RESUMEN
El objetivo de este artículo es describir la relación de la mentalización y el estilo de apego sobre el afrontamiento del estrés durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 en Colombia. En el estudio participaron 253 personas, de las cuales 68 fueron hombres, 184 mujeres y 1 se identificó como otro. Los participantes se eligieron mediante un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo bola de nieve y el cuestionario de datos se distribuyó por redes sociales. Como instrumentos de investigación se utilizó el Cuestionario de Afrontamiento frente al Estrés (CAE) la forma revisada de la EEC-R, medida de autoinforme diseñada para evaluar siete estilos básicos de afrontamiento; el Cuestionario de Experiencias en Relaciones Cercanas-revisado (ECR) y el Cuestionario de Función Reflexiva (RfQ-8). En los resultados se encontraron correlaciones entre el estilo de apego y la mentalización con el estilo de afrontamiento frente al estrés durante el aislamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19. Se evidenció que un estilo de apego seguro facilita estilos de afrontamiento más adaptativos, a diferencia de los estilos de apego ansioso y evitativo que están más relacionados con estilos de afrontamiento como la auto focalización negativa y la evitación.
This study aimed to describe the relationship between mentalization and attachment style in coping with stress during the COVID-19 quarantine in Colombia. In this study 253 people participated of which 68 were men, 184 were women and 1 was defined as other; the partici- pants were chosen through a non-probabilistic snowball sampling where the questionnaire was distributed in social networks. As instruments, the CAE is the revised form of the EEC-R; a self-report measure designed to assess seven basic coping styles, the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR) questionnaire and the Reflective Function Questionnaire (RfQ-8) were used. The results found correlations between attachment style and mentalization with coping style in the face of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic isolation. Finding that a secure attachment style facilitates more adaptive coping styles, as opposed to anxious and avoidant attachment styles that are more related to coping styles such as negative self-focus and avoidance.
O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a relação entre mentalização e estilo de apego no enfrentamento do estresse durante a quarentena da COVID-19 na Colôm- bia. Neste estudo, participaram 253 pessoas, das quais 68 eram homens, 184 eram mulheres e 1 definido como outro; os participantes foram escolhidos por meio de uma amostragem não probabilística em bola de neve onde o questionário foi distribuído nas redes sociais. Como instrumentos foram usados, o CAE, que é a forma revisada do EEC-R; medida de autorrelato projetada para avaliar sete estilos básicos de enfren- tamento, o questionário Experiencias em Relaciona- mentos Próximos-revisado (ECR) e o Questionário de Funcionamento Reflexivo (RfQ-8). Nos resultados, foram encontradas correlações entre o estilo de apego e a mentalização com o estilo de enfrentamento do estresse durante o isolamento devido à pandemia de COVID-19. Descobriu-se que um estilo de apego seguro facilita estilos de enfrentamento mais adaptativos, ao contrário dos estilos de apego ansioso e evitativo, que estão mais relacionados a estilos de enfrentamento, como autofoco negativo e evitação.
Asunto(s)
HumanosRESUMEN
(1) Background: Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder (ED) where up to 30% of individuals remain unresponsive to treatments, whether they partially respond, or do respond and later relapse. It has been broadly reported how presenting maladaptive family functioning and communication style contributes to treatment drop-out, poor treatment compliance, and poor long-term outcomes. We studied the mother and father of a patient with AN, binge-purge subtype (according to DSM-IV TR) who achieved remission after her parents but not her attended an intervention through a psychotherapy group for parents (PGP). (2) Methods: We previously reported this patient's case report, and now, through an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach, we aimed to explore the understanding and meanings ascribed by the mother and father to their experience at the PGP and to their daughter's clinical and functional improvement. (3) Results: We identified two main stages along the process: one related to the presence of maintaining factors of their daughter's disorder, and the other related to the emergence of a reflective function and to the implementation of behavioral, emotional and cognitive changes. (4) Conclusions: The interview revealed both parents' experience at the PGP promoted a change process, where they were able to modify their previous style of communication and functioning, and to identify them as a contributors to maintain their daughter's disorder. Reflective function (RF) emerged in the mother and father throughout the psychotherapeutic process. Both parents also revealed some elements that were intergenerationally transmitted, that affected three generations and contributed to maintaining the ED. We observed the multilevel open-group structure of the PGP, enhancing the mother's and father's change process.
Asunto(s)
Anorexia Nerviosa , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos , Anorexia Nerviosa/terapia , Comunicación , Femenino , Humanos , MadresRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between reflective function and global functionality in borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients, controlling for symptomatology and defensive style. METHOD: Thirty-nine female inpatients were evaluated employing a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders-II (SCID-II), the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ), the Defence Style Questionnaire-40 (DSQ-40) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). RESULTS: Functionality was inversely associated with the reflective function uncertainty score (-.458; p < .01) and neurotic defences (-.335; p < .05). Symptom severity (SRQ-20) was associated with the use of immature defences (-.445; p < .01). The association between functionality and the reflective function uncertainty score remained significant, even when controlled for symptoms and defensive style (p = .002). CONCLUSION: The ability to mentalise seems to play a central and somehow independent role in BPD psychopathology.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe , Femenino , Humanos , PsicopatologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction Reflective function is developed in the context of secure attachment and corresponds to the ability to understand one's mental states and those of others. Thus, identity develops, which relates to the experience of self as unique, continuous and coherent. Objective To identify reflective function and identity features in adolescents with clinical and nonclinical symptoms of mental health problems. Method Participants were 188 Brazilian high school students aged 14-17 years: 30.3% with clinical symptoms and 69.9% with nonclinical symptoms. Results Adolescents with clinical symptoms showed lower levels of reflective function and greater disintegration of identity. Conclusion Adolescence is a vulnerable time for mental health problems associated with reflective function and identity. Early identification of symptoms is a matter that needs attention to prevent future consequences.
Resumo Introdução A função reflexiva é desenvolvida no contexto do apego seguro e corresponde à capacidade de compreender os seus próprios estados mentais e os dos outros. Assim, desenvolve-se a identidade, que se relaciona com a experiência do eu como única, contínua e coerente. Objetivo Identificar função reflexiva e características identitárias em adolescentes com sintomas clínicos e não clínicos de problemas de saúde mental. Médoto Os participantes foram 188 estudantes do ensino médio com idade de 14 a 17 anos: 30,3% com sintomas clínicos e 69,9% com sintomas não clínicos. Resultados Adolescentes com sintomas clínicos apresentaram menores níveis de função reflexiva e maior desintegração da identidade. Conclusão A adolescência é um momento vulnerável para problemas de saúde mental associados à função reflexiva e identidade. A identificação precoce dos sintomas é uma questão que precisa de atenção para evitar consequências futuras.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Autoimagen , Psicología del Adolescente , Teoría de la Mente/fisiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Estudiantes , Brasil , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Estudios recientes han mostrado la importancia de la mentalización y/o función reflexiva de los cuidadores como una de las variables que predice el desarrollo de esta habilidad y el apego seguro en el niño/a. A partir de estos antecedentes se revisa la literatura existente sobre intervenciones psicológicas focalizadas en promover la mentalización en padres y/o personal educativo de niños/as en etapa preescolar. Se consideran 17 estudios publicados entre los años 2000 y 2013. Los resultados muestran que gran parte de los estudios analizan y desarrollan modelos teóricos, siendo incipientes aquellos que consideran los estudios acerca de intervenciones basadas en la mentalización dirigidas a padres y/o agentes educativos. Dentro de estos últimos la mayoría están orientados a intervenciones tempranas en niños/as de 0 a 3 años, siendo escasos los estudios en preescolares (3 a 5 años de edad) dentro de un contexto educativo que reportan los efectos en los niños/as.
Recent studies have shown the importance of mentalizing or reflective function of caregivers as one of the variables that predict awareness and secure attachment in children. From this background there is a review of the literature on psychological interventions focused on promoting mentalizing or reflective function in parents and preschool educators. 17 studies published between 2000 and 2013 are considered. The results show that most of the studies analyzed and developed in theoretical models, with those who consider emerging studies based on mentalizing aimed at parents and educators interventions. Within the latter most are aimed at early intervention in children aged 0-3 years, with few studies in preschool children (3-5 years old) within an educational context that the effects reported in children.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Educación/métodos , Teoría de la Mente , Apego a ObjetosRESUMEN
A autora apresenta algumas ideias de René Roussillon sobre o pensamento clínico contemporâneo. Partindo de duas sessões consecutivas de uma análise, deixa que o próprio caso "convoque" a teoria necessária para sua compreensão. O caso clínico permite acompanhar duas faces do "negativo da própria história emocional em ato", que deverão ser subjetivadas no/pelo processo analítico: o Isso e o Supereu severo e cruel.
The author presents some of René Roussillon's ideas on contemporary clinical thought. Taking two consecutive sessions of an analysis as a starting point, she allows the case to "call upon" the theoretic elements needed for its comprehension. The clinical case allows us to understand two faces of the "negative of one's emotional history in action" which must be subjectified through the analytic process: the Id and the severe and cruel Superego.
En este trabajo son expuestas algunas ideas de René Roussillon sobre el pensamiento clínico contemporáneo. Basándose en dos sesiones consecutivas de un análisis, deja que el propio caso "convoque" la teoría necesaria para su comprensión. El caso clínico permite que se vean dos caras del "negativo de la propia historia emocional en acto", que deberán ser subjetivados en/por el proceso analítico: el Que y el Súper yo severo y cruel.
RESUMEN
La investigación sobre la transmisión intergeneracional del apego ha asociado fuertemente los patrones de apego de los padres con los patrones de apego de infantiles. La evidencia ha mostrado que la sensibilidad de los padres es un importante precursor del apego seguro infantil, sin embargo, el mecanismo de transmisión a la base, sigue sin esclarecerse del todo. Algunos autores han propuesto además la función reflexiva materna como una de las variables explicativas. En este trabajo se expone una reflexión al respecto, mostrando ciertos hallazgos que muestran que la función reflexiva de la madre, y sus correlatos conductuales en la interacción madre-hijo, son un factor esencial en la transmisión intergeneracional del apego. Por último, se discute respecto a la importancia de incorporar estos hallazgos en el diseño de intervenciones preventivas.
The research about intergenerational transmission of attachment has reported strong associations between the adult and child patterns of attachment. Evidence has shown parent's sensibility as an important precursor of infant's security. Nevertheless the transmission gap still isn't clear. Some authors have suggested the reflective function of the mother as a variable that could explain the gap. This article offers a discussion about this issue, showing some evidence that supports reflective function, and its behavioral aspects in the mother-child early relationship, as an essential dimension in the explanation of the transmission. Finally we discuss the relevance of considering this evidence in the design of preventive interventions.