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BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality globally. The role of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in pediatric COVID-19 patients remains unclear. METHODS: We isolated EVs from healthy controls (n = 13) and pediatric COVID-19 patients (n = 104) with varying severity during acute and convalescent phases using serial ultracentrifugation. EV effects on healthy PBMCs, naïve CD4+ T cells, and monocytes were assessed through in vitro assays, flow cytometry, and ELISA. RESULTS: Our findings indicate that COVID-19 severity correlates with diverse immune responses. Severe acute cases exhibited increased cytokine levels, decreased IFNγ levels, and lower CD4+ T cell and monocyte counts, suggesting immunosuppression. EVs from severe acute patients stimulated healthy cells to express higher PDL1, increased Th2 and Treg cells, reduced IFNγ secretion, and altered Th1/Th17 ratios. Patient-derived EVs significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes (p < .001 for mild, p = .0025 for severe cases) and decreased CD4+ T cell (p = .043) and monocyte (p = .033) populations in stimulated healthy PBMCs. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the complex relationship between immunological responses and EV-mediated effects, emphasizing the impact of COVID-19 severity. We highlight the potential role of plasma-derived EVs in early-stage immunosuppression in severe COVID-19 patients.

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Background: Currently, chemotherapy plus immunotherapy followed by maintenance therapy with immune monotherapy is the preferred first-line treatment option for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), but with limited overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) benefits. The combination of anti-angiogenic drugs with immunotherapy has shown encouraging anti-tumor activity and tolerability, with some degree of overcoming immune resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of anlotinib plus anti-programmed cell death 1/ligand 1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) antibodies as maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy in ES-SCLC. Methods: Between June 2020 and December 2021, 12 patients with newly diagnosed ES-SCLC in the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. All patients without disease progression after 4-6 cycles of first-line platinum-containing chemotherapy plus anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies received anlotinib (12 mg oral/day, days 1-14, followed by 1 week off, every 3 weeks per cycle) plus anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies as maintenance therapy. Several patients underwent chest radiotherapy (intensity-modulated radiotherapy using a 6 MV X-ray) without disease progression before maintenance therapy. The effectiveness and safety of anlotinib plus anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies as maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy in ES-SCLC were evaluated. Results: The median follow-up time was 31.1 months. During first-line treatment (including maintenance therapy), one patient achieved a complete response, eight patients achieved a partial response (PR), and three patients had stable disease, with an objective response rate of 75.0% and a disease control rate of 100.0%. During maintenance therapy with anlotinib plus anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, 50.0% of patients achieved further lesion remission on the basis of the prior initial treatment, of which one patient achieved a PR. The median PFS was 13.6 [95% confidence interval (CI): 11.2-15.6] months, and the median OS was 19.5 (95% CI: 14.5-24.5) months. Treatment-related any grade and grade 3-4 adverse events (AEs) were reported in 100.0% and 58.3% of patients, respectively. No life-threatening AEs were observed. Grade 3-4 AEs included leukocytopenia (58.3%, 7/12), thrombocytopenia (33.3%, 4/12), nausea (33.3%, 4/12), anemia (16.7%, 2/12), and fatigue (8.3%, 1/12). All AEs during maintenance therapy were tolerated and were regarded as grade 1-2, with the majority being fatigue, nausea, rash, and hemoptysis. Conclusions: The combination of anlotinib with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies demonstrated encouraging effectiveness and safety in treating patients with ES-SCLC, suggesting that it may be a preferred option for maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy.

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We examined the association between texture features using three-dimensional (3D) io-dine density histogram on delayed phase of dual-energy CT (DECT) and expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) using immunostaining methods in non-small cell lung cancer. Consecutive 37 patients were scanned by DECT. Unenhanced and enhanced (3 min delay) images were obtained. 3D texture analysis was performed for each nodule to obtain 7 features (max, min, median, mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) from iodine density mapping and extracellular volume (ECV). A pathologist evaluated a tumor proportion score (TPS, %) using PD-L1 immunostaining: PD-L1 high (TPS ≥ 50%) and low or negative expression (TPS < 50%). Associations between PD-L1 expression and each 8 parameter were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that skewness and ECV were independent indicators associated with high PD-L1 expression (skewness: odds ratio [OR] 7.1 [95% CI 1.1, 45.6], p = 0.039; ECV: OR 6.6 [95% CI 1.1, 38.4], p = 0.037). In the receiver-operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve of the combination of skewness and ECV was 0.83 (95% CI 0.67, 0.93) with sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 96%. Skewness from 3D iodine density histogram and ECV on dual energy CT were significant factors for predicting PD-L1 expression.

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INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal varices rupture is considered to be prone to occur during atezolizumab and bevacizumab (Atez/Bev) treatment. This study aimed to investigate predictive factors affecting the increase in spleen volume (SpV) and the association of SpV variation with the clinical outcomes of Atez/Bev. METHODS: A total of 164 HCC patients were included in this retrospective multicenter study. We measured SpV based on CT scans obtained before treatment and at evaluations. We used the inverse probability of treatment weight to address the imbalance between patient characteristics. RESULTS: The median pretreatment SpV was 184 (130-257) cm3 and the median SpV variation was 27 (9-60) cm3. An increase in the SpV was observed in 140 patients (85.4%). Age <74 years (p = 0.03), mALBI grade 2b or 3 (p = 0.03), and pretreatment SpV ≥184 cm3 (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with increased SpV. There were no significant differences in progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) between patients with SpV variation <25 cm3 and those with SpV variation ≥25 cm3 in the crude (p = 0.3 and 0.7) and IPTW-weighted cohorts (p = 0.08 and 0.8, respectively). Regarding pretreatment SpV, there were no significant differences in PFS or OS between patients with and without pretreatment spleen enlargement in the crude (both p = 0.3) and IPTW-weighted cohort (p = 0.6 and 0.3, respectively). CONCLUSION: Caution is warranted to detect the aggravation of portal hypertension when administering Atez/Bev to young patients or patients with an impaired liver function or pretreatment spleen enlargement. The impact of spleen modulation by Atez/Bev appears to be limited on clinical efficacy.

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Polyomaviruses are a group of small, double-stranded DNA viruses that are known to be associated with the development of certain human diseases, but there is evidence that these viruses might be associated with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Several polyomaviruses have been identified, such as JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and recently Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Although the direct effects of polyomaviruses on transformation of human cells and cancer development are not clearly recognized, their association with certain human diseases including GI cancers has been proposed through several molecular and epidemiological studies. For example, JCPyV and BKPyV have been linked to colorectal cancer, as there is growing evidence of finding viral genomes in cancerous tissues. Nevertheless, the major role of JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV in colorectal cancer progression is still under extensive investigation, and further surveys is required to establish a conclusive cause-and-effect relationship. Understanding the role of these viruses in cancer development has significant implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. It seems that proving a causal link between polyomaviruses and GI cancers might provide a novel path for targeted therapies or design and development of specific therapeutic vaccines. In addition, performing research on the possible link can provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, potentially leading to the identification of novel biomarkers. This review focuses on polyomaviruses, in particular a recently discovered polyomavirus, MCPyV, and their possible link with human gastrointestinal disorders.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the immunohistochemical expression of Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 and intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte count in primary breast cancer cases, and to ascertain their association with different clinicopathological parameters. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital, Karachi, from January 2020 to December 2021, and comprised patients of breast cancer regardless of age. Representative tissue blocks, both prospective and from the 2019 institutional archives, were exposed to immunohistochemical staining with Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 and intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte antibodies. Pathological and clinical records were used for assessing clinicopathological parameters. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. RESULTS: Of the 70 women with mean age 52.04±12.54 years, 30(42.9%) expressed high Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 positivity, and 55(78.6%) revealed low intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte count, while 23 (32.9%), had both Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 high positivity and low intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte count. The association between Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 and intratumoural cluster of differentiation- 8-positive T lymphocytes was not significant (p=0.813). A strong significant association was observed between Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 expression and progesterone receptor negative status (p=0.008). No significant association was observed with any other clinicopathological parameter. CONCLUSIONS: Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 high positivity and low intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte count were together observed in one-third of the breast cancer cases. A strong significant association existed between Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 high positivity and progesterone receptor negative status.

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OBJECTIVE: Combing PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors with natural products has exhibited better efficacy than monotherapy. Hence, the purpose of this research was to examine the anti-cancer effects of brusatol, a natural quassinoid-terpenoid derived from Brucea javanica, when used in conjunction with an anti-mouse-PD-1 antibody in a murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) model and elucidate underlying mechanisms. DESIGN: A murine HNSCC model and an SCC-15 cell xenograft nude mouse model were established to investigate the anti-cancer effects of brusatol and anti-PD-1 antibody. Mechanistic studies were performed using immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation, migration, colony formation, and invasion were evaluated by MTT, migration, colony formation, and transwell invasion assays. PD-L1 levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells were assessed through qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and western blotting assays. The impact of brusatol on Jurkat T cell function was assessed by an OSCC/Jurkat co-culture assay. RESULTS: Brusatol improved tumor suppression by anti-PD-1 antibody in HNSCC mouse models. Mechanistic studies revealed brusatol inhibited tumor cell growth and angiogenesis, induced apoptosis, increased T lymphocyte infiltration, and reduced PD-L1 expression in tumors. Furthermore, in vitro assays confirmed brusatol inhibited PD-L1 expression in OSCC cells and suppressed cell migration, colony formation, and invasion. Co-culture assays indicated that brusatol's PD-L1 inhibition enhanced Jurkat T cell-mediated OSCC cell death and reversed the inhibitory effect induced by OSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS: Brusatol improves anti-PD-1 antibody efficacy by targeting PD-L1, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.

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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and represents a substantial disease burden worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy are the standard first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC without driver mutations. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is currently the only approved immunotherapy marker. PD-L1 detection methods are diverse and have developed rapidly in recent years, such as improved immunohistochemical detection methods, the application of liquid biopsy in PD-L1 detection, genetic testing, radionuclide imaging, and the use of machine learning methods to construct PD-L1 prediction models. This review focuses on the detection methods and challenges of PD-L1 from different sources, and discusses the influencing factors of PD-L1 detection and the value of combined biomarkers. Provide support for clinical screening of immunotherapy-advantage groups and formulation of personalized treatment decisions.

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Background: Labeled antibodies are excellent imaging agents in oncology to non-invasively visualize cancer-related antigens expression levels. However, tumor tracer uptake (TTU) of specific antibodies in-vivo may be inferior to non-specific IgG in some cases. Objectives: To explore factors affecting labeled antibody visualization by PD-L1 specific and non-specific imaging of nude mouse tumors. Methods: TTU was observed in RKO model on Cerenkov luminescence (CL) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of radionuclide 131I or NIRF dyes labeled Atezolizumab and IgG. A mixture of NIRF dyes labeled Atezolizumab and 131I-labeled IgG was injected, and TTU was observed in the RKO and HCT8 model by NIRF/CL dual-modality in-situ imaging. TTU were observed by 131I-labeled Atezolizumab and IgG in-vitro distribution. Results: Labeled IgG concentrated more in tumors than Atezolizumab. NIRF/CL imaging in 24 to 168 h showed that TTU gradually decreased over time, which decreased more slowly on CL imaging compared to NIRF imaging. The distribution data in-vitro showed that TTU of 131I-labeled IgG was higher than that of 131I-labeled Atezolizumab at any time point. Conclusion: Non-specific IgG may not be suitable as a control for Atezolizumab in comparing tumor PD-L1 expression in nude mice via labeled antibody optical imaging under certain circumstances.

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The PD-1/PD-L1 axis is a complex signaling pathway that has an important role in the immune system cells. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) acts as an immune checkpoint on the T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK), macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and myeloid cells. Its ligand, the programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1), is expressed in the surface of the antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The binding of both promotes the downregulation of the T cell response to ensure the activation to prevent the onset of chronic immune inflammation. This axis in the tumor microenvironment (TME) performs a crucial role in the tumor progression and the escape of the tumor by neutralizing the immune system, the engagement of PD-L1 with PD-1 in the T cell causes dysfunctions, neutralization, and exhaustion, providing the tumor mass production. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of the PD-1/PD-L1 system in immune function, cancer, and the potential therapeutic implications of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway for cancer management.

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For practical reasons, in many studies PD-L1 expression is measured by combined positive score (CPS) from a single tumor sample. This does not reflect the heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We investigated the extent and relevance of PD-L1 expression heterogeneity in HNSCC analyzing primary tumors and recurrences (LRs), as well as metastases. Tumor tissue from 200 HNSCC patients was immunohistochemically stained for PD-L1 and analyzed using image-analysis software QuPath v3.4 with multiple specimens per patient. CPS was ≥20 in 25.6% of primary tumors. Intra-tumoral heterogeneity led to a therapeutically relevant underestimation of PD-L1 expression in 28.7% of patients, when only one specimen per patient was analyzed. Inter-tumoral differences in PD-L1 expression between primary tumors and lymph node metastasis (LNM) or LR occurred in 44.4% and 61.5% (CPS) and in 40.6% and 50% of cases (TPS). Overall survival was increased in patients with CPS ≥ 1 vs. CPS < 1 in primary tumors and LNM (hazard ratio: 0.46 and 0.35; p < 0.005); CPS in LR was not prognostic. Our analysis shows clinically relevant intra- and inter-sample heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in HNSCC. To account for heterogeneity and improve patient selection for immunotherapy, multiple sample analyses should be performed, particularly in patients with CPS/TPS < 1.

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INTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy has shown encouraging outcomes in breast cancer (BC) treatment in recent years. The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) transmembrane protein is suggested to function as a co-inhibitory factor in the immune response, where it collaborates with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) to stimulate apoptosis, suppress cytokine release from PD-1 positive cells, and limit the growth of PD-1 positive cells. Furthermore, in many malignancies, PD-L1 reduces the immune system's response to neoplastic cells. These observations suggest that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis plays a vital role in cancer therapy and the regulation of cancer immune escape mechanisms. This review aimed to provide an overview of the functions of PD-1 and PD-L1 in BC cancer therapy. METHODS: This research design is a literature review. The style is a traditional review on topics or variables relating to the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. A literature search was carried out using three online databases. RESULTS: The search using the keywords yielded a total of 248 studies. Each result was filtered again according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in a final total of 4 studies to be included in the literature review. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 is essential for many malignancies. According to the evidence presented, this combination presents both an opportunity and a challenge in cancer treatment. Since many solid cancers, especially BC, express high levels of PD-1/PD-L1, cancer treatment mainly involves targeted therapies.

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BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising interventional treatment approach that contributes to antitumor immunity. It has been reported that PDT can enhance the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but its mechanism is yet unclear. Herein, we implemented bioinformatics analysis to detect common pathways and potential biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), PDT, and NSCLC immunotherapy to investigate potential links between PDT, immunotherapy and NSCLC, and their clinical impact. METHODS: Differentially expressed genes in NSCLC- and NSCLC immunotherapy-related data in the GEO database were intersected with PDT-related genes in the GeneCards database to obtain candidate genes and shared pathways. Enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction were established to identify key genes in functionally enriched pathways. The expression profiles and the prognostic significance of key genes were depicted. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analysis showed that HIF-1α was screened as a prognostic gene in hypoxia, HIF-1, and PD-L1-related signaling pathways, which was associated with clinical response in NSCLC patients after PDT and immunotherapy. In vivo experiments showed that PDT could inhibit tumor growth and upregulate HIF-1α and PD-L1 expressions in NSCLC tissues with a positive correlation, which might influence the blocking activity of ICIs on the HIF-1, and PD-L1-related signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: PDT might improve the clinical response of ICIs by upregulating tumor HIF-1α and PD-L1 expressions in NSCLC.

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies, are significantly changing treatment strategies for human malignant diseases, including oral cancer. Cancer cells usually escape from the immune system and acquire proliferative capacity and invasive/metastatic potential. We have focused on the two immune checkpoints, PD-1/PD-L1 and CD47/SIRPα, in the tumor microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), performed a retrospective analysis of the expression of seven immune-related factors (PD-L1, PD-1, CD4, CD8, CD47, CD56 and CD11c), and examined their correlation with clinicopathological status. As a result, there were no significant findings relating to seven immune-related factors and several clinicopathological statuses. However, the immune checkpoint-related factors (PD-1, PD-L1, CD47) were highly expressed in non-keratinized epithelium-originated tumors when compared to those in keratinized epithelium-originated tumors. It is of interest that immunoediting via immune checkpoint-related factors was facilitated in non-keratinized sites. Several researchers reported that the keratinization of oral mucosal epithelia affected the immune response, but our present finding is the first study to show a difference in tumor immunity in the originating epithelium of OSCC, keratinized or non-keratinized. Tumor immunity, an immune escape status of OSCC, might be different in the originating epithelium, keratinized or non-keratinized.

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Background: Protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy have become an important treatment approach for patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but primary or secondary resistance remains a challenge for some patients. PD-1/PD-L1 combined with anti-angiogenic drugs (AAs) in NSCLC patients have potential synergistic effects, and the survival benefit may vary based on a treatment order. To investigate the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 combined with AAs as the treatment for patients with advanced NSCLC. Materials and Methods: We comprehensively searched EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang databases from January 2017 to September 2022. The Cochrane risk bias tool evaluated the quality of included randomized clinical trials. Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale score was used to evaluate the quality of retrospective studies. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plot, Begg's test, and Egger's test. Results: Seventeen articles were finally selected, involving 5182 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that PD1/PD-L1 combined with AAs therapy significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-0.75, P < 0.00001), overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.71-0.88, P < 0.00001), and objective response rate (ORR) (risk ratio = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81-0.96, P = 0.004), with the statistically significant difference. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of the PFS, ORR, and OS. Conclusion: The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with AAs in treating advanced patients has exhibited notable therapeutic advantages when contrasted with monotherapy. Specifically, the administration of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in conjunction with AAs, or sequential treatment involving PD-1/PD-L1 followed by AAs, has shown enhanced therapeutic efficacy in this patient population.

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Background: Despite recent progresses in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), a lack of understanding regarding the systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) and local tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) makes it difficult to accurately predict clinical outcomes and identify potential beneficiaries from ICB therapy. Methods: We enrolled 191 patients with stage I-III SCLC and comprehensively evaluated the prognostic role of STIE by several quantitative measurements, and further integrate it with a local immune score system (LISS) established by eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) machine learning algorithm. We also test the value of STIE in beneficiary selection in our independent advanced SCLC cohort receiving programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy. Results: Among several systemic immune markers, the STIE as assessed by prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was correlated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), and remained as an independent prognostic factor for SCLC patients [hazard ratio (HR): 0.473, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.241-0.929, P=0.030]. Higher PNI score was closely associated with inflamed SCLC molecular subtype and local tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We further constructed a LISS which combined top three important local immune biomarkers (CD8+ T-cell count, PD-L1 expression on CD8+ T-cell and CD4+ T-cell count) and integrated it with the PNI score. The final integrated immune risk system was an independent prognostic factor and achieved better predictive performance than Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stages and single immune biomarker. Furthermore, PNI-high extensive-stage SCLC patients achieved better clinical response and longer progression-free survival (PFS) (11.8 vs. 5.9 months, P=0.012) from PD-L1 blockade therapy. Conclusions: This study provides a method to investigate the prognostic value of overall immune status by combining the PNI with local immune biomarkers in SCLC. The promising clinical application of PNI in efficacy prediction and beneficiary selection for SCLC immunotherapy is also highlighted.

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Xenotransplantation offers a promising alternative to circumvent the lack of donated human organs available for transplantation. Different attempts to improve the survival of xenografts led to the generation of transgenic pigs expressing various combinations of human protective genes or knocked out for specific antigens. Currently, testing the efficiency of porcine organs carrying different genetic modifications in preventing xenogeneic immune responses completely relies on in vitro assays, humanized mouse models, or non-human primate transplantation models. However, these tests are often associated with major concerns due to reproducibility and generation of insufficient data as well as they raise ethical, logistical, and economic issues. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of specifically assessing the strength of human T-cell responses towards the kidneys of wild-type (WT) or transgenic pigs overexpressing human programmed death-1 ligand 1 (hPD-L1) during ex vivo kidney perfusion (EVKP). Human T cells were shown to adhere to the endothelium and transmigrate into WT and hPD-L1 kidneys. However, transcript levels of TNF-a and IFN-y as well as cytotoxic molecules such as granzyme B and perforin secreted by human T cells were significantly decreased in the tissue of hPD-L1 kidneys in comparison to WT kidneys. These results were confirmed via in vitro assays using renal endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from WT and hPD-L1 transgenic pigs. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed significantly lower proliferation rates after exposure to hPD-L1 porcine renal ECs in comparison to WT ECs. In addition, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly reduced in cultures using hPD-L1 ECs in comparison to WT ECs. Remarkably, hPD-L1 EC survival was significantly increased in cytotoxic assays. This study demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating the human response of specific immune subsets such as human T cells towards the whole xenograft during EVKP. This may represent a robust strategy to assess the potency of different genetic modifications to prevent xenogeneic immune responses and thereby predict the risk of immune rejection of new genetically engineered xenografts.

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Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) macroautophagy/autophagy is crucial in tumor development and may be a therapeutic target for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the role of CAF autophagy during immune surveillance and cancer immunotherapy is unclear. The present study revealed that the inhibition of CAF autophagy suppresses in vivo tumor development in immune-deficient xenografts. This deletion compromises anti-tumor immunity and anti-tumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo by upregulating CD274/PDL1 levels in an immune-competent mouse model. A block in CAF autophagy reduced the production of IL6 (interleukin 6), disrupting high desmoplastic TME and decreasing USP14 expression at the transcription level in pancreatic cancer cells. We further identify USP14 as the post-translational factor responsible for downregulating CD274 expression by removing K63 linked-ubiquitination at the K280 residue. Finally, chloroquine diphosphate-loaded mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-liposomes, by accurately targeting CAFs, inhibited CAF autophagy, improving the efficacy of immunochemotherapy to combat pancreatic cancer.Abbreviation: AIR: adaptive immune resistance; ATRA: all-trans-retinoicacid; CAF: cancer-associated fibroblast; CD274/PDL1: CD274 molecule; CM: conditioned medium; CQ: chloroquine diphosphate; CyTOF: Mass cytometry; FGF2/bFGF: fibroblast growth factor 2; ICB: immune checkpoint blockade; IF: immunofluorescence; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IP: immunoprecipitation; MS: mass spectrometer; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TILs: tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; TME: tumor microenvironment; USP14: ubiquitin specific peptidase 14.

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Programmed-cell-death 1 (PD-1) expression is associated not only with T-cell activation but with exhaustion. Specifically, PD-1+ T cells present an exhausted phenotype in conditions of chronic antigen exposure, such as tumor microenvironments and chronic viral infection. However, the immune status regarding exhaustion of PD-1+CD8+ T cells in chronic autoimmune diseases including idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the role of PD-1+CD8+ T cells and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) in IIMs. We showed that PD-1+ cells infiltrated into PD-L1-expressing muscles in patients with IIMs and immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myopathy. According to the peripheral blood immunophenotyping, the PD-1+CD8+ cell proportions were comparable between the active and inactive patients. Of note, PD-1+CD8+ cells in the active patients highly expressed cytolytic molecules, indicating their activation, while PD-1-CD8+ cells expressed low levels of cytolytic molecules in the active and inactive patients. A part of PD-1+CD8+ cells expressed the HMG-box transcription factor TOX highly and presented the exhausted phenotype in the active patients. Among PD-1+CD4+ T cells, PD-1highCXCR5-CD45RO+CD4+ peripheral helper T cells were increased in the active patients. PD-L1-deficient mice developed severer C-protein-induced myositis (CIM), a model of polymyositis, with abundant infiltration of PD-1+CD8+ cells expressing cytolytic molecules than wild-type mice, indicating pathogenicity of the PD-1+CD8+ cells and the protective role of PD-L1. The deficiency of IFNγ, a general PD-L1-inducer, impaired muscular PD-L1 expression and exacerbated CIM, indicating IFNγ-dependent muscular PD-L1 regulation. IFNγ-induced PD-L1 on myotubes was protective in an established muscle injury model. In conclusion, PD-1+CD8+ T cells rather than PD-1-CD8+ T cells were a pathogenic subset of IIMs. Muscular PD-L1 was regulated by IFNγ and exerted protective properties in IIMs.

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Purpose: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown significant oncological improvements in several cancers. However, ICIs are still in their infancy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been known as prognostic factors in HCC. Therefore, we have focused on identifying the molecular mechanisms between each marker to evaluate a predictive role. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were obtained from 166 patients with HCC who underwent surgery. The expression of PD-L1 and TILs and EMT marker were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Results: The multivariate analysis showed that TIL expression (hazard ratio [HR], 0.483; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.269-0.866; P = 0.015) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. The prognostic factors for disease-free survival were EMT marker expression (HR, 1.565; 95% CI, 1.019-2.403; P = 0.005). Patients with high expression of TILs had significantly better survival compared to patients with low expression (P = 0.023). Patients who were TIL+/EMT- showed a significantly better prognosis than those who were TIL-/EMT+ (P = 0.049). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that PD-L1 expression of TILs is closely associated with EMT marker expression in HCC. Clinical investigations using anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with EMT-associated PD-L1 upregulation are warranted.