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Pyosalpinx is the collection of pus in the fallopian tube. Pyosalpinx usually follows pelvic inflammatory disease, sexually transmitted disease, or rarely non-sexually transmitted infection. This is the first-ever report of bilateral pyosalpinx due to intrauterine device in situ for the past 16 years, which presented as appendicitis. Pyosalpinx should be considered in female patients with lower abdominal pain.

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BACKGROUND: Hydrosalpinx and pyosalpinx are rare gynecologic problems during adolescence, especially in girls without a history of sexual activity. They are even rarer in women with Hirschsprung's disease (HD). We herein report a case of pyosalpinx in an adolescent girl with HD treated by transvaginal ultrasound-guided drainage. CASE PRESENTATION: The present patient was a 12-year-old girl (weight 83 kg; height 159 cm; body mass index 32.8 kg/m2). She had undergone five laparotomies for long-segment HD by 2 years. Her menarche had occurred at 10 years. She was admitted with lower abdominal and anal pain. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and transvaginal ultrasound showed left pyosalpinx and abdominal abscess. Surgical drainage was necessary; however, she had a history of polysurgery and was severely obese, so laparotomy was considered to carry a high risk. Transvaginal ultrasound was deemed more likely to reach the abscess safely. Therefore, she was treated with transvaginal ultrasound-guided drainage by a gynecologist skilled in the procedure. She was discharged home after 52 days. One year and nine months after discharge, there was no reformation of either the abscess or pyosalpinx. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent girls with HD are at risk of developing hydrosalpinx. Depending on the defecation status, pyosalpinx may also develop. As a less-invasive surgical treatment, transvaginal ultrasound-guided drainage can avoid laparotomy. Collaboration with a gynecologist is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of this clinical condition. Pediatric surgeons should communicate with gynecologists for such cases beginning around puberty for continuous follow-up.

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BACKGROUND: A pyosalpinx is the acute inflammation of the fallopian tube, which fills up and swells with pus. It commonly results from inadequate or delayed treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 54-year-old Africain female patient, who presented with sustained high-grade fever, right flank pain, and severe acute storage low-urinary-tract symptoms. Computed tomography showed signs of acute obstructive pyelonephritis with a right tubular juxtauterine mass with complex internal fluid and thick enhancing walls exerting a mass effect on the right ureter. A drainage of the right excretory cavities by a JJ stent was performed. An ultrasound-guided aspiration of the collection was also performed. CONCLUSION: A pyosalpinx can then exert a mass effect on the excretory cavities, thus causing an acute obstructive pyelonephritis. A double drainage coupled with an effective antibiotic therapy is then necessary.

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BACKGROUND: Cloacal exstrophy (CE) is a rare congenital disease that requires multiple surgeries for complex gastrointestinal and genitourinary anomalies. Long-term complications are not uncommon; however, they are poorly reported. Pyosalpinx is sometimes encountered during CE management in adolescents and young adults. CASE: A 28-year-old woman with a history of CE presented with fever, lower abdominal pain, and vomiting and was diagnosed with left pyosalpinx. Computed tomography-guided drainage and intravenous antibiotic administration were successful; however, she had 2 readmissions for recurrent pyosalpinx 1 week after discharge and again 4 months later. She was administered Dienogest, a synthetic progestin, to prevent recurrent pyosalpinx and had no recurrence for 8 months. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Dienogest is a conservative treatment choice for preventing the recurrence of pyosalpinx for patients with CE.

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Surgical abnormalities of the adnexa in children and adolescents include a variety of ovarian and paraovarian lesions ranging from benign functional cysts to malignant tumors, torsion of the ovary and/or the fallopian tube, and adnexal infectious lesions ranging from salpingitis to tubo-ovarian abscesses. Presentations vary from asymptomatic pelvic masses to acute abdomen, and some ovarian tumors might present with precocious puberty or virilization. Acute pain might be caused by hemorrhage or rupture of ovarian or paraovarian cysts, adnexal torsion or adnexal infection. Differential diagnosis of adnexal masses should include peri-appendiceal abscess in all age groups, and endometriomas and ectopic pregnancy in adolescents. This review provides guidance on the differentiation between adnexal abnormalities, based on important clues from clinical assessment and diagnostic workup, and ultimately on the decision making about the need for surgery, its level of urgency, and the type of surgery to clinicians of all specialties involved in the care of young females.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is commonly related to sexual intercourse in postpubescent females. Inflammation of the fallopian tubes (pyosalpinx) is a common complication. We describe a case of anatomic spinning top-shaped urethra that led lead to complicated recurrent severe abdominal infections in an 11-year-old precoital female. This case highlights that prepubescent females can have pyosalpinx and pelvic inflammatory disease and anatomic contributions to these presentations should be considered.

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BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization, TB is a global public health problem and it remains in 2020 the deadliest infectious disease in the world, ahead of Covid19 (Global Tuberculosis Report 2020, 2020). Morocco is an endemic area with more than 30,000 new cases of all forms of tuberculosis each year (Plan stratégique national 2018-2021 de lutte antituberculeuse, 2018). UGTB is the second most frequent localization after lymph node involvement and is responsible for 30 to 40% of all extrapulmonary cases. CASE PRESENTATION: We hereby present the uncommon case of a 27-year-old virgin woman with unremarkable medical and surgical histories, who presented at the emergency department for left-sided pelvic pain of acute installation. An exploratory laparotomy using a Pfannenstiel incision, demonstrated a peritoneal effusion of low abundance with a twisted left ovary and a huge pyosalpinx. Detorsion was then carefully performed, with improvement in color of the ovary and decrease in edema within 10 min. Histopathological study of the Fallopian tube biopsy revealed granulomatous abscessificated salpingitis with genital tuberculosis. Thus, the patient received her anti-tuberculosis treatment with a course of 6 months of 2HRZE/4HR. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the resurgence of cases of tuberculosis of all forms, the importance of prevention and screening should not be underestimated, especially in endemic areas. In fact, only BCG at birth and the correct treatment of any primary tuberculosis infection, whatever its location, will make it possible to reduce the consequences of this affection and avoid the tragedy of the home without children.

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INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Congenital or hypoplasia vaginal agenesis is a very rare condition caused by the failure of developmental Mullerian ducts. The prevalence is 0.001%-0.025% populations. This condition often misdiagnosed because the symptom does not appear. Acute symptoms such as abdominal pain may occur due to the obstruction of retrograde menstrual flow. In this case, we presented a case complex management of vaginal atresia with pyosalpinx, hematometra and bilateral hematosalpinx. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 12 years old teenager, non-sexually active, complained cyclic abdominal pain that worsening in seven months before admission. Patient never had menstrual blood flow during her life. Patient was diagnosed with hematometra, hematocolpos, bilateral hematosalpinx and distal vaginal agenesis. Amnion graft neovagina was performed. Five days after surgery, patient started to have fever. On the seventh days after surgery, amnion graft was removed. The next two days patient still had fever. Because of continuous fever, patient was test of COVID 19. The result was positive. On the eleventh days after the first surgery, patient complained abdominal pain VAS 3-4. Patient was diagnosed with pyosalpinx by ultrasound examination. Laparotomy was done performing adhesiolysis, bilateral salpingectomy, and omentectomy. DISCUSSION: In our case vaginal reconstruction surgery from vaginal approach has been done without management of the bilateral hematosalpinx because the consideration of small caliber of bilateral hematosalpinx. But then complications were developed when vaginal canal was opened, bilateral hematosalpinx were transformed into bilateral pyosalpinx and continue to developed into bilateral tubal abscess. We assume during this process, the bacteria from vagina could fastly infecting the blood and transformed it into pus and grew until tubal abscess. CONCLUSION: The surgical intervention in vaginal agenesis must be considered as a treatment and not only focus on the reconstruction. Laparoscopy or laparotomy may offered as options for combination treatment with vaginal approach reconstructive surgery for vaginal agenesis with obstruction complications such as hematometra and hematosalpinx to prevent the worst condition like ascending infection or misdiagnosed other severe conditions.

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BACKGROUND: Sactosalpinx means a collection of fluid (serum, blood or pus) in the fallopian tube. CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia) is a typical 46XX DSD (Disorder of Sex Development) due to a steroidogenic enzymatic defect. Both conditions are rare and can lead to reduced fertility rate. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe two post-menarche virgin girls with CAH who were hospitalized for acute abdomen due to laparoscopically confirmed sactosalpinx. Case 1 recovered after conservative management, case 2 after a second-look and bilateral salpingectomy. The first case consisted of right sactosalpinx and previous peritonitis reported; the second one of bilateral symptomatic pyosalpinx and previous vaginal stenosis. Recurrent abdominal pain persisted at follow-up in Case 1: post-operative MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) showed bilateral hydrosapinx that disappeared at a following ultrasound scan control. Follow-up was uneventful 36 months after surgery in Case 2, except for the surgical revision of the vaginal introitus. CONCLUSIONS: CAH-sactosalpinx association is a very rare but not negligible event. We suggest a conservative approach for sactosalpinx if tubal and/or ovary torsion can be excluded. Pyosalpinx is more challenging to treat, but during pediatric age we suggest starting with a conservative approach, especially in patients with CAH who have a potential low fertility rate. Careful gynecological follow-up after menarche is recommended to rule out any further causes of infertility.

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BACKGROUND: Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a bacterium known to cause severe neonatal infections in premature infants with the consumption of contaminated powdered milk formula. Adult infections are rare, and there have been no reports of pyosalpinx due to C. sakazakii to date. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of left pyosalpinx due to C. sakazakii in a sexually inactive postmenopausal woman. A 70-year-old woman presented to our hospital with left lower abdominal pain and fever. Abdominal computed tomography disclosed a cystic mass continuous with the left edge of the uterus. Urgent laparotomy revealed a ruptured left pyosalpinx with pus-like content. Left salpingo-oophorectomy, resection of the right tube, and washing of the abdominal cavity with saline were performed. Pathological examination of the left adnexa showed tubal tissue with acute inflammation and inflammatory exudate, which were compatible with pyosalpinx, and pus culture yielded C. sakazakii. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case report of pyosalpinx due to C. sakazakii. Cronobacter sakazakii infections in adult women might occur in the elderly, whose immunity has weakened. Further accumulation of cases of C. sakazakii infection is needed to clarify the etiology and behavior of C. sakazakii in adults.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) are serious diagnoses to consider in reproductive-age women presenting with abdominal or pelvic pain. Management can be medical or surgical depending on severity. This case report outlines the unique presentation of TOA in a 15-year-old female presenting with acute abdominal pain with a recent past surgical history of appendectomy. A discussion of the approach to similar presentations and the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis follows.

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Introduction Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a spectrum of illness ranging from mild illness to more severe forms including tubo-ovarian abscess, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx, oophoritis (THPO). The objective of the study was to report rates and clinical characteristics of females presenting to the ED with a diagnosis of THPO in relationship to the presence or absence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods A database of ED patient encounters occurring from April 18, 2014, to March 7, 2017 was created. Analysis of women diagnosed with THPO and who had testing for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomonas by nucleic acid amplification testing or who had a vaginal wet preparation was performed. Patient demographics, ED diagnoses, laboratory tests, medications administered in the ED, and medications prescribed were examined. Categorical variables were summarized as count and percentages and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Continuous variables were summarized as the mean and standard deviation and analyzed using the t-test. All statistical tests were two-sided with a significance level of 0.05. Results THPO was diagnosed in 0.3% (56/17,905) of patient encounters. There were 50% (28/56) of women with THPO admitted to the hospital. There were 25.0% (12/48) women who received a positive test result for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis. Women with THPO were significantly older, more likely to be infected with gonorrhea, and more likely to be diagnosed with sepsis and PID (P<.05 for all). Conclusions THPO is an infrequently encountered entity in the ED. A diagnosis of STI, PID, and sepsis can accompany these presentations. Although an uncommon diagnosis, ED providers must be attentive to patients presenting with pelvic symptoms that could be consistent with THPO to mitigate any complications that may arise and to direct the appropriate treatment.

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INTRODUCTION: A pyosalpinx is the acute inflammation of the Fallopian tube fills up and swells with pus, which commonly results from inadequate or delayed treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Herein we report a case of bilateral pyosalpinx mimicking an ovarian torsion. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We reported the case of a 27-year-old female patient, who presented to the emergency department with complaints of constant, worsening lower abdominal pain for 2-3 days. Pelvic and transvaginal ultrasound examinations were performed which demonstrated a large, complex cystic structure in the right adnexa with peripheral flow on color Doppler imaging. The possibilities included ovarian torsion or hemorrhagic cyst. Intraoperative findings showed bilateral pyosalpinx and treated successfully by laparoscopic bilateral salpingostomy. CONCLUSION: The present case highlights the diagnostic dilemma of bilateral pyosalpinx must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of ovarian torsion or tumor, particularly in women of reproductive age.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease commonly occurs in adults and is most frequently caused by sexually-transmitted organisms. When left untreated, it can progress to abscess formation and subsequent infertility due to tubal scarring. This condition rarely occurs in the pediatric population and even less frequently in the absence of sexual activity. The cases presented here depict 3 cases of pyosalpinx due to noncommunicable infectious agents. Since children are typically not subjected to transvaginal ultrasound, they are particularly at risk for delays in diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Cases described here also demonstrate the value of the pediatric interventional radiology service in treating this gynecological source of infection. Both transabdominal and transrectal approached to ultrasound-guided drainage are described.

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A 40-year-old female, who was being treated for a urinary tract infection, was admitted to the hospital due to a gradually increasing left flank colic pain. An ultrasound investigation detected right-sided hydronephrosis, and a computed tomography scan additionally showed large cystic changes in both the fallopian tubes, which were compressing the ureters and thus causing hydronephrosis. Subsequently, magnetic resonance imaging was performed, which demonstrated fluid-fluid levels inside the cystic changes. The differential diagnosis included a deep pelvic endometriotic cyst and a pyosalpinx.

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Haemophilus influenzae rarely causes pyogenic infections in the female genital tract, and even less commonly does this lead to systemic infections. Novel monoclonal antibody therapies targeting interleukin-17 may impair mucosal immunity, but increased risk for H. influenzae infections has not been documented. Here, we describe a case of H. influenzae bacteremia associated with pyosalpinx and hypothesize that immunomodulatory treatment for psoriasis predisposed our patient to this infection.

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BACKGROUND: Pyosalpinx, which is one of the pelvic inflammatory diseases, is usually observed in young women; it is rarely found in older women. Possible causative agents are thought to be Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea in addition to some Enterobacteriaceae. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is a disease with a lot of complications such as hyperglycemia, inflammation, and immune disorders. Therefore, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have an increased susceptibility to infection especially when glycemic control is poor. CASE PRESENTATION: We experienced a rare case of large pyosalpinx in an elderly patient with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. A 72-year-old Japanese woman with a 10-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus had symptoms of diarrhea and persistent pain in left lower abdomen. She had mild tenderness to palpation in her abdomen. Inflammation markers were markedly elevated. Her abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging on admission revealed a tumor in left side of intrapelvis and we diagnosed her as having pyosalpinx. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected. On admission, her glycemic control was relatively good; in addition, her glycated hemoglobin levels were around 6% for over 1 year. Although pathogenic bacteria were not detected, we started antibiotics therapy. Fourteen days after starting the antibiotics her laboratory data were improved. Three months later, the tumor was markedly smaller compared to that on admission. CONCLUSIONS: We should keep in mind that older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are immunocompromised hosts and thereby they could have rare pelvic inflammatory disease such as pyosalpinx even when good glycemic control is obtained for a long period of time.

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BACKGROUND: Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the upper genital tract, including the uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes, and pelvic peritoneum. Tubo-ovarian abscess and pyosalpinx are common complications associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. They are usually encountered in sexually active women, but rare cases in Virgos have also been described. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we report the case of a 50-year-old Virgo woman presenting with pyosalpinx secondary to previous laparotomic sigmoidectomy for acute diverticulitis. Inflammation caused by the woman's diverticulitis and laparotomic surgery could have been the origin of her left uterine tube occlusion and consequent hydrosalpinx development. The contact between the rectum and left uterine tube observed in our patient suggests that superinfection of the hydrosalpinx could have occurred secondary to bacterial translocation. The patient's condition was managed with laparoscopic left salpingectomy and antibiotic therapy, which resulted in complete resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of sexual history, pelvic inflammatory disease should be considered in all women with abdominal pain. Diagnosing pelvic inflammatory disease in Virgos could be very challenging, but its recognition and appropriate treatment are indispensable because of the potential long-term complications.

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Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) coexists in 15% of cases with pelvic inflammatory disease. Medical treatment is the first line of approach in women with TOA, however, 25% of cases fail to respond to antibiotics, therefore, these cases need to undergo surgical intervention. We aimed to determine factors leading to failure of medical treatment in women diagnosed with TOA. According to our results among 144 women, 27 cases required surgical intervention for full recovery. None of the demographic, sonographic or laboratory findings, including procalcitonin level, had significant predictive value for the failure of medical treatment in women with TOA. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) coexists in 15% of cases with pelvic inflammatory disease. Medical treatment is the first line approach in women with TOA, however, 25% of cases fail to respond to antibiotics, therefore, these cases need to undergo surgical intervention. Several risk factors have been evaluated in order to predict the failure of medical treatment. What do the results of this study add? None of the variables, including age, parity, mass diameter, serum CRP, procalcitonin levels and sedimentation rate had significant value for predicting TOA cases that required surgical intervention for full recovery. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? In clinical practice, identification of risk factors leading to the failure of medical treatment helps clinicians to inform patients and help surgeons predict those who need surgical intervention.

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BACKGROUND: Pyosalpinx as a cause of acute appendicitis is very rare. We report the first case of a right pyosalpinx causing an extrinsic compression of the appendiceal lumen and consequently an acute appendicitis following an obstruction. CASE PRESENTATION: A 32 year old female from the North west region of Cameroon, presented with an acute exacerbation of a mild chronic right iliac fossa pain over a 2 day duration. She underwent exploratory laparotomy and intraoperative findings were a bilateral pyosalpinx, with the right fallopian tube adhering to the caecum and the terminal ileum, and obstructing the lumen of an inflammed appendix. A classical appendectomy and a right salpingectomy were done. The post-operative period was uneventful and she returned after 2 weeks for a follow-up visit with no further complaints. CONCLUSION: We describe to the best of our knowledge, the first case of an acute appendicitis caused by an extrinsic obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a pyosalpinx. The close proximity of the caecum to the right fallopian tube most likely accounted for this occurrence. Although a rare entity, physicians should always keep in mind very rare causes of an acute appendicitis to guide management. This case highlights the shortcomings of pelvic ultrasonography in the diagnosis this condition. A pelvic computed tomography scanning should therefore be sought in case of a doubtful pelvic ultrasonography result. Finally, there is an urgent need to improve the awareness on sexually transmitted infections in our setting.

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