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INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to cross-culturally adapt and check for the reliability, internal consistency, and validity of the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire (N-QoL) in Brazilian Portuguese (N-QoL-Br). METHODS: The questionnaire was translated according to international guidelines, included forward-translation, back-translation, and consensus among an expert committee. Participants with nocturia completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder, and the General Quality of Life Assessment Questionnaire SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey), in addition to the N-QoL-Br. The Brazilian version was applied in men and women with nocturia twice within a range of 4 weeks. Psychometric properties such as content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were tested. RESULTS: Content validity was considered adequate. Eighty-four men and women participated in the study. Good internal consistency in the domains and final score of the N-QoL-Br was observed, with Cronbach α greater than 0.9. The test-retest reliability was also high, with an intraclass correlation coefficient greater than 0.9 for the domain sleep/energy, bother/concern, and total score (0.98, 0.98, and 0.97 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The Portuguese version of the N-QoL-Br presents good internal consistency and reproducibility and it can be considered adequate and valid for evaluating the impact of nocturia on the quality of life of men and women in the Brazilian population.

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BACKGROUND: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into various aspects of daily life has sparked growing interest in understanding public attitudes toward this technology. Despite advancements in tools to assess these perceptions, there remains a need for culturally adapted instruments, particularly in specific contexts like that of Peruvian nurses. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the AIAS-4 in a sample of Peruvian nurses. METHODS: An instrumental design was employed, recruiting 200 Peruvian nurses. The Attitude toward Artificial Intelligence in Spanish (AIAS-S), a cultural and linguistic adaptation of the AIAS-4, involved data analysis using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and invariance tests. RESULTS: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed a unidimensional factor structure with an excellent model fit (χ2 = 0.410, df = 1, p = 0.522, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.00, SRMR = 0.00). The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.94, ω = 0.91). Tests of invariance from configural to strict confirmed that the scale is stable across different demographic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The AIAS-S proved to be a psychometrically solid tool for assessing attitudes toward AI in the context of Peruvian nurses, providing evidence of validity, reliability, and gender invariance. This study highlights the importance of having culturally adapted instruments to explore attitudes toward emerging technologies in specific groups.

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Background and Purpose: Although the Haitian population in the United States continues to grow, there is a lack of instruments in Haitian Creole to assess risk factors associated with poor mental health such as migration-related stress. This study described the translation of the Demands of Immigration Scale (DIS) and evaluated psychometric properties, meaning equivalence, and understandability of the Haitian Creole/English DIS. Methods: I applied the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy translation procedures and recruited 76 first-generation Haitian immigrants to pilot test the DIS. Results: Reliability was strong (α > .93). Meaning equivalence was maintained (r = .979), 75% understood both DIS versions equally, and 80% rated the translation as excellent/good. The DIS significantly correlated with gender, income, age, age at migration, English fluency, and depression. Conclusions: The DIS can reliably identify immigration-related social determinants of mental health and is ready for use in Haitian Creole.

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Mental health is currently a public health issue worldwide. However, evidence is lacking regarding the validity of the instruments used to measure and assess positive mental health in specific populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PMHS using IRT. A cross-sectional retrospective study with non-probabilistic convenience sampling was conducted with 623 parents of children undergoing cancer treatment at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City. The participants responded to a battery of tests, including a sociodemographic questionnaire, the PMHS, Measurement Scale of Resilience, Beck Depression Inventory, Inventory of Quality of Life, Beck Anxiety Inventory, an interview regarding caregiver burden, and the World Health Organization Well-Being Index. PMHS responses were analyzed using Samejima's graded response model. The PMHS findings indicated that the IRT-based graded response model validated the single latent trait model. The scale scores were independent of depression, anxiety, well-being, caregiver burden, quality of life, and resilience. The PMHS scores were associated with low subjective well-being. The PMHS findings reveal that from an IRT-based perspective, this scale is unidimensional and is a valid, reliable, and culturally relevant instrument for assessing positive mental health in parents of children with chronic diseases.

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Measuring the quality of care received by patients of mental health services is necessary to determine the effectiveness of prevention programs and mental health treatment. This study translated the original Swedish Quality in Psychiatric Care-Outpatient (QPC-OP) instrument to Brazilian Portuguese, adapted it to the context of Brazilian psychosocial care centers (CAPS), and evaluated its psychometric properties. The instrument was translated and back-translated by two independent professional translators. A seven-person expert group of professionals and 31 psychiatric outpatients verified the content validity of the Brazilian Portuguese QPC-OP, which then was completed by 253 outpatients from 16 CAPS in São Paulo, Brazil. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed adequate goodness of fit for the factor structure corresponding to the original Swedish version, except for the discharge dimension. Three additional items added in the Brazilian Portuguese QPC-OP formed a separate factor. The internal consistency of the entire scale was excellent but low in some dimensions. In conclusion, the translation and cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese QPC-OP was satisfactory, and the psychometric evaluation demonstrated that the concept of quality of mental health care is similarly understood in the Brazilian and Swedish cultural context. Thus, the Brazilian Portuguese QPC-OP is a useful instrument for assessing the quality of care in the Brazilian CAPS context and will be useful in quality assurance and in cross-cultural research addressing quality of mental health care from the patient's perspective.

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The purpose of this protocol was to adapt and validate the English version of the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) into Chilean Spanish according to the World Health Organisation guidelines. This is a cross-sectional study of 897 surveys of patients with non-traumatic surgical orthopaedic pathologies. We analysed internal consistency, validity, and acceptability, including correlation with the short form 36 (SF-36) medical score. The validation included 900 participants with a response rate of 99,66%, with excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.962). The Dysfunction and Bother Index items showed a value of 0.952 and 0.884 respectively, eliminating one item in the Dysfunction sub-scale. The principal component analysis was forced to four factors explaining 55.5% of the variance. SMFA-CL sub-scales are significantly correlated with SF-36 components and subcomponents. The first version of the SMFA-CL version (Spanish-Chilean) scale is reported. This culturally adapted score demonstrated a high rate of reliability, validity, and ability to objectively evaluate foot and ankle pathologies.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between general empathy and medical empathy. Detect predictors of the level of medical empathy from general empathy. To determine the psychosocial profile that describes the relationship between general empathy, medical empathy, and demographic and academic characteristics in medical students. METHOD: Descriptive cross-sectional design. Medical students completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-student version (JSPE-S). RESULTS: Relatively high levels of general and medical empathy were detected. The total score of the IRI and the JSPE-S and their dimensions correlated positively (r = 0.14-0.52), except for the dimension personal distress of the IRI. The score of the IRI dimension empathic concern was the best predictor of the JSPE-S score and its dimensions (b = 0.27-0.54). Four profiles were detected: 1) men, preference for technology-oriented specialty, less empathy; 2) pre-clinical period students, less empathy; 3) students of the clinical period, greater empathy; and 4) women, preference for patient-oriented specialty, greater empathy. CONCLUSIONS: General and medical empathy are associated. Differentiated empathic profiles will allow the design of instructional strategies in empathy according to the specific needs of each one.

OBJETIVO: Identificar la asociación entre empatía general y empatía médica. Detectar predictores del nivel de empatía médica a partir de la empatía general. Determinar el perfil psicosocial que describa la relación entre empatía general, empatía médica y características demográficas y académicas en estudiantes de medicina. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Estudiantes de medicina completaron el Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal (IRI) y la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson versión estudiantil (EEMJ-E). RESULTADOS: Se detectaron niveles relativamente altos de empatía general y médica. El puntaje total del IRI y la EEMJ-E y sus dimensiones se correlacionaron positivamente (r = 0.14-0.52), excepto para la dimensión malestar personal del IRI. El puntaje en la dimensión preocupación empática del IRI fue el mejor predictor del puntaje de la EEMJ-E y sus dimensiones (b = 0.27-0.54). Se detectaron cuatro perfiles: 1) hombres, preferencia por especialidad orientada a la tecnología, menor empatía; 2) estudiantes del periodo preclínico, menor empatía; 3) estudiantes del periodo clínico, mayor empatía; y 4) mujeres, preferencia por especialidad orientada al paciente, mayor empatía. CONCLUSIONES: La empatía general y la empatía médica se encuentran asociadas. Unos perfiles empáticos diferenciados permitirán el diseño de estrategias de instrucción en empatía acordes con las necesidades específicas de cada uno.

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Using a sample of 832 young people, between 13 and 25 years old, the present research examined the psychometric properties of a Brazilian adaptation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28), a scale empirically derived from a threefactor resilience model that has been promising for cross-cultural research. To establish validation, we use Confirmatory Factor Analysis to determine whether the traditional three-factor structure and the original items of CYRM-28 are compatible with a Brazilian sample. This was followed by tests of internal consistency by examining Cronbach's alpha and convergent validity by testing correlations with the CD-RISC-10. The results led to a reduced version of 19 items distributed in three resilience factors. The findings are consistent with those observed in samples from other cultures and suggest that CYRM-19-Br is promising for use in resilience research in Brazil.

Utilizando uma amostra de 832 jovens, entre 13 e 25 anos, a presente investigação examinou as propriedades psicométricas de uma adaptação brasileira da Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28), uma escala empiricamente derivada de um modelo de resiliência de três fatores que tem sido promissora para pesquisas interculturais. Para estabelecer a validação, usamos a Análise Fatorial Confirmatória para determinar se a estrutura tradicional de três fatores e os itens originais da CYRM-28 são compatíveis com uma amostra brasileira. Isso foi seguido por testes de consistência interna examinando o alfa de Cronbach e a validade convergente testando correlações com o CD-RISC-10. Os resultados levaram a uma versão reduzida de 19 itens distribuídos em três fatores de resiliência. Os achados são consistentes com aqueles observados em amostras de outras culturas e sugerem que a CYRM-19-Br é promissora para uso em pesquisas de resiliência no Brasil.

Utilizando una muestra de 832 jóvenes, entre 13 y 25 años, la presente investigación examinó las propiedades psicométricas de una adaptación brasileña de Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28), una escala derivada empíricamente de un modelo de escala de tres factores de resiliencia que ha sido prometedor para la investigación intercultural. Para establecer la validación, utilizamos el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio para determinar si la estructura tradicional de tres factores y los ítems originales de CYRM-28 son compatibles con una muestra brasileña. A esto le siguieron pruebas de consistencia interna examinando el alfa de Cronbach y la validez convergente probando las correlaciones con el CD-RISC-10. Los resultados llevaron a una versión reducida de 19 ítems distribuidos en tres factores de resiliencia. Los hallazgos son consistentes con los observados en muestras de otras culturas y sugieren que el CYRM-19-Br es prometedor para su uso en la investigación de resiliencia en Brasil.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to validate CAPS-5 for the Brazilian-Portuguese language on a sample of 128 individuals from two centers (from the cities of São Paulo and Porto Alegre) who have been recently exposed to a traumatic event. Methods: We performed a reliability analysis between interviewers (with a subset of 32 individuals), an internal consistency analysis, and a confirmatory factorial analysis for the validation study. Results: The inter-rater reliability of the total PTSD symptom severity score was high [intraclass correlation coefficient =0.994, 95% CI (0.987-0.997), p < 0.001]. Cohen's Kappa for individual items ranged between 0.759 and 1. Cronbach's alpha coefficients indicated high internal consistency for the CAPS-5 full scale (α = 0.826) and an acceptable level of internal consistency for the four symptom clusters. The confirmatory factorial analysis for the 20-item original CAPS-5 did not fit the data well. A 15-item model with better results was then established by excluding the following CAPS-5 items: dissociative amnesia, recklessness, distorted cognitions, irritability, and hypervigilance. Conclusion: Despite the limitation of the predominance of female victims, and the high number of sexually assaulted women in our sample, the model with only 15 items provided a good fit to the data with high internal consistency (α = 0.835).

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BACKGROUND: Anxiety is a significant modulator of sensitivity along the GI tract. The recently described Esophageal Hypervigilance and Anxiety Score (EHAS) evaluates esophageal-specific anxiety. The aims of this study were as follows: 1. translate and validate an international Spanish version of EHAS. 2. Evaluate its psychometric properties in a large Hispano-American sample of symptomatic individuals. METHODS: A Spanish EHAS version was developed by a Delphi process and reverse translation. Patients referred for high-resolution manometry (HRM) were recruited prospectively from seven Spanish and Latin American centers. Several scores were used: EHAS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Eckardt score (ES), Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (GERDQ), and the Brief Esophageal Dysphagia Questionnaire (BEDQ). Standardized psychometric analyses were performed. KEY RESULTS: A total of 443 patients were recruited. Spanish EHAS showed excellent reliability (Cronbach´s alpha = 0.94). Factor analysis confirmed the presence of two factors, corresponding to the visceral anxiety and hypervigilance subscales. Sufficient convergent validity was shown by moderate significant correlations between EHAS and other symptomatic scores. Patients with high EHAS scores had significantly more dysphagia. There was no difference in EHAS scores when compared normal vs abnormal or major manometric diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: A widely usable Spanish EHAS version has been validated. We confirm its excellent psychometric properties in our patients, confirming the appropriateness of its use in different populations. Our findings support the appropriateness of evaluating esophageal anxiety across the whole manometric diagnosis spectrum.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has instilled fear and stress among healthcare workers. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess work stress and associated factors among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak and to evaluate whether prior experience of treating severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) had a positive or negative influence on healthcare workers' stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey in a tertiary hospital in Kaohsiung City, in southern Taiwan. METHODS: The survey was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire to measure the stress levels among healthcare workers from March 20 to April 20, 2020. The stress scales were divided into four subscales: worry of social isolation; discomfort caused by the protective equipment; difficulties and anxiety regarding infection control; and workload of caring for patients. RESULTS: The total stress scores were significantly higher among healthcare workers who were aged 41 or above, female, married, parents and nurses. Those with experience of treating SARS reported having significantly higher stress scores on the subscale measuring the discomfort caused by protective equipment and the workload of caring for patients. During the COVID-19 outbreak, frontline healthcare workers with experience of treating SARS indicated having higher stress levels regarding the workload of caring for patients than did non-frontline healthcare workers with no experience of treating SARS. CONCLUSIONS: Work experience from dealing with the 2003 SARS virus may have had a negative psychological impact on healthcare workers amidst the COVID-19 outbreak.

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BACKGROUND: The recently developed Brief Esophageal Dysphagia Questionnaire (BEDQ) evaluates esophageal obstructive symptoms. Its initial evaluation showed strong psychometric properties. The aims of this study were to (a) translate and validate an international Spanish version of BEDQ and (b) evaluate its psychometric properties in a large Hispano-American sample of symptomatic individuals. METHODS: A Spanish BEDQ version was performed by Hispano-American experts using a Delphi process and reverse translation. Patients were prospectively recruited from seven centers in Spain and Latin America among individuals referred for high-resolution manometry (HRM). Patients completed several scores: Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale (HADS), Eckardt score (ES), Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (GERDQ), and the BEDQ. Standardized psychometric analyses were performed. KEY RESULTS: A total of 426 patients were recruited. Spanish BEDQ showed excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91). Factor analysis confirmed its unidimensional character. Moderate significant correlations between BEDQ and other symptomatic scores were found, suggesting sufficient convergent validity. Patients with abnormal or obstructive HRM findings scored significantly higher when compared to normal or non-obstructive findings, respectively. Using a cutoff of 10, BEDQ showed a sensitivity of 65.38% and a specificity of 66.21% and an area under the curve of 0.71 for obstructive or major manometric diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: A widely usable Spanish BEDQ version has been validated. We confirm its excellent psychometric properties in our patients, confirming the appropriateness of its use in different populations.

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Currently, information about the psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in family caregivers of children with cancer is not available; thus, there is no empirical evidence of its validity and reliability to support its use in this population in Mexico or in other countries. This study examined the psychometric properties of the BAI in family caregivers of children with cancer and pursued four objectives: to determine the factor structure of the BAI, estimate its internal consistency reliability, describe the distribution of BAI scores and the level of anxiety in the sample and test its concurrent validity in relation to depression and resilience. This cross-sectional study was carried out with convenience sampling. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the BAI, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Measurement Scale of Resilience were administered to an incidental sample of 445 family caregivers of children with cancer hospitalized at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City. Confirmatory factor analysis using the maximum likelihood method was performed to determine the factor structure and exploratory factor analysis using axis factorization with oblique rotation was conducted. The two-, three- and four-factor models originally proposed for the BAI did not hold. The exploratory factor analysis showed a model of two correlated factors (physiological and emotional symptoms). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a lack of discriminant validity between these two factors and supported a single-factor model. The internal consistency of the scale reduced to 11 items (BAI-11) was good (alpha = 0.89). The distribution of BAI-11 scores was skewed to the left. High levels of symptoms of anxiety were present in 49.4% of caregivers. The scale was positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with resilience. These findings suggest that a reduced single-factor version of the BAI is valid for Mexican family caregivers of children with cancer.

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BACKGROUND: Eckardt symptom score (ESS) is the most used tool for the evaluation of esophageal symptoms. Recent data suggest that it might have suboptimal reliability and validity. The aims of this study were as follows: (a) Develop and validate an international Spanish ESS version. (b) Perform psychometric ESS evaluation in patients with achalasia and non-achalasia patients. METHODS: Eckardt symptom score translation was performed by Delphi process. ESS psychometric evaluation was done in two different samples of patients referred for manometry. First sample: 430 dysphagia non-achalasia patients. Second sample: 161 achalasia patients. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's α and Guttman coefficient (<0.5 = unacceptable. 0.5-0.7 = fair. >0.7 = acceptable). KEY RESULTS: Our data show that in patients without and with achalasia, ESS behaves similarly. Both show a fair reliability with Cronbach's α of 0.57 and 0.65, respectively. Based on our results, we recommend interpretation of the Spanish ESS be done with caution. The psychometric quality of the ESS could not be improved by removal of any items based on the single-factor structure of the scale and no items meeting criteria for elimination. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: Eckardt symptom score Spanish translation was developed. ESS showed a fair reliability for the evaluation of patients with any causes of dysphagia. Our results highlight the need for development and psychometric validation of new dysphagia scoring tools.

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PURPOSE: To adapt and validate the English version of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) into Spanish FAOS-CL, following the WHO guidelines. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 318 outpatients with non-traumatic conditions. Validity, acceptability and internal consistency including correlations with the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 are reported. RESULTS: The preliminary version resulted from the forward and back-translation and a pilot administration. Validation response rate was 99.22%. Substantial ceiling effects were observed for Symptoms and ADL and floor effect for QoL sub-scales. The FAOS-CL had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.98). The principal component analysis gave five factors explaining the 72.6% of the variance. The FAOS-CL items significantly correlate with their sub-scales. FAOS-CL sub-scales significantly correlated with SF-36 components and subcomponents. CONCLUSION: The first Spanish version of the FAOS was generated. Culturally adapted and validated with high reliability capable of evaluating different foot and ankle conditions.

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Teorias conspiratórias geralmente apresentam perguntas irrespondíveis e são, em última instância, irrefutáveis. Tais crenças possuem implicações em diversos contextos em que são necessárias tomadas de decisões. Para tanto, torna-se necessário desenvolver ou adaptar medidas que auxiliem a identificação de tais crenças. Assim, este estudo propôs a adaptação da Escala Genérica sobre Crenças Conspiratórias. No primeiro estudo foi realizada a tradução e retradução do instrumento por especialistas na língua inglesa. Logo, ambas as traduções foram submetidas à análise de dois juízes para verificar a qualidade e adequação à versão original. Após ajustes, a escala foi submetida à outra análise de juízes de forma a verificar a coerência semântica e a adequação categórica dos itens. A concordância das categorias para cada item entre os juízes foi satisfatória (índice kappa de 0,75). Para o segundo estudo, buscou-se averiguar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento (N = 138). Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória atestaram uma nova estrutura fatorial para o modelo. Por fim, os autores sugerem tanto novos estudos para identificação de evidências de validade da adaptação quanto aplicações e intervenções, com uso da escala em futuras políticas públicas.

Conspiracy theories often pose unanswerable questions and are ultimately irrefutable. Such beliefs have implications in many contexts in which decision-making is needed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop or adapt measures that help to identify such beliefs. Thus, this work proposed the adaptation of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale. For the first study, translation and retranslation of the instrument were conducted by specialists in the English language. Both translations were submitted to the analysis of raters to verify the quality and adequacy to the original version. After adjustments, the scale was submitted to the analysis of raters in order to verify items' semantic coher-ence and categorical adequacy. For each item, the agreement for the categories among raters was satisfactory (kappa index of 0.75). The second study intended to ascertain the psychometric properties of the instrument (N = 138). Results of the confirmatory factor analysis proposed a new factorial structure for the model. Finally, new studies were suggested to gather evidence for the validity of this adaptation, as well as applications and interventions using the scale in future public policies.

Las teorías de conspiración con frecuencia plantean preguntas sin respuesta y, en última instancia, son irrefutables. Tales creencias tienen implicaciones en diversos contextos donde es necesario tomar decisiones. Para ello, es nece-sario desarrollar o adaptar medidas que ayuden a identificar esas creencias. Así, este estudio propuso la adaptación de la Escala Genérica sobre Creencias Conspirativas. En el primer estudio se realizó la traducción y retraducción del instrumento por especialistas en lengua inglesa. Por lo tanto, ambas traduc-ciones fueron sometidas al análisis de dos jueces para verificar la calidad y adecuación a la versión original. Después de ajustes, la escala fue sometida al otro análisis de jueces para verificar la coherencia semántica y la adecuación categórica de los ítems. La concordancia de las categorías para cada ítem entre los jueces fue satisfactoria (índice kappa de 0,75). Para el segundo estudio, se buscó averiguar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento (N = 138). Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio propusieron una nueva estruc-tura factorial para el modelo. Por último, los autores sugieren que nuevos estudios para identificar evidencias de validez de la adaptación, así como aplicaciones e intervenciones con uso de la escala en futuras políticas públicas.

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BACKGROUND: The misunderstanding of specific vocabulary may hamper the patient-health provider communication. The 20-item Rapid Estimate Adult Literacy in Medicine and Dentistry (REALMD-20) was constructed to screen patients by their ability in reading medical/dental terminologies in a simple and rapid way. This study aimed to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of this instrument for its application in Brazilian dental patients. METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation was performed through conceptual equivalence, verbatim translation, semantic, item and operational equivalence, and back-translation. After that, 200 participants responded the adapted version of the REALMD-20, the Brazilian version of the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD-30), ten questions of the Brazilian National Functional Literacy Index (BNFLI), and a questionnaire with socio-demographic and oral health-related questions. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the REALMD-20 (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The sample was composed predominantly by women (55.5%) and white/brown (76%) individuals, with an average age of 39.02 years old (±15.28). The average REALMD-20 score was 17.48 (±2.59, range 8-20). It displayed a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.789) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.73; 95% CI [0.66 - 0.79]). In the exploratory factor analysis, six factors were extracted according to Kaiser's criterion. The factor I (eigenvalue = 4.53) comprised four terms- "Jaundice", "Amalgam", "Periodontitis" and "Abscess"-accounted for 25.18% of total variance, while the factor II (eigenvalue = 1.88) comprised other four terms-"Gingivitis", "Instruction", "Osteoporosis" and "Constipation"-accounted for 10.46% of total variance. The first four factors accounted for 52.1% of total variance. The REALMD-20 was positively correlated with the BREALD-30 (Rs = 0.73, P < 0.001) and BNFLI (Rs = 0.60, P < 0.001). The scores were significantly higher among health professionals, more educated people, and individuals who reported good/excellent oral health conditions, and who sought preventive dental services. Distinctly, REALMD-20 scores were similar between both participants who visited a dentist <1 year ago and ≥1 year. Also, REALMD-20 was a significant predictor of self-reported oral health status in a multivariate logistic regression model, considering socio-demographic and oral health-related confounding variables. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the REALMD-20 demonstrated adequate psychometric properties for screening dental patients in relation to their recognition of health specific terms. This instrument can contribute to identify individuals with important dental/medical vocabulary limitations in order to improve the health education and outcomes in a person-centered care model.

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O estudo encaminhou o teste empírico da hipótese de mediação cognitiva de autoconsciência através de imagens mentais e das relações da mediação icônica com habilidades de visualização, bem como de exame das qualidades psicométricas da Escala de Autoconsciência Situacional e o Teste de Habilidades de Visualização de Imagens Mentais, com suas duas séries independentes - Self e Não-Self, visando seus usos em pesquisas futuras. O estudo ex-post-facto completo foi conduzido com 958 universitários, os quais responderam os instrumentos de forma individual ou coletiva, sendo os dados analisados através de procedimentos de Análise Fatorial, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, técnica de Regressão Linear e Análises Multidimensionais tipo SSA. As análises efetuadas corroboraram a hipótese de mediação cognitiva de autoconsciência por imagens mentais, e de que a mediação icônica tem uma relação consistente com o nível de desenvolvimento das habilidades imaginativas...

The present study was carried out to empirically test the hypothesis of cognitive mediation of self-awareness through mental imagery and the relations of iconic mediation with visualization skills. It also examined the psychometric qualities of the Situational Self-Awareness Scale and the Visualization Test (Mental Imagery Skills) with its two independent series - Self and Non-Self, enabling their use in future research. The complete ex post facto study was conducted with 958 university students, who answered the instruments individually or collectively. The data were analyzed using factor analysis procedure, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression technique and multi dimensional analysis. The analyses corroborate the hypothesis of cognitive mediation of self-awareness through mental imagery and that iconic mediation has a consistent relationship with the level of development of imagery skills...

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O estudo encaminhou o teste empírico da hipótese de mediação cognitiva de autoconsciência através de imagens mentais e das relações da mediação icônica com habilidades de visualização, bem como de exame das qualidades psicométricas da Escala de Autoconsciência Situacional e o Teste de Habilidades de Visualização de Imagens Mentais, com suas duas séries independentes - Self e Não-Self, visando seus usos em pesquisas futuras. O estudo ex-post-facto completo foi conduzido com 958 universitários, os quais responderam os instrumentos de forma individual ou coletiva, sendo os dados analisados através de procedimentos de Análise Fatorial, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, técnica de Regressão Linear e Análises Multidimensionais tipo SSA. As análises efetuadas corroboraram a hipótese de mediação cognitiva de autoconsciência por imagens mentais, e de que a mediação icônica tem uma relação consistente com o nível de desenvolvimento das habilidades imaginativas.(AU)

The present study was carried out to empirically test the hypothesis of cognitive mediation of self-awareness through mental imagery and the relations of iconic mediation with visualization skills. It also examined the psychometric qualities of the Situational Self-Awareness Scale and the Visualization Test (Mental Imagery Skills) with its two independent series - Self and Non-Self, enabling their use in future research. The complete ex post facto study was conducted with 958 university students, who answered the instruments individually or collectively. The data were analyzed using factor analysis procedure, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression technique and multi dimensional analysis. The analyses corroborate the hypothesis of cognitive mediation of self-awareness through mental imagery and that iconic mediation has a consistent relationship with the level of development of imagery skills.(AU)

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo construir e validar a escala de entrincheiramento organizacional, construto de mesma base teórica do comprometimento de continuação. Três dimensões foram propostas: ajustamentos à posição social (APS), arranjos burocráticos impessoais (ABI) e limitação de alternativas (LA). Os dados coletados com 721 trabalhadores foram submetidos a análises exploratórias e confirmatórias para a avaliação psicométrica da escala. Os resultados indicam estabilidade, generalizabilidade e alta consistência interna dos três fatores, formados pelos vinte e dois itens restantes, e respaldam a decisão pela estrutura tridimensional. Estudos futuros com a escala validada poderão contribuir para um maior refinamento conceitual e empírico do entrincheiramento com a organização...

The objective of this work was to develop and validate an organizational entrenchment scale which is a construct on the same theoretical base of continuance commitment. Three dimensions were defined: individual adjustment to social positions (ASP), impersonal bureaucratic arrangements (IBA) and limitation of alternatives (LA). Data collected from 721 workers were subjected to exploratory and confirmatory analyses in order to conduct a psychometric evaluation of the scale. Results indicate stability, potential for generalization and strong internal consistency across the three dimensions formed by the remaining twenty-two items, and they also support the choice of a three-component structure. Future studies using this validated scale will contribute for further conceptual and empirical refinement of the organizational entrenchment concept...

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