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Recent proliferation of GPS technology has transformed animal movement research. Yet, time-series data from this recent technology rarely span beyond a decade, constraining longitudinal research. Long-term field sites hold valuable historic animal location records, including hand-drawn maps and semantic descriptions. Here, we introduce a generalised workflow for converting such records into reliable location data to estimate home ranges, using 30 years of sleep-site data from 11 white-faced capuchin (Cebus imitator) groups in Costa Rica. Our findings illustrate that historic sleep locations can reliably recover home range size and geometry. We showcase the opportunity our approach presents to resolve open questions that can only be addressed with very long-term data, examining how home ranges are affected by climate cycles and demographic change. We urge researchers to translate historical records into usable movement data before this knowledge is lost; it is essential to understanding how animals are responding to our changing world.

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PURPOSE: As a result of environmental imbalances of anthropogenic origin, the potential for transmission of parasites and viruses between different primates, including humans, might increase. Thus, parasitic studies have great relevance to primatology, which motivated us to conduct a literature review to synthesize the information available in American primates of the Callithrix genus. METHODS: We carried out the bibliographic search on the main groups of parasites (protozoa, helminths, arthropods, ectoparasites) and viruses found in Callithrix in Brazil in search platforms and consider all manuscript that appeared in search engines, published between the years 1910 and December 2022. In each selected article, the following information was recorded: the host species; parasite taxa; scientific classification of the parasite; host habitat (free-living, captive); diagnostic technique; state; and bibliographic reference. Data were tabulated and arranged in a parasite-host table. RESULTS: Some endemic genera, such as Callithrix, are widely distributed geographically across Brazil and have characteristics of adaptation to different habitats due to their flexibility in diet and behavior. These factors can make them subject to a greater diversity of parasites and viruses in the country. Here, we identified 68 parasitic taxa, belonging to the clades protozoa (n = 22), helminths (n = 34), ectoparasites (n = 7), and viruses (n = 5). Out of this total, 19 have zoonotic potential. Of the six existing marmoset species, Callithrix jacchus was the most frequent in studies, and Callithrix flaviceps did not have reports. All regions of the country had occurrences, mainly the Southeast, where 54% of the cases were reported. In 46% of the reported parasites and viruses, it was not possible to identify the corresponding species. CONCLUSION: We conclude that in part of the works the identification methods are not being specific, which makes it difficult to identify the species that affects Callithrix spp. Furthermore, the studies present geographic disparities, being concentrated in the southeast of the country, making it impossible to have a more uniform analysis of the findings. Thus, it is observed that information about parasites and viruses is incipient in the genus Callithrix in Brazil.

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Depictions of and references to apes (tailless hominoids) are very limited in early historical written accounts. The first known published representations of ape-like primates appear in Medieval European books during the first century following the invention of printing. Considering the current knowledge of ape iconography, this article examines an unusual image of a couple of ape-like creatures rendered in a European manuscript and explores the possible links of this challenging illustration with historical accounts and contexts during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. The studied manuscript is known as "BL Sloane MS 4016" and is a medieval herbal manuscript (Tratactus de Herbis) of Lombardian origin dated c. 1440. The illustration in question, which also appears in similar manuscripts, represents two primates. However, these representations differ significantly from those in the other manuscripts. The individuals have physical features that suggest attribution to chimpanzees. The location and the date of the manuscript in relation to the extended merchant and travel network between Europe and Africa during the late Medieval times and earlier Renaissance most likely indicate that free-living or traded chimpanzees or their images may have been the visual source for the illustration. The examination of early depictions and descriptions of apes helps us to understand how we, humans, have represented our own closest zoological relatives. In doing so, this study also provides a review of early ape iconography and historical accounts about African primates during the so-called Age of Discoveries.

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Purpose of Review: In Argentina, there are five non-human primate (NHP) species: Sapajus nigritus cucullatus, Sapajus cay, Alouatta caraya, Alouatta guariba clamitans, and Aotus azarae. All of them inhabit protected and non-protected areas and face severe threats due anthropization. We aim to summarize the information available about parasites and infectious diseases of these NHPs and suggest further research on primate diseases in Argentina. Recent Findings: NHPs of Argentina are hosts of several parasites and pathogens important for conservation as well as public health. Alouatta species are lethally susceptible to yellow fever virus, which makes them suitable health sentinels of possible outbreaks. For other primate species, few parasite surveys have been carried out. Summary: Assessing the presence of infectious diseases and long-term surveillance on NHP allow the development of strategies to help in the early detection of pathogens that may threat public health. Increasing the knowledge about parasites and infectious diseases and their consequences in NHP of Argentina is needed, considering a One Health approach.

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Increasing urbanisation is encroaching into natural habitats and sometimes forcing wildlife into urban centres. Whether or not wildlife can thrive in an urban environment is dependent on many factors, one of which is how the species is perceived by local people. This study focuses on the city of Pilar in south-west Paraguay, which is home to a population of urban-dwelling black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya). Using semi-structured interviews, we assessed peoples' attitudes towards the presence of howlers, whether they perceived the monkeys to cause problems in the city, what they believed were the biggest threats to the monkeys, and whether they felt that the presence of monkeys in the city was compatible with their way of life in the long term. Overall, we found that the majority of interviewees had positive attitudes towards the monkeys, believing that they brought benefits to the city and that they should be protected from potential risks in the urban environment. Our results provide the basis for collaborative, community-based development of management strategies for the long-term survival of these urban monkeys.

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O Brasil é considerado um dos países com maior diversidade biológica, e o cerrado, considerado como o segundo maior bioma nacional, abriga grandes comunidades de primatas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de gestação trigemelar em Callithrix penicillata de vida livre. Um exemplar de vida livre de sagui-de-tufo-preto fêmea, adulto, foi encaminhado pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS-DF), com histórico de queda e paralisia dos membros pélvicos. No exame físico observou-se uma distensão abdominal significativa e, devido à suspeita de gestação, foi realizado o exame ultrassonográfico em que se evidenciou a presença de três fetos aparentemente viáveis. A fêmea foi mantida em observação, mas no dia seguinte apresentou fadiga e foi encaminhada para uma cesária de emergência após constatar-se o óbito dos fetos. O relato de gestação trigemelar em Callithrix é relacionado ao manejo de cativeiro, entretanto, desconhece-se registros em animais de vida livre como o exemplar do presente estudo.

Brazil is considered one of the countries with the highest biological diversity, and the second largest national biome, the Cerrado, is shelter to large primate communities. The present work has the objective to report a case of trigemelar gestation in wildlife Callithrix penicillata. An example of wildlife black-tufted-ear marmoset, an adult female, was forwarded from the Wild Animals Triage Center (CETAS-DF), with fall history and paralysis of the pelvic limbs. Physical examination showed significant abdominal distention and, due to the suspicion of gestation, the ultrasonographic examination was carried out and evidenced the presence of three viable fetuses. The female was kept under observation, but, on the next day, it presented fatigue and was referred to an emergency cesarean after the death of the fetuses. The report of trigemelar gestation in Callithrix is related to the captivity management, however, records are not known in free-living animals like the one of this report.

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O Brasil é considerado um dos países com maior diversidade biológica, e o cerrado, considerado como o segundo maior bioma nacional, abriga grandes comunidades de primatas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de gestação trigemelar em Callithrix penicillata de vida livre. Um exemplar de vida livre de sagui-de-tufo-preto fêmea, adulto, foi encaminhado pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS-DF), com histórico de queda e paralisia dos membros pélvicos. No exame físico observou-se uma distensão abdominal significativa e, devido à suspeita de gestação, foi realizado o exame ultrassonográfico em que se evidenciou a presença de três fetos aparentemente viáveis. A fêmea foi mantida em observação, mas no dia seguinte apresentou fadiga e foi encaminhada para uma cesária de emergência após constatar-se o óbito dos fetos. O relato de gestação trigemelar em Callithrix é relacionado ao manejo de cativeiro, entretanto, desconhece-se registros em animais de vida livre como o exemplar do presente estudo.(AU)

Brazil is considered one of the countries with the highest biological diversity, and the second largest national biome, the Cerrado, is shelter to large primate communities. The present work has the objective to report a case of trigemelar gestation in wildlife Callithrix penicillata. An example of wildlife black-tufted-ear marmoset, an adult female, was forwarded from the Wild Animals Triage Center (CETAS-DF), with fall history and paralysis of the pelvic limbs. Physical examination showed significant abdominal distention and, due to the suspicion of gestation, the ultrasonographic examination was carried out and evidenced the presence of three viable fetuses. The female was kept under observation, but, on the next day, it presented fatigue and was referred to an emergency cesarean after the death of the fetuses. The report of trigemelar gestation in Callithrix is related to the captivity management, however, records are not known in free-living animals like the one of this report.(AU)

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Anthropomorphism implies the attribution of human like emotions and cognition to non-human animals. This tendency may be conditioned by similar morphologies between mammals and is particularly important in primatology. Some neurocognitive findings suggest that prefrontal brain activity associated to conceptual learning influences anthropomorphic judgments, nevertheless, individual differences are also presented indicating that training on primate behavior may influence anthropomorphism. We identified and interpreted brain activity registered by functional magnetic resonance imaging while seven trained primatologists (39.42 ± 10.86 yr.) inferred emotions in human primates, non-human primates and non-primate animals; comparisons were made with seven matched scholars with no primatological training (38.71 ± 9.34 yr.). Primatologists manifested cerebellar, occipital and frontal activity related to sensory and motor processes when valuating humans and non-human primates, but not for other animals. So, primatological training and experience may elicit brain plasticity processes allowing inner motor and sensory models through frontal and cerebellar interactions.

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Este trabajo evalúa el efecto que tienen ciertas variables paisajísticas (ríos, tierras agropecuarias, áreas antrópicas y bosque nativo) en los patrones de presencia del mono araña, Ateles fusciceps, en el noroccidente ecuatoriano. Se utilizaron registros geográficos de Ateles fusciceps tomados en campo y de estudios previos. Se evaluó el efecto de la proximidad de cada variable por medio de la prueba T de Student. Posteriormente mediante regresiones logísticas y por medio del Criterio de Información de Akaike (AIC) se seleccionaron los mejores modelos y se identificaron las variables más importantes. Se observó que tierras agropecuarias y zonas antrópicas tienen un efecto negativo para este primate, pues los puntos de presencia se encontraron alejados de éstas. Se evidencia también que Ateles fusciceps prefiere sitios cercanos a bosque, resultado que corrobora investigaciones previas, sin embargo también se encuentra una asociación con ríos, resultado que no ha sido reportado en estudios anteriores. Se encontraron dos modelos importantes para predecir patrones de presencia de este primate, el primero compuesto por: bosque nativo, ríos y zonas antrópicas (AICw=0.48), mientras que el segundo abarca: bosque nativo, ríos, zonas antrópicas y tierras agropecuarias (AICw=0.34). Estos resultados servirán de base para futuros análisis, dirigidos a la conservación de A. fusciceps.

In this work, I investigate the effect of some landscape variables (rivers, agricultural lands, anthropic areas and native forest) on the presence patterns of spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps, in the northwestern Ecuador. Geographical records collected in field and others from previous studies were used to conduct this study. Effects of proximity of each variable to presence of A. fusciceps were assessed with Student T tests. The best model and the most important variables were identified using logistic regressions and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The results showed that agricultural lands and anthropic zones were from the primate presence points, suggesting a negative effect on A. fusciceps. I also found that A. fusciceps prefers sites near rivers, this observation has not been reported in previous studies. Two important models were found to predict the presence of A. fusciceps, the first one was composed by three variables: native forest, rivers and anthropic areas (AICw= 0.48) and the second model was composed by the four variables: native forest, rivers, anthropic areas and agricultural lands (AICw= 0.34). The results of this work will contribute a basis for future studies aimed on A. fusciceps conservation.

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BACKGROUND: The anatomical literature on the genus Macaca has focused mainly on the rhesus monkey. However, some aspects in the positional behaviors of the Japanese monkey may be different from those in rhesus monkey, suggesting that the anatomical details of these species are divergent. METHODS: Four thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata adults were dissected. RESULTS: The arm muscles in Japanese macaques are more similar to rhesus monkeys and Papio; these characteristics are closer to those of bearded capuchins than apes, indicating more proximity of this genus to New World primates. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomical features observed favor quadrupedal locomotor behaviors on the ground and in arboreal environments. Japanese monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and bearded capuchins, which share more primitive characteristics in their arm muscles, present features that favor both arboreal and quadrupedal locomotor behaviors, whereas apes, mainly Pan and Gorilla, which spend more time on the ground, present more quadrupedal specializations.

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Bearded capuchins (Sapajus sp), unexpectedly, share with chimpanzees behavioral features such as high cognitive ability, good memory, tool use with intermittent bipedalism, and social tolerance; although its anatomy is still little studied. To test the hypothesis  that  bearded  capuchins  might  share  similar  anatomical  features  with  chimpanzees,  we  investigated  the  pelvic nerves of the bearded capuchin and compared them with the data in the previous literature for modern humans, chimpanzee, and baboons in terms of origin, trajectory and innervated structures, when the data are available. Variation is very common in the  primates  because  of, inter  alia,  1)  the  problem  of  the  anatomical  position,  i.e.,  some  primatologists  used  the  human anatomical position to describe those in non-human primates, while others used the non-human anatomical position, and the definition of anatomical position (human or non-human position) is not clear; 2) the lateralized and semi-bend pelvis limbs in non-humans  primates  compared  with  modern  humans;  3)  the  absence  of  the  some  muscles  (e.g.,  scansorius  and ilioschiofemoralis) in modern humans in the thigh; and 4) the difference in the numbers of vertebrae among the authors, even in the same species, such as chimpanzees and bearded capuchins.

Macacos-prego (Sapajus sp), inesperadamente, compartilham com chimpanzés comportamentos como alta cognição e memória, uso de ferramentas com o bipedalismo intermitente, tolerância social. No entanto, sua anatomia ainda é pouco estudada. Para verificar a hipótese com qual espécie e/ou grupo de primatas os macacos-prego compartilham mais características, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os nervos pélvicos do Sapajus e compará-los com dados da literatura anatômica sobre os seres humanos, chimpanzés e babuínos, considerando aspectos como origem, trajetória e estruturas inervadas. Foi observado que existem grandes variações nos nervos pélvicos entre os primatas estudados aqui, quais sejam, 1) o problema da posição anatômica, i.e., alguns primatologistas consideram a posição anatômica humana para os primatas, outros consideram a posição anatômica animal, e a opção por um ou outro não é clara nos textos; 2) o problema dos membros pélvicos em primatas não humanos serem lateralizados e semi-fletidos em relação aos seres humanos modernos; 3) o problema da ausência, nos seres humanos modernos, de alguns músculos da coxa em relação aos outros primatas como o escansório e o iliosquiofemoral; e 4) o problema da diferença do número de vértebras nos primatas estudados aqui, inclusive com diferenças para a mesma espécie citadas por diferentes autores tanto para chimpanzés como para macacos-prego.

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Bearded capuchins (Sapajus sp), unexpectedly, share with chimpanzees behavioral features such as high cognitive ability, good memory, tool use with intermittent bipedalism, and social tolerance; although its anatomy is still little studied. To test the hypothesis  that  bearded  capuchins  might  share  similar  anatomical  features  with  chimpanzees,  we  investigated  the  pelvic nerves of the bearded capuchin and compared them with the data in the previous literature for modern humans, chimpanzee, and baboons in terms of origin, trajectory and innervated structures, when the data are available. Variation is very common in the  primates  because  of, inter  alia,  1)  the  problem  of  the  anatomical  position,  i.e.,  some  primatologists  used  the  human anatomical position to describe those in non-human primates, while others used the non-human anatomical position, and the definition of anatomical position (human or non-human position) is not clear; 2) the lateralized and semi-bend pelvis limbs in non-humans  primates  compared  with  modern  humans;  3)  the  absence  of  the  some  muscles  (e.g.,  scansorius  and ilioschiofemoralis) in modern humans in the thigh; and 4) the difference in the numbers of vertebrae among the authors, even in the same species, such as chimpanzees and bearded capuchins.(AU)

Macacos-prego (Sapajus sp), inesperadamente, compartilham com chimpanzés comportamentos como alta cognição e memória, uso de ferramentas com o bipedalismo intermitente, tolerância social. No entanto, sua anatomia ainda é pouco estudada. Para verificar a hipótese com qual espécie e/ou grupo de primatas os macacos-prego compartilham mais características, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os nervos pélvicos do Sapajus e compará-los com dados da literatura anatômica sobre os seres humanos, chimpanzés e babuínos, considerando aspectos como origem, trajetória e estruturas inervadas. Foi observado que existem grandes variações nos nervos pélvicos entre os primatas estudados aqui, quais sejam, 1) o problema da posição anatômica, i.e., alguns primatologistas consideram a posição anatômica humana para os primatas, outros consideram a posição anatômica animal, e a opção por um ou outro não é clara nos textos; 2) o problema dos membros pélvicos em primatas não humanos serem lateralizados e semi-fletidos em relação aos seres humanos modernos; 3) o problema da ausência, nos seres humanos modernos, de alguns músculos da coxa em relação aos outros primatas como o escansório e o iliosquiofemoral; e 4) o problema da diferença do número de vértebras nos primatas estudados aqui, inclusive com diferenças para a mesma espécie citadas por diferentes autores tanto para chimpanzés como para macacos-prego.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Bearded capuchins (Sapajus sp), unexpectedly, share with chimpanzees behavioral features such as high cognitive ability, good memory, tool use with intermittent bipedalism, and social tolerance; although its anatomy is still little studied. To test the hypothesis that bearded capuchins might share similar anatomical features with chimpanzees, we investigated the pelvic nerves of the bearded capuchin and compared them with the data in the previous literature for modern humans, chimpanzee, and baboons in terms of origin, trajectory and innervated structures, when the data are available. Variation is very common in the primates because of, inter alia, 1) the problem of the anatomical position, i.e., some primatologists used the human anatomical position to describe those in non-human primates, while others used the non-human anatomical position, and the definition of anatomical position (human or non-human position) is not clear; 2) the lateralized and semi-bend pelvis limbs in non-humans primates compared with modern humans; 3) the absence of the some muscles (e.g., scansorius and ilioschiofemoralis) in modern humans in the thigh; and 4) the difference in the numbers of vertebrae among the authors, even in the same species, such as chimpanzees and bearded capuchins.(AU)

Macacos-prego (Sapajus sp), inesperadamente, compartilham com chimpanzés comportamentos como alta cognição e memória, uso de ferramentas com o bipedalismo intermitente, tolerância social. No entanto, sua anatomia ainda é pouco estudada. Para verificar a hipótese com qual espécie e/ou grupo de primatas os macacos-prego compartilham mais características, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os nervos pélvicos do Sapajus e compará-los com dados da literatura anatômica sobre os seres humanos, chimpanzés e babuínos, considerando aspectos como origem, trajetória e estruturas inervadas. Foi observado que existem grandes variações nos nervos pélvicos entre os primatas estudados aqui, quais sejam, 1) o problema da posição anatômica, i.e., alguns primatologistas consideram a posição anatômica humana para os primatas, outros consideram a posição anatômica animal, e a opção por um ou outro não é clara nos textos; 2) o problema dos membros pélvicos em primatas não humanos serem lateralizados e semi-fletidos em relação aos seres humanos modernos; 3) o problema da ausência, nos seres humanos modernos, de alguns músculos da coxa em relação aos outros primatas como o escansório e o iliosquiofemoral; e 4) o problema da diferença do número de vértebras nos primatas estudados aqui, inclusive com diferenças para a mesma espécie citadas por diferentes autores tanto para chimpanzés como para macacos-prego.(AU)

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Trata da história recente dos estudos sobre o comportamento de chimpanzés, enfatizando os resultados das pesquisas, as proposições acerca da existência de 'culturas de chimpanzés' e sua validade. O trabalho problematiza a ideia a partir dos mecanismos de transmissão e aprendizado social bem como de concepções antropológicas e paleoantropológicas de cultura que associam tal fenômeno, entre humanos modernos, às suas capacidades simbólicas e cognitivas.

The scope of this work is the recent history of studies on the behavior of chimpanzees, emphasizing research results, propositions about the existence of 'chimpanzee cultures' and their validity. The work discusses the idea based on transmission mechanisms and social learning as well as anthropological and paleoanthropological concepts of culture that associate such phenomena, among modern humans, to their symbolic and cognitive abilities.

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O artigo problematiza conhecidos estudos conduzidos com animais, assim como a versão segundo a qual os resultados obtidos são enviesados pela subjetividade do investigador. A partir de reflexões acerca das práticas de pesquisa, considera-se que os animais são bons modelos para as investigações sobre seres humanos. Eles podem ensinar muito a respeito de nós mesmos, desde que não negligenciemos o modo como compreendem os nossos questionamentos e saibamos a que questão de pesquisa eles, de fato, respondem.

The article discusses known studies conducted with animals, as well as the version in which the results acquired are biased by researcher's subjectivity. Following the reflections on the research practices, we can consider the animals good models to the investigation about Human beings. They can teach a lot about ourselves, since we have not neglected the way to make them understand our questions and we should know which question, indeed, they answer.

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O artigo problematiza conhecidos estudos conduzidos com animais, assim como a versão segundo a qual os resultados obtidos são enviesados pela subjetividade do investigador. A partir de reflexões acerca das práticas de pesquisa, considera-se que os animais são bons modelos para as investigações sobre seres humanos. Eles podem ensinar muito a respeito de nós mesmos, desde que não negligenciemos o modo como compreendem os nossos questionamentos e saibamos a que questão de pesquisa eles, de fato, respondem.(AU)

The article discusses known studies conducted with animals, as well as the version in which the results acquired are biased by researcher's subjectivity. Following the reflections on the research practices, we can consider the animals good models to the investigation about Human beings. They can teach a lot about ourselves, since we have not neglected the way to make them understand our questions and we should know which question, indeed, they answer.(AU)

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