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El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre creencias irracionales y sintomatología depresiva en estudiantes universitarios de Psicología en Honduras. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, un alcance descriptivo-correlacional y un diseño no experimental transversal correlacional. La muestra fue de 257 estudiantes universitarios de Psicología de dos universidades hondureñas. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó el Test de Creencias Irracionales y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II. Las principales creencias irracionales manifiestas por los estudiantes son culpabilización, altas autoexpectativas, influencia del pasado y evitación de problemas, y alrededor de un tercio sufre sintomatología depresiva de moderada a severa. Los estudiantes varones, menores de 31 años, pertenecientes a una universidad privada y que se encuentran solteros son los que tienen más altas creencias irracionales y mayores niveles de depresión, pero solo hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo etario y la sintomatología depresiva. Además, existe relación significativa entre creencias irracionales y cuatro de sus dimensiones (necesidad de aprobación, altas autoexpectativas, culpabilización e influencia del pasado) con sintomatología depresiva. Es urgente que las autoridades universitarias elaboren programas y servicios institucionales que prevengan y promuevan la salud mental, para disminuir los procesos mentales patológicos que pueden desencadenar problemas como el suicidio.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between irrational beliefs and depressive symptoms in university students of Psychology in Honduras. A quantitative approach, a descriptive-correlational scope and a non-experimental correlational cross-sectional design was used. The sample was 257 university students of Psychology from two Honduran universities. For the collection of data, the Irrational Beliefs Test and the Beck-II Depression Inventory were applied. The main irrational beliefs manifested by the students are guilt, high self-expectations, influence of the past and avoidance of problems, and about a third of the students suffer from moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Male students, under 31 years, attending a private university and who are single are those who have the highest irrational beliefs and higher levels of depression, but there is only a statistically significant difference between the age group and depressive symptomatology. In addition, there is a statistically significant relationship between irrational beliefs and four of its dimensions (need for approval, high self-expectations, guilt and influence of the past) with depressive symptoms. It is urgent that university authorities develop programs and institutional services that prevent and promote mental health, to reduce pathological mental processes that can trigger problems such as suicide.

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COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) has spread globally and is highly infectious, causing psychological disturbances such as anxiety, depression, or both. Pregnant women, as a vulnerable population, need further attention. This study aims to evaluate the psychological impact of pregnant women during COVID-19 to constitute base data for solution guidance. Using a self-designed questionnaire, self-rated anxiety scale (SAS), and self-rated depression scale (SDS), we conducted a web-based survey on 1160 pregnant women from February 20 to April 30, 2020. The prevalence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy was shown to be 12.93% and 31.21%, respectively. Besides, younger age, housewives, lower education level, and early pregnancy all contributed to psychological disturbance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed significant variations in cognitive and behavioral responses based on the levels of the COVID-19 pandemic concerns, perceptions of life impacts and family concerns, preparation of personal protection equipment and motherhood, and the need for psychological counseling (P < 0.05). Regarding their primary concerns, 73.2% of the participants worried about the health and safety of childbirth. And 90.6% of respondents anticipated scheduling prenatal appointments to avoid crowds. Pregnant women are susceptible to anxiety/depression during the COVID-19 outbreak, necessitating immediate psychological care and intervention.

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BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the mental health of individuals. However, the susceptibility of individuals to be impacted by the pandemic is variable, suggesting potential influences of specific factors related to participants' demographics, attitudes, and practices. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify the factors associated with psychological symptoms related to the effects of the first wave of the pandemic in a multicountry cohort of internet users. METHODS: This study anonymously screened 13,332 internet users worldwide for acute psychological symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic from March 29 to April 14, 2020, during the first wave of the pandemic amidst strict lockdown conditions. A total of 12,817 responses were considered valid. Moreover, 1077 participants from Europe were screened a second time from May 15 to May 30, 2020, to ascertain the presence of psychological effects after the ease down of restrictions. RESULTS: Female gender, pre-existing psychiatric conditions, and prior exposure to trauma were identified as notable factors associated with increased psychological symptoms during the first wave of COVID-19 (P<.001). The same factors, in addition to being related to someone who died due to COVID-19 and using social media more than usual, were associated with persistence of psychological disturbances in the limited second assessment of European participants after the restrictions had relatively eased (P<.001). Optimism, ability to share concerns with family and friends like usual, positive prediction about COVID-19, and daily exercise were related to fewer psychological symptoms in both assessments (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at the worldwide level on the mental health of internet users and elucidates prominent associations with their demographics, history of psychiatric disease risk factors, household conditions, certain personality traits, and attitudes toward COVID-19.

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PURPOSE: To systematically review the available evidence on screening tools to detect the psychological disturbance in patients with tooth loss and technically successful removable dentures (partial and complete). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study protocol was registered with the National Institute of Health Research Database (I.D. CRD42017082125). The PICOS tool (patients, intervention, control, outcomes measure, and study design) was used to formulate an effective search strategy. Participants were adults (≥ 18), who were edentulous or had significant tooth loss (< 9 remaining teeth). The intervention included undergoing replacement with technically successful dentures (partial or complete). A control group of adults were either edentulous or had significant tooth loss and without dentures. Outcomes included assessing psychological disturbance due to treatment with dentures or due to no treatment using a validated tool. A structured search strategy was used to complete a standard systematic search of the electronic database without any date limit and/or language restriction. Only quantitative studies using a validated measuring tool to screen for psychological distress in adults with significant tooth loss were included. Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias in the included studies. Data homogeneity was assessed in regards to the screening tools to measure psychological disturbance following the management of tooth loss with dentures. The significant level was set at 0.05, using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 (SPSS Inc., New York, NY). The psychometric properties and the validation processes of the screening tools were assessed. RESULTS: From the original 3510 studies identified, only eight studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. All eight studies used the same questionnaire to screen for the emotional distress of tooth loss. In addition, one study also used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to screen for the association of depression with tooth loss. Six studies suggested that a significant number of patients have difficulties in accepting tooth loss, were less confident, and had emotional distress related to tooth loss. However, two studies reported no significant link. All studies found a marked impact on functional activities and social interaction. However, four studies had a potentially biased selection process, and the questionnaire used was assessed to be at high-risk of measurement bias, as the development and validation process was not clear. There was also a lack of well-defined control groups in all studies. CONCLUSION: Tooth loss could cause psychological disturbance in some patients. To date, there is a lack of available tools that are suitable to screen and measure psychological disturbance in patients with tooth loss. Additional research is required to develop tools to identify and measure such impact and to recommend suitable interventions when needed.

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Objectives: To ascertain factors associated with worsening of psychiatric conditions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This study anonymously examined 2,734 psychiatric patients worldwide for worsening of their preexisting psychiatric conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. An independent clinical investigation of 318 psychiatric patients from United States was used for verification. Results: Valid responses mainly from 12 featured countries indicated self-reported worsening of psychiatric conditions in two-thirds of the patients assessed that was through their significantly higher scores on scales for general psychological disturbance, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Female gender, feeling no control of the situation, reporting dissatisfaction with the response of the state during the COVID-19 pandemic, and reduced interaction with family and friends increased the worsening of preexisting psychiatric conditions, whereas optimism, ability to share concerns with family and friends, and using social media like usual were associated with less worsening. An independent clinical investigation from the United States confirmed worsening of psychiatric conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic based on identification of new symptoms that necessitated clinical interventions such as dose adjustment or starting new medications in more than half of the patients. Conclusions: More than half of the patients are experiencing worsening of their psychiatric conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The current study examined psychopathology and neuropsychological test performance in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) patient sample. Previous research has found that the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Second Edition (MMPI-2) indices of psychological disturbance were related to specific neuropsychological tests of attention and memory. Furthermore, higher scores on clinical scale 2 (Depression) and higher scores on the content scales of Fears and Bizarre Mentation of the MMPI-2 were related to poorer performance in, most notably, Attention and List Learning factors. The present study sought to extend the research by adding a neuropsychological measure of conceptual reasoning. A sample of 116 TBI patients referred for evaluation at a private practice clinic were administered a battery of neuropsychological measures of list learning, working memory, verbal memory, visuographic memory, and conceptual reasoning, as well as the MMPI-2 to assess emotional functioning. Regression analysis indicated that an overall model of MMPI-2 indices significantly predicted poorer performance on List Learning. More specifically, higher scores on the content scales of Obsessions and Fears were most robustly associated with poorer neuropsychological test performance for List Learning and Working Memory respectively. Findings suggest psychopathology is correlated with performance on neuropsychological measures for TBI patients.

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INTRODUCTION: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a safe and effective therapy for patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). It is used in patients who have exhausted conservative and first line therapeutic options. The selection of eligible candidates could predict a successful therapeutic outcome. Although many factors have been identified, psychological/psychiatric disturbances are neither well understood nor are routinely evaluated prior to implantation. CASE REPORTS: We report three cases where identified psychological/psychiatric disturbances post-implantation could have influenced explantation in an otherwise successful implantation of SNM device assessed both subjectively and objectively. The device had to be explanted in two of the three. One more patient has requested but has not-yet undergone explantation and is receiving treatment for severe depression. One of the explanted cases has successfully undergone re-implantation after successful treatment of her diagnosed psychological condition, while the other's request for re-implantation has not yet been fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological/psychiatric disturbance have possibly affected the treatment outcome and explantation of SNM in our patients despite a high success in resolution of the urinary symptoms. Addressing such disturbances when determining patient eligibility for SNM therapy could reduce the explantation rate after a successful therapeutic response, and is an interesting point of interest for future research into predictors of successful SNM implantation and therapy.

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PURPOSE: The Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire-Scoliosis (BIDQ-S) is a seven-item questionnaire inquiring into patients' worries about back shape and associated problems at school, at work, with friends or family, and whether the patients are avoiding certain activities. The aim of this study was to translate the BIDQ-S into German (G-BIDQ-S), test its reliability, and establish its convergent, divergent, concurrent, and discriminant validity. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 259 patients with idiopathic scoliosis (mean age 30.2; 221 female; mean Cobb angle 43.8°) completed the G-BIDQ-S; Scoliosis Research Society 22-r (SRS 22-r); Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9); Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); Questionnaire on Body Dysmorphic Symptoms (FKS); and WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Healthy control individuals matched by age, sex and BMI (n = 149; mean age 36.1; 133 female; BMI = 23.0) answered the same questions to establish discriminant validity. Discriminant statistics, and Pearson and Spearman correlations were calculated. RESULTS: The G-BIDQ-S proved to be one-factorial, internally consistent (Cronbach alpha = 0.87), and stable over time (total score 2.22 vs. 2.21 during retest; retest reliability r = 0.79, P < 0.001). It correlated significantly with the mean SRS 22-r (r = -0.72, P < 0.001) and with Cobb angles (r = 0.30, P < 0.001)-convergent validity; much less with body mass index (r = 0.19, P < 0.001)-divergent validity; and with the PANAS (r = 0.55, P < 0.001), PHQ-9 (r = 0.53, P < 0.001), FKS (r = 0.67, P < 0.001), and WHO-5 (r = -0.54, P < 0.001)-concurrent validity. The G-BIDQ-S also showed discriminant validity, with a strong difference between the scoliosis group (total score 2.19) and the control group (total score 1.13; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The G-BIDQ-S showed good internal consistency, reliability, and convergent, divergent, concurrent, and discriminant validity. This questionnaire is the first one inquiring into patients' body image disturbances that has been validated and is available in German.

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INTRODUCTION: This article aims to discover which variables influence the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with burn injuries. It will also consider whether it is possible to predict which burns patients will develop PTSD. BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder is an important psychopathology for burned patients as it can affect both physical outcomes and quality of life for those affected. Research states that PTSD may be identified in up to 30% of burns patients, making it relatively common. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out using four databases. Eleven articles were identified from these searches, and were then analysed thematically to draw out common ideas. RESULTS: Gender, extraversion and neuroticism, attribution of blame, capacity for forgiveness, the event as a disaster or non-disaster, alcohol consumption and peri-traumatic emotional response were all found to influence burns patients' risk of developing PTSD. CONCLUSION: While it is possible to identify the factors that put burns patients are greater risk of developing PTSD, it is not possible to accurately predict who will go on to develop PTSD due to the interplay between variables and individual differences. Focus should instead be on screening for PTSD and timely recognition of intrusive symptoms.

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Women with breast cancer often experience weight gain during and after treatment, significantly increasing risk for recurrence as well as all-cause mortality. Based on a growing body of evidence, meditative movement practices may be effective for weight management. First, we describe the effects of stress on factors associated with weight gain for breast cancer survivors. Then, a model is proposed that utilizes existing evidence to suggest how meditative movement supports behavioral, psychological, and neurohormonal changes that may explain weight loss. Application of the model suggests how a novel "mindful-body-wisdom" approach may work to help reduce weight for this at-risk group.

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OBJECTIVE: Sandstorms are metrological events and frequently occur in many regions throughout the world. Sandstorms are a main source of long-distance transport of dust, air pollution and cause various health problems. This study aimed to investigate the acute respiratory and general health complaints in subjects exposed to sandstorm at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: The present descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during the period March 2011- June 2012. We selected 517 (308 males, 59.58%) and (209 females, 40.42%), apparently healthy volunteers with mean age 28.6± 3.14 years, who had single outside exposure to sandstorm for the period of 24±2.68 minutes. The acute respiratory and general health complaints were recorded through a comprehensive questionnaire. RESULTS: A large proportion of the subjects who were exposed to sandstorm had complaints of cough 247 (47.77%), runny nose 264(51.06%), wheeze 173(33.46%), acute asthmatic attack 108 (20.88%), eye irritation / redness 252(48.74%), headache 179 (34.62%), body ache 199 (38.5%), sleep disturbance 157(30.36%) and psychological disturbances 194 (37.52%). CONCLUSION: Exposure to sandstorm causes cough, runny nose, wheeze, acute asthmatic attack, eye irritation / redness, headache, body ache, sleep and psychological disturbances. These results indicate that sandstorm is a prolific source of respiratory and general ailments. It is therefore, suggested that an unnecessary exposure to sandstorm must be avoided.

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Objective To study the correlation between the changes of serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) level and psychological statuses in patients with cerebral concussion.Methods Forty patients with cerebral concussion,admitted to our hospital from January 2012 to December 2012,were chosen in our study as experimental group,and other 40 healthy controls performed physical examination in our Physical Examination Center at the same period were chosen.The serum NSE level in the two groups was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) scale was performed in 40 patients at different times after injury,and these data were compared with those from the national norm; the correlation between the changes of serum NSE level and SCL-90 scores was analyzed.Results The serum NSE level in the experimental group 1 d after the injury was obviously higher than that in the control group (P＜0.05); 3 and 7 d after the injury,the serum NSE level in the experimental group was close to normal level,which showed no significant differece as compared with that in the control group (P＞0.05).The SCL-90 scores in the experiemtal group 1,3 and 7 d after injury was signficantly higher than that of the national norm (P＜0.05).Positive corelation was noted between serum NSE level and SCL-90 scores 1 and 3 d after injury (r=0.498,P=0.001; r=0.418,P=0.007);however,negative corelation was noted btween the two 7 d after injury (r=0.213,P=0.186).Conclusion Different corelation can be noted between serum NSE level and SCL-90 scores at different time points;combined application of serum NSE level and SCL-90 scores can promote the diagnosis and treatment of patients with brain concussion.

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Objective To investigate the psychological status of patients with brain concussion. Methods A total of 186 patients with brain concussion were evaluated using Symptom Check-List 90 (SCL-90) and the scores were compared with the norms. Results The general scores (137.71±39.48), total mean scores (1.53±0.44) and positive object number (32.90±19.41) of SCL-90, as well as the factor scores ofsomatization(1.57±0.52), compulsion(1.79±0.50), anxiety disorder(1.50±0.49), hostility(1.63± 0.57), phobic anxiety(1.57±0.51), paranoid ideation(1.62±0.51) and psychoticism ( 1.49±0.43) in the patients with brain concussion were all higher than the normal ones (129.96±38.76, 1.44±0.43, 24.92± 18.41, 1.37±0.48, 1.62±0.58, 1.39±0.43, 1.48±0.56, 1.23±0.41, 1.43±0.57, 1.29±0.42, respectively)(P< 0.05). The scores of interpersonal sensitivity (1.67±0.54) were also significantly higher than that of normal (P>0.05). Conclusion Brain concussion may lead to psychological disturbance, for which early interventions should be administered.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical features in general and possible complications in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) which could be used for comprehensive rehabilitation management. METHOD: One hundred and seventy-two patients with DMD were followed over 3 year period to provide clinical profile causing impairment and disability. We measured height, weight and manual muscle testing (MMT) when the patients visited the hospital. And we could measure pulmonary function, electrocardiogram (EKG), and intelligence quotient (IQ) test in cooporative patients. RESULTS: The median height and weight of DMD boys were normally distributed before age 12, but during the second decade height was markedly reduced, and weight was no longer normally distributed. The MMT measurement showed loss of strength in a fairly linear fashion according to increasing age, and extensor of lower extremities were weaker than flexors showing typical contractures of legs. There was a direct relationship between pulmonary function and MMT scores of upper extremities. There was a high occurrence (40%) of abnormal EKG, but none of the patients had a history of cardiovascular complication. DMD children suffered wide spectrum of psychological disturbance such as somatic complaints, attention and emotional problems in addition to expected psychological problems due to chronic disease and its progression, and 50.9% of them were below average on the IQ test. CONCLUSION: These data on DMD subjects provide clinicians with useful information regarding the prevalence and severity of measurable impairment at different stages of the disease.

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The present paper reports the findings of a study of scholastic backwardness among five to eight year old school going children. 1535 children were screened by their class teachers, of which 10.23% were found to have scholastic backwardness. No gender differences were noticed. The rates of specific difficulties such as reading, writing and arithmetic were found to be 4.69%, 5.15% and 15.96% respectively. About 26% of the scholastically backward children were also found to have psychological disturbance. In addition, they most often came from families which could not afford basic amenities, had fathers with alcohol dependence, inconsistent disciplining and poor parental interaction. They also had more frequent school changes, tution attendence and fewer hobbies compared to the scholastically superior children.