticides and the return ofpackaging were used. The survey found that since the beginning of the institute'soperations, there was an increase in the return of empty packaging, and by2015, 365,942 tons were returned, with Mato Grosso being the state that madethe most use of the practice, being also the one that used the mostagrochemicals. It was concluded that the creation of the INPEV has contributedto the reduction of the quantity of packaging discarded inappropriately.
RESUMEN
O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de alimentos, isso demandadiversos insumos agrícolas, dentre estes, os agrotóxicos. Esses sãoacondicionados em embalagens, geralmente de material sintético, isso causapreocupação quanto ao modo de descarte, por isso, há legislação específica queobriga a devolução e destinação adequada. No Brasil foi criado o InstitutoNacional de Processamento de Embalagens Vazias (INPEV), que adotou comoestratégia a Logística Reversa para atender o disposto na lei. O objetivo destetrabalho foi avaliar os resultados da logística reversa das embalagens deagrotóxicos, adotada no Brasil, a partir do ano 2002, quando foi fundado oINPEV. Foram utilizados dados de comercialização de agrotóxicos e de devoluçãodas embalagens. A pesquisa constatou que, desde o início das operações doinstituto, houve um crescimento nas devoluções de embalagens vazias, e até2015, foram devolvidas 365.942 toneladas, sendo Mato Grosso o estado quemais fez uso da prática, sendo também o que mais utilizou agroquímicos.Concluiu-se que a criação do INPEV tem contribuído para a redução daquantidade de embalagens descartadas inadequadamente.(AU)
Brazil is one of the world's largest food producers, and this requires severalagricultural inputs, among them, agrochemicals. These are packed in packaging,usually made of synthetic material, which causes concern as to the way ofdisposal, so there is specific legislation that requires the return and properdisposal. In Brazil, the National Institute of Empty Packaging Processing (INPEV)was created, which adopted Reverse Logistics as a strategy to comply with theprovisions of the law. The objective of this work was to evaluate the results ofreverse logistics of pesticide packaging, starting in 2002, when INPEV wasfounded. Data on the commercialization of pesticides and the return ofpackaging were used. The survey found that since the beginning of the institute'soperations, there was an increase in the return of empty packaging, and by2015, 365,942 tons were returned, with Mato Grosso being the state that madethe most use of the practice, being also the one that used the mostagrochemicals. It was concluded that the creation of the INPEV has contributedto the reduction of the quantity of packaging discarded inappropriately.(AU)