RESUMEN

Resumen El cáncer de próstata es una enfermedad prevalente, generadora de gran morbimortalidad y reportada como la quinta causa de muerte a nivel mundial. Según las estimaciones de GLOBOCAN (Global Cancer Observatory por sus siglas en inglés) para el año 2018 se reportaron 1 276 106 casos nuevos a nivel mundial. Recientemente, surgen los microARN como una posible estrategia futura como biomarcadores, tanto para el diagnóstico como para el tratamiento de la enfermedad. Los microARN son pequeñas moléculas de ARN que cumplen un papel en la regulación de la expresión génica, por lo que la expresión variable de estas moléculas tiene una función importante en la patogénesis del cáncer de próstata. La revisión de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos permitió evidenciar su papel en la patogénesis del cáncer de próstata. Se sugiere que la expresión diferencial de estas moléculas biológicas podría ser de utilidad en la práctica clínica. En Colombia se encuentra en investigación su utilidad en diferentes enfermedades, por lo cual esta revisión de tema podría contribuir a futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Prostate cancer is a prevalent disease, with great morbidity and mortality, reported as the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. According to estimates for 2018 by GLOBOCAN (Global Cancer Observatory), 1 276 106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide. Identifying methods that allow an early diagnosis and treatment of the disease is necessary. MicroRNA are a possible future strategy as biomarkers for prostate cancer. These are small RNA molecules, in charge of regulating genetic expression. Their differential expression is relevant in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Currently, literature suggests the differential expression of these biological molecules could be a tool in prostate cancer, with clinical utility. In Colombia new research related to microRNA and prostate cancer is being conducted, which justifies the pertinence of this literature review and the contribution it can have on future research.

RESUMEN

Prostate cancer in black men of African descent has a different tumour biology compared to those of other races. Its clinical manifestations depict a more aggressive disease with higher morbidity and mortality. This study proposes, through a literature search, identifying applied laboratory and clinical research in prostate cancer directed to improve outcomes and decrease global disparities of prostate cancer in black men of African descent. This review identified five categories pertinent for research: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for early detection and screening, the potential of epigenetics, cultural determinants and health-seeking behaviours, other biomarkers for prostate cancers, and the economics of treating advanced prostate cancer. The analysis revealed that in developed countries, men of African descent are underrepresented in the sampling pools in both laboratory and clinical research, and thus the applicability and relevance of these results to men of African descent are circumspect. However, developing countries with high populations of black males have limited laboratory and clinical research publications. This is due to limited funding to support research programmes and basic clinical services for early detection and treatment. The study concludes that for the involvement of developing countries in bench research, they should do it in collaboration, like fostering partnerships with credible academic-based institutions and organisations. This requires a realm of transparency, respect, protection of the rights and dignity of the patients, and an equity in participation and sharing of the benefits to be accrued. The current transatlantic and Caribbean collaborations in research, education, and health service delivery in prostate cancer care for men of African descent exemplify the successes of such partnerships.