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The increasing pandemic of metabolic disease has spurred us to focus on promotion of health and prevention of disease. Simple public health messaging is required to inform and motivate the public to follow evidence-based interventions which can help prevent metabolic illnesses and their complications. We present a catchy 6E framework which enjoins individuals to Eat well, Exercise well, Eliminate unhealthy behaviours/habits, Ensure adequate Entertainment, relaxation and sleep, practice Emotional control, and Eschew/avoid extremes. This message can be used at individual, family as well as public health levels, to spread awareness about healthy behaviours and lifestyle.

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BACKGROUND: The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends 25 primary preventive services for middle-aged adults, but it can be difficult to do them all. METHODS: The Personalized Disease Prevention (PDP) cluster-randomized clinical trial will evaluate whether patients and their providers benefit from an evidence-based decision tool to prioritize preventive services based on their potential to improve quality-adjusted life expectancy. The decision tool will be individualized for patient risk factors and available in the electronic health record. This Phase III trial seeks to enroll 60 primary care providers (clusters) and 600 patients aged 40-75 years. Half of providers will be assigned to an intervention to utilize the decision tool with approximately 10 patients each, and half will be assigned to usual care. Mixed-methods follow-up will include collection of preventive care utilization from electronic health records, patient and physician surveys, and qualitative interviews. We hypothesize that quality-adjusted life expectancy will increase by more in patients who receive the intervention, as compared with controls. DISCUSSION: PDP will test a novel, holistic approach to help patients and providers prioritize the delivery of preventive services, based on patient risk factors in the electronic health record. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05463887. Registered on July 19, 2022.

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Objetivo: compreender a repercussão das práticas educativas desenvolvidas por enfermeiros na Atenção Primária em Saúde para promoção da saúde e prevenção de novos casos de HIV. Método: estudo qualitativo realizados com 11 enfermeiros da Atenção Primária à Saúde que atendem Pessoas Vivendo com HIV. Dados coletados de setembro a outubro de 2020, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para tratamento e análise dos dados, utilizou-se o software IRAMUTEQ, cujo conteúdo foi submetido à análise de Bardin. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias temáticas: conhecimento, atitude e prática preventiva em saúde relacionadas ao HIV na Atenção Primária à Saúde e obstáculos para execução das medidas preventivas na Atenção Primária em Saúde. Conclusão: as práticas preventivas para o controle do HIV na Atenção Primária mostraram-se atreladas a necessidade de intensificar a sensibilização dos profissionais, o que possivelmente pode repercutir no maior envolvimento profissional, mudanças de rotina, readaptação no fluxo de trabalho e melhor efetividade das atividades e ações ofertadas aos usuários.

Objective: to understand the impact of educational practices applied by Primary Health Care nurses for health promotion and prevention of new cases of HIV. Method: in this qualitative study, with 11 Primary Health Care nurses providing care to people living with HIV, data were collected from September to October 2020 in semi-structured interviews. The data were treated and analyzed using IRAMUTEQ software, and the interview content underwent Bardin analysis. Results: two thematic categories emerged: HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and preventive health practices in Primary Health Care; and obstacles to implementing preventive measures in Primary Health Care. Conclusion: preventive Primary Care practices for controlling HIV were found to be connected with a need to intensify health personnel's awareness, which can possibly result in greater professional involvement, changes in routine, adaptation of workflows, and more effective activities and actions offered to users.

Objetivo: comprender el impacto de las prácticas educativas desarrolladas por enfermeros de Atención Primaria de Salud para la promoción de la salud y prevención de nuevos casos de VIH. Método: estudio cualitativo realizado junto a 11 enfermeros de Atención Primaria de Salud que atienden a Personas Viviendo con VIH. Datos recopilados de septiembre a octubre de 2020, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Para el tratamiento y el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el software IRAMUTEQ y su contenido fue sometido al análisis de Bardin. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías temáticas: conocimiento, actitud y práctica preventiva en salud, relacionada con el VIH en la Atención Primaria de Salud y; obstáculos para la implementación de medidas preventivas en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Conclusión: las prácticas preventivas para el control del VIH en la Atención Primaria demostraron que están vinculadas a la necesidad de intensificar la concienciación de los profesionales, lo que posiblemente puede redundar en una mayor implicación profesional, cambios en la rutina, readaptación en el flujo de trabajo y una mejor efectividad de las actividades y acciones que se ofrecen a los usuarios.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical and neuroimaging factors associated with stroke recurrence in reperfused ischemic stroke patients, as well as the influence of specific biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis on a prospectively registered database. Of the 875 patients eligible for this study (53.9% males; mean age 69.6 ± 11.8 years vs. 46.1% females; mean age 74.9 ± 12.6 years), 710 underwent systemic thrombolysis, 87 thrombectomy and in 78, systemic or intra-arterial thrombolysis together with thrombectomy was applied. Plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were analyzed as markers of inflammation, and soluble tumor necrosis factor-like inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) as an endothelial dysfunction marker. The main outcome variables of the study were the presence and severity of leukoaraiosis (LA) and stroke recurrence. Results: The average follow-up time of the study was 25 ± 13 months, during which 127 patients (14.5%) showed stroke recurrence. The presence and severity of LA was more severe in the second stroke episode (Grade III of the Fazekas 28.3 vs. 52.8%; p < 0.0001). IL-6 levels at the first admission and before reperfusion treatment in patients with and without subsequent recurrence were similar (9.9 ± 10.4 vs. 9.1 ± 7.0 pg/mL, p = 0.439), but different for TNFα (14.7 ± 5.6 vs. 15.9 ± 5.7 pg/mL, p = 0.031) and sTWEAK (5,970.8 ± 4,330.4 vs. 8,660.7 ± 5,119.0 pg/mL, p < 0.0001). sTWEAK values ≥7,000 pg/mL determined in the first stroke were independently associated to recurrence (OR 2.79; CI 95%: 1.87-4.16, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The severity and the progression of LA are the main neuroimaging factors associated with stroke recurrence. Likewise, sTWEAK levels were independently associated to stroke recurrence, so further studies are necessary to investigate sTWEAK as a therapeutic target.

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BACKGROUND: There is a lack of formal guidelines and decision support tools to prevent community-acquired pressure injuries (CAPrIs) in Veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI). PURPOSE: In this article we present our research protocol that describes our plans to create and test a decision support tool to prevent CAPrIs in SCI. METHODS: In Aim 1, we identified mental-models of CAPrI prevention from the perspectives of Veterans (using photovoice, guided tours), and Veterans Health Administration SCI providers (using interviews), and triangulation to compare the two mental-models. This led to a decision support tool developed and validated using Delphi approaches in Aim 2 and will be followed by tool automation and system redesign for pilot implementation in Aim 3. FINDINGS: The nurse-led research protocol provides a map to systematically explore, address and translate research into evidence-based practice. DISCUSSION: Refinement of the protocol will guide future research and implementation.

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Introdução: No contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, o conceito da prevenção quaternária adentra timidamente os níveis de atenção à saúde, no entanto, sofre expansão significativa no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Objetivo: Identificar por meio da sistematização de evidências científicas, as contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de estudos presentes nas bases de dados científicas da Scientific Electronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, biblioteca virtual da Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior e MEDLINE via PubMed com a utilização dos descritores "prevenção quaternária" e "atenção primária à saúde", em inglês e português. Resultados: O corpus de análise foi composto por 22 artigos, sendo que a produção científica sobre o tema se deu de forma mais intensa a partir do ano de 2015 e, em sua maioria, possuíam como abordagem metodológica ensaios teóricos. Dentre as contribuições técnicas destacaram-se a introdução do ensino da prevenção quaternária de modo continuado aos graduandos e profissionais; a construção de protocolos e documentos de amparo profissional; a utilização de modelos explicativos dinâmicos na socialização do quadro clínico; a conduta profissional com os usuários e as contribuições socioculturais envolvendo mudanças na percepção profissional e comunitária sobre o fenômeno saúde-doença, assim como o incentivo a práticas de desmedicalização sociocultural em relação à dor, incapacidade, desconforto, envelhecimento, nascimento e morte. Conclusão: Apesar do reconhecimento das potencialidades da prevenção quaternária, faz-se necessário fortalecer estratégias que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para fomentar e gerenciar alianças estratégicas com tomadores de decisão, profissionais de saúde e cidadãos, para fomentar a redução de diagnósticos e tratamentos excessivos, contribuindo com a qualidade do cuidado.

Introduction: In the context of the Unified Health System, the concept of quaternary prevention shyly enters the levels of health care, however, undergoes significant expansion in the scope of primary health care. Objective: To identify, through the systematization of scientific evidence, the technical and socio-cultural contributions of quaternary prevention within the scope of primary health care in Brazil. Methods: This is an integrative review of studies present in the scientific databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library of the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information of the Pan American Health Organization, virtual library of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Commission, and MEDLINE through PubMed using the descriptors "quaternary prevention" and "primary health care", in English and Portuguese. Results: The corpus of analysis consisted of 22 articles, and the scientific production on the topic took place more intensively from the year 2015 and, for the most part, had theoretical essays as methodological approach. Among the technical contributions, we highlight the introduction of teaching on quaternary prevention in a continuous way to undergraduates and professionals; the construction of protocols and documents of professional support; the use of dynamic explanatory models in the socialization of the clinical picture and professional conduct with users and socio-cultural contributions involve changes in the professional and community perception about the phenomenon of illness and health conception, as well as the incentive to practices of socio-cultural demedicalization in relation to pain, disability, discomfort, aging, birth, and death. Conclusion: Despite the recognition of the potential of quaternary prevention, it is necessary to strengthen strategies that enable the development of public policies to foster and manage strategic alliances with decision makers, health professionals and citizens, to promote the reduction of excessive diagnoses and treatments, contributing to the quality of care.

Introducción: En el contexto del Sistema Único de Salud, el concepto de prevención cuaternaria entra tímidamente en los niveles de atención de salud, sin embargo, experimenta una expansión significativa en el alcance de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Objetivo: Identificar, a través de la sistematización de evidencia científica, las contribuciones técnicas y socioculturales de la prevención cuaternaria en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil. Métodos: Esta es una revisión integradora de estudios presentes en las bases de datos científicas de la Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en línea, Portal Regional de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud del Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, biblioteca virtual de la Comisión de Mejoramiento del Personal de Educación Superior y MEDLINE a través de PubMed utilizando los descriptores de prevención cuaternaria y atención primaria de salud, en inglés y portugués. Resultados: El corpus de análisis estuvo conformado por 22 artículos, siendo la producción científica sobre el tema más intensiva desde 2015 y, en su mayor parte, tuvo ensayos teóricos como abordaje metodológico. Entre los aportes técnicos, destacamos la implantación de la docencia en prevención cuaternaria de forma continua a estudiantes de pregrado y profesionales; construcción de protocolos y documentos de apoyo profesional, uso de modelos explicativos dinámicos en la socialización del cuadro clínico y conducta profesional con los usuarios y los aportes socioculturales implican cambios en la percepción profesional y comunitaria sobre el fenómeno de la enfermedad y la concepción de la salud, así como el incentivo a prácticas de desmedicalización sociocultural en relación al dolor, discapacidad, malestar, envejecimiento, nacimiento y muerte. Conclusión: A pesar del reconocimiento del potencial de la prevención cuaternaria, es necesario fortalecer estrategias que permitan el desarrollo de políticas públicas para fomentar y gestionar alianzas estratégicas con los tomadores de decisiones, profesionales de la salud y ciudadanos, para promover la reducción de diagnósticos y tratamientos excesivos, contribuyendo a la calidad de la atención.

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Current dietary intakes of North Americans are inconsistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This occurs in the context of a food system that precludes healthy foods as the default choices. To develop a food system that is both healthy and sustainable requires innovation. This science advisory from the American Heart Association describes both innovative approaches to developing a healthy and sustainable food system and the current evidence base for the associations between these approaches and positive changes in dietary behaviors, dietary intakes, and when available, health outcomes. Innovation can occur through policy, private sector, public health, medical, community, or individual-level approaches and could ignite and further public-private partnerships. New product innovations, reformulations, taxes, incentives, product placement/choice architecture, innovative marketing practices, menu and product labeling, worksite wellness initiatives, community campaigns, nutrition prescriptions, mobile health technologies, and gaming offer potential benefits. Some innovations have been observed to increase the purchasing of healthy foods or have increased diversity in food choices, but there remains limited evidence linking these innovations with health outcomes. The demonstration of evidence-based improvements in health outcomes is challenging for any preventive interventions, especially those related to diet, because of competing lifestyle and environmental risk factors that are difficult to quantify. A key next step in creating a healthier and more sustainable food system is to build innovative system-level approaches that improve individual behaviors, strengthen industry and community efforts, and align policies with evidence-based recommendations. To enable healthier food choices and favorably impact cardiovascular health, immediate action is needed to promote favorable innovation at all levels of the food system.

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Objetivo: Avaliar a fotoproteção dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) de 5 equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: A casuística consistiu em 56 ACS, os quais foram submetidos a um questionário autoaplicável com perguntas sobre os hábitos de exposição solar e os conhecimentos acerca do assunto. Resultados: Verificou-se que 48,2% dos ACS se expunham ao sol durante 2 a 6 horas entre segunda e sexta-feira e que 55,4% deles tinham exposição entre 10 e 15 horas. Além disso, 58,9% dos ACS utilizam filtros solares raramente ou nunca e, entre esses, 53,6% os aplicam com frequência inadequada. Contudo, 100% dos pesquisados relataram conhecer as consequências negativas da exposição solar. Conclusão: A fotoproteção dos ACS foi considerada inadequada, já que poucos utilizam filtros solares e os que relataram o uso do produto o faziam de maneira inapropriada. Ademais, o conhecimento sobre os riscos e as consequências da exposição solar foi considerado excelente.

Objective: To evaluate the photoprotection of Community Health Agents (CHA) in five health units. Methods: A casuistry of 56 CHA was used, which were submitted to a self-administered questionnaire with questions about their solar exposure habits and their knowledge about this subject matter. Results: From the analysis of the obtained data, it was verified that 48.2% CHA exposed themselves to the sun during 2 to 6 hours between Monday and Friday and that 55.4% of them are exposed between 10 AM and 3 PM. Furthermore, 58.9% of CHA rarely or never use solar filters and among them, 53.6% apply the product with an inappropriate frequency. However, 100% of the CHA reported to know about the negative consequences and the risks of the solar exposure. Conclusion: The agents' photoprotection was considered inappropriate, since just a few of them use solar filters and the ones, which reported using the product, do it improperly. Besides that, their knowledge about the risks and consequences of the solar exposure was considered excellent.

Objetivo: Evaluar la fotoprotección de los Agentes Comunitarios de Salud (ACS) de cinco unidades estudiadas. Métodos: La casuística consistió en 56 ACS, los cuales han sido sometidos a un cuestionario autoaplicable con preguntas sobre los hábitos de exposición solar y los conocimientos sobre el asunto. Resultados: Se verificó que el 48,2% de los ACS se exponían al sol durante 2 a 6 horas entre el lunes y el viernes y que el 55,4% de ellos se exponen entre las 10 de la mañana y 3 de la tarde. Además, el 58,9% de los ACS utilizan filtros solares raramente o nunca, y, entre ellos, 53,6% los aplican con frecuencia inadecuada. Sin embargo, el 100% de los entrevistados relataron conocer las consecuencias negativas de la exposición al sol. Conclusión: La fotoprotección de los ACS fue considerada inadecuada, en razón de la poca utilización de filtros solares y los que relataron el uso del producto lo hacían de manera inadecuada. Además, el conocimiento sobre los riesgos y las consecuencias de la exposición solar fue considerado excelente.

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Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os conhecimentos e atitudes das mulheres em relação a importância do exame preventivo do câncer do colo uterino. Estudo descritivo e exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 14 mulheres atendidas em um serviço de saúde de Moçambique. A coleta de dados foi por meio do roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, entre os meses de fevereiro a março de 2015. Os resultados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. A maior parte das mulheres embora tenha ouvido falar do câncer do colo uterino (CCU) na televisão e nas palestras dos hospitais, tem pouco conhecimento em relação à prevenção, desconhece a importância do exame preventivo e realiza o exame devido a queixas ginecológicas. O conhecimento das mulheres é incipiente e aquém do esperado sobre a temática da importância do exame preventivo.

This study aimed to evaluate women's knowledge and attitudes regarding the importance of cervical cancer screening. This is a descriptive, exploratory, with a qualitative approach study, carried out with 14 women assisted at a health service in Mozambique. Data collection occurred with a semi-structured interview from February to March 2015. The results were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Although most women have heard of cervical cancer (CC) on television and in hospital lectures, they have little knowledge about prevention, are unaware of the importance of the screening and have the exam due to gynecological complaints. Women's knowledge is incipient and below the expectations about the importance of the screening.

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BACKGROUND: Personal health records (PHRs) are tools that allow individuals to access, share and manage their health information online. Despite apparent interest, adoption rates remain low. There is a gap in our understanding as to what different populations of users, in particular young adults, might want from such a tool. OBJECTIVE: To describe and interpret the views and expectations of young healthy adults about using an online PHR. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive study was carried out. Four focus groups were conducted with a total of 29 participants (18-34 years old) from a community setting in Montreal, Canada. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed with inductivethematic analysis. RESULTS: With respect to how young adults viewed PHRs, three broad themes were identified: perceived advantages to using a PHR, future PHR users and concerns about PHRs. Three other overarching themes emerged from data analysis in terms of what participants expected from using a PHR: the use of the PHR for preventative health, PHR support to take more control over their health and strategies to make the PHR worthwhile. A conceptual framework of factors influencing expectations of PHR use in this population is proposed. CONCLUSIONS: While young adults view the PHR as beneficial, this is not enough for them to be motivated to actually use a PHR. To foster use, the PHRs need to be perceived as a health prevention tool that helps users to increase control over theirhealth status. More research is needed to understand the expectations and anticipated use of different populations in designing a person-centered tool;the proposedframework provides theoretical basis in this regard.

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Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency due to the rapid lysis of tumor cells and subsequent release of large amounts of intracellular potassium, phosphate, and uric acid into the bloodstream. Precipitation of uric acid and/or calcium phosphate crystals in the renal tubules can result in acute kidney injury. TLS is frequently observed in children with malignancy, which has high tumor burden, rapid cell turnover or high chemosensitivity (particularly, Burkitt's lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia), following the initiation of cytotoxic therapy. The current recommendations for prophylaxis and management are based on the TLS risk stratification. It is essential to administer adequate fluid and hypouricemic agents (allopurinol and/or rasburicase) to prevent acute kidney injury. In children susceptible to TLS, prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment, such as renal replacement therapy, should be performed through close monitoring.

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PURPOSE: The current incidence of cancer in the world is 14 million cases in 2012, with a mortality rate of 8.2 million in that year. The incidence of cancer in Spain exceeds 215,000 cases a year, and survival rates are the highest when compared to those of our neighbouring countries. Among the reasons for the steady decrease in cancer mortality rates in Spain, two causes must be highlighted: the increasing efficacy of treatment and prevention measures. It is important evaluate the opportunity of early detection and prevention in these tumors. METHODS: We have reviewed the evidence published in the most prevalent tumors. The evidence levels described in this paper are based on the GRADE system. RESULTS: We show the recommendations about primary and secondary prevention in breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. CONCLUSION: The diffusion of these preventive tools can reduce the incidence of cancer and increase the number of early diagnostics in the most prevalent tumors.(AU)

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El presente artículo tiene como objetivo valorar desde la perspectiva de las relaciones entre la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad, la trayectoria científico- tecnológica de la propuesta del “Modelo teórico - metodológico para la prevención de las manifestaciones de drogas en los ambientes juveniles de la provincia Camagüey”. Con este trabajo se contribuye al estudio de las condicionantes sociales del desarrollo de la Ciencia de la Prevención Social tales como: políticas, jurídicas, éticas y científicas; y de su impacto en la solución de un problema dañino desde el punto de vista de la salud social e individual, que hoy aqueja a un grupo no significativo de la juventud cubana. El resultado científico obtenido por la propuesta de acciones preventivas, tiene importancia práctica al poner en manos de las instituciones socializadoras, agentes educativos y el Ministerio del Interior en Cuba, un instrumento de trabajo que integra las acciones, y posibilita realizar una labor más integral en relación a la prevención social de las manifestaciones de drogas en ambientes juveniles. El trabajo consta de tres partes, en primer lugar, se esclarecerá en qué consiste la perspectiva mencionada con la cual se realizará la valoración, en segundo lugar, se prestará especial atención a la construcción de la Ciencia de la Prevención en su contexto social y sus diversas condicionantes; por último, se develará el impacto social de ese modelo que propone esta investigación.

This article has as an objective to value, from the perspective of the relationships among science, technology and society, the scientific-technological trajectory of the proposal of a “Theoretic-methodological model for the prevention of drug manifestations at the youthful environments of the province of Camagüey”. With this work, it is contributed to the study of the social conditioning of the development of the Science of Social Prevention, such as: the political, the judicial, the ethical and the scientific ones; and of its impact in the solution of a harmful problem from the viewpoint of the social and individual’s health, and which is affecting a non-significant group of the Cuban youth. The scientific result that was obtained by the proposal of preventive actions has practical importance when putting in the hands of socializing institutions, educative agents and the Ministry of Interior in Cuba, a working tool that integrates the actions and makes possible performing a more integral labour in relation to the social prevention of drugs manifestations in youthful environments. The work has three parts: firstly, it will be clarified what the above-mentioned perspective consists of, with which the valuation will be performed; secondly, it will be paid special attention to the construction of the Science of Prevention in both its social context and its diverse conditionings; and lastly, it will be showed the social impact of that model that it’s being proposed in this investigation.