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Testosterone plays an important role as a social hormone. Current evidence suggests that testosterone is positively related to sociosexuality increasing the psychological attitudes toward investing in short-term versus long-term mating and promotes status-seeking behaviors both by dominance and prestige. In addition, the social environment may play an important role in the expression of mating effort through changes in sociosexuality and status-seeking behaviors. However, the causal relationships among the mentioned variables are still debated. We employed a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-individual design, in order to test and integrate the proposed causal relationships between testosterone and social environment over short-term and long-term mating orientation and dominant and prestigious status-seeking behaviors in a sample of 95 young Chilean men. We did not find evidence that the administration of exogenous testosterone increased short-term or decreased long-term mating orientation as expected. Moreover, exogenous testosterone did not affect either aggressive or cooperative behavior failing to support the social status hypothesis. We also did not find any relationship between short or long-term mating orientation with status-seeking behaviors. Finally, we found support for the effect of social environment on sociosexual attitudes but not over status-seeking behaviors. Thus, men reported higher levels of short-term mating orientation in the presence of a woman compared to a man and no differences were found for long-term mating orientation. We argue that sociosexuality may be expressed flexibly, but contextual factors such as the presence of women seem more important than changes in testosterone levels.

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Resumen Aumenta así la presión por publicar, pero en formatos definidos, estandarizados, esto, en tanto se debe publicar en revistas indexadas y sobre todo, indexadas en bases bibliográficas de impacto, este es un sistema que no escapa a la lógica capitalista monopolizadora que viene impactando directamente el quehacer investigativo universitario, el imaginario de prestigio y la construcción de conocimiento ubicado y de sentido, todo este panorama afecta por supuesto, el Ethos de la ciencia.

Abstract The pressure for publishing in defined and standardized formats mounts. This is due to the fact that articles should be published in indexed journals, but especially in impact bibliographic databases.This is a system, which cannot escape the monopolizing capitalist logic. This issue has been directly affecting the academic research endeavor, the view of prestige, and the construction of located and meaningful knowledge. All this outlook, by the way, affects the Ethos of science.

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Resumen El activismo y literatura académica en torno a la intersexualidad, como lugar de problematización política de la identidad, parecen sugerir la necesidad de una labor doble. Por un lado, desplazar la comprensión del cuerpo intersexual a un campo en el que no sea un saber biomédico (fundamentado en la norma heterosexual) el que defina el proceder. Por otro, denunciar la manera en que tecnologías abusivas se instalan sobre el cuerpo intersexual para normalizarlo a través de mutilaciones quirúrgicas y procedimientos hormonales, con tono de obligatoriedad de adecuación a los binarios del sexo. Haciendo eco de estas labores, este artículo sugiere, desde una experiencia de trabajo etnográfico con un grupo de personas intersexuales en Colombia, algunas líneas de problematización sobre la experiencia de normalización del cuerpo intersexual, para reconocer el papel del deseo y la agencia de la persona diagnosticada en la reiteración de órdenes binarios. A partir de la experiencia compartida de personas que han sido nombradas como intersexuales, se problematiza la afirmación de que la normalización sea un ejercicio en el que no estén involucradas múltiples voluntades -incluso la de la persona intervenida-; y se invita a comprender cómo otras técnicas de captura están operando, en un contexto mucho más amplio que, bajo el temor, produce sujetos que pueden disponerse a la normalización. Dichas tecnologías se ubican en el campo abstracto del prestigio social, fuerza integradora que potencia ciertos discursos médicos, que instauran sus arbitrariedades en la producción del cuerpo, todo dentro de una matriz binaria heterosexual.

Resumo O ativismo e a literatura acadêmica em torno da intersexualidade, como um lugar de problematização política da identidade parecem sugerir a necessidade de uma dupla tarefa: por um lado, mudar a compreensão do corpo intersexual para um campo no qual não é um conhecimento biomédico (com base na norma heterossexual) que define o procedimento. Por outro lado, denunciar a forma como as tecnologias abusivas são instaladas no corpo intersexual para normalizá-lo através de mutilações cirúrgicas e procedimentos hormonais, com um tom compulsivo de adaptação aos binários sexuais. Fazendo eco dessas tarefas, este artigo sugere, a partir de uma experiência de trabalho etnográfica com um grupo de pessoas intersexuais na Colômbia, algumas linhas de problematização sobre a experiência de normalização do corpo intersexual, para reconhecer o papel do desejo e da agência da pessoa diagnosticada na repetição de ordens binárias. Com base na experiência compartilhada de pessoas que foram nomeadas como intersex, a afirmação de que a normalização é um exercício no qual múltiplos testamentos estão envolvidos não é problematizada, inclusive a da pessoa interposta, e nos convida a entender como outras técnicas de captura estão operando, em um contexto muito mais amplo do que sob medo, produzindo assuntos que podem ser descartados para a normalização. Essas tecnologias estão localizadas no campo abstrato do prestígio social, uma força integradora que alimenta certos discursos médicos que estabelecem sua arbitrariedade na produção do corpo, tudo dentro de uma matriz binária heterossexual.

Abstract Activism and academic literature about intersexuality as a political subject seems to suggest a double task: On one hand, understanding of the intersexual body that is not defined by a biomedical knowledge based on the heterosexual norm. On the other hand, to report the way in which abusive technologies are settled in the intersexual body to normalize it through surgical mutilations and hormonal procedures, characterized by the obligatory adaptation to the sex binaries. Emphasizing these tasks, this article suggests, from an ethnographic work experience with an intersexual group of people in Colombia, ways to problematize the intersexual body's normalization experience, and to recognize the role of desire and self agency of the diagnosed person in the reiteration of binary orders. Based on the shared experience of people labeled as intersexual, this article problematizes the statement that normalization is an action that doesn't involve multiple agencies, even the one of the diagnosed person, and appeals to comprehend how other capture techniques are working, in a bigger context that, using fear, produces subjects who are able to be normalized. Those technologies are placed in the abstract field of the social prestige, a unifying force that strengthens the arbitrary functioning of some medical discourses over bodies, all under a heterosexual matrix.

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Abstract Dominance and prestige are two strategies to achieve status in humans. Dominance is the use of threat and aggression, and prestige is the pursuit of cultural achievement. This research presents a study carried out through self-report measures with two native Spanish speaking samples from Madrid (Spain) and San José (Costa Rica). Self-perceived dominance and prestige were correlated with dimensions of aggression and the big five personality traits. Results showed that a component that grouped different aggression subscales and agreeableness was the best predictor of dominance in samples of men and women of both countries. Prestige was mainly predicted by conscientiousness and extraversion in both samples and by low hostility and neuroticism but only in Spanish men.

Resumen Dominancia y prestigio se han propuesto como estrategias para alcanzar estatus en humanos. La dominancia es el uso de amenazas y agresión, y el prestigio es la búsqueda de logros culturales. Esta investigación fue llevada a cabo utilizando cuestionarios en muestras de habla hispana: Madrid (España) y San José (Costa Rica). La dominancia y el prestigio auto-percibidos fueron correlacionados con dimensiones de la agresión y los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad. Un componente que agrupó las subescalas de agresión y la afabilidad fue el mejor predictor de la dominancia en ambos sexos de ambos países. El prestigio fue predicho por la escrupulosidad y la extroversión en sendas muestras y por bajas puntuaciones en hostilidad y neuroticismo en hombres españoles.

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The present study examines psychological (e.g., Machiavellianism) and social (i.e., perceived popularity) motives for bullying, exploring the effects that classroom prestige norms for physical and relational aggression may have on these associations. A longitudinal multilevel study design was adopted, which included 978 5th to 7th graders from four Chilean schools. Participants were assessed three times over one year on self reports on bullying and Machiavellianism, and peer reports on popularity. Classroom prestige norms were calculated as the within classroom association between peer perceived coolness and aggression. Both Machiavellianism and perceived popularity were associated with bullying. However, hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed that Machiavellianism, but not perceived popularity, predicted bullying after controlling for baseline scores. Classroom prestige norms for relational aggression increased the association between Machiavellianism and bullying. Separate models were tested for boys and girls, showing no differences. Results are discussed in light of conceptual and methodological considerations.

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Observations on 12 groups comprised of two adult males and one adult female (some included one or two fledglings), tame, individually marked, Arabian babblers ( Turdoides squamiceps) in the rift valley in Israel revealed that the babblers compete to guard. The pattern of guarding and the way by which one sentinel replaces another reflect the dominance relationships within the group. The dominant (alpha) male guarded more than any other individual. It interfered with and replaced the guarding by the adult beta male more than it did with the yearlings. About one-third of the replacements occurred less than one minute after the sentinel had assumed guarding. Whereas the dominant often replaced its subordinates directly; subordinates hardly ever replaced their dominants directly. The alpha male often allofed the beta male during the replacement. Replacements and allofeeding of the beta males by the alpha males increased significantly during courtship, when competition over breeding was maximal, and dropped back to their previous level at the start of incubation, highlighting the competitive basis underlying the act of guarding. Competition over altruistic acts, as shown here for guarding, is not compatible with explanations based on the assumption that altruistic acts reduce the fitness (reproductive success) of the altruist. We suggest, in contrast, that by investing in guarding and by intervening in the guarding of its competitors, a babbler demonstrates and signals its quality and its control over its competitors, thereby increasing its prestige and consequently its direct fitness.

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In 2008, in Central Italy, a low dosage of CPPU solution, 4 µL L(-1) (6 hL/ha), was sprayed on the canopy of vines of 'Hayward' kiwifruit, at the "break of sepals", about one week before anthesis, to study its effects on fruit weight/size and on qualitative and nutritional characteristics. At harvest, CPPU, with respect to control, significantly increased the fresh weight by about 12% (+12.6 g fruit(-1)) and consequently the yield per vine, without affecting fruit shape, firmness, dry matter (%), total soluble solids, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, citrate, malate, vitamin C and soluble and insoluble oxalic acid. After 3 months of storage, CPPU-treated kiwifruits and the control fruit showed no difference in dry matter content, fruit firmness and total soluble solids. The results indicate that a low dosage of CPPU applied in pre-anthesis can improve fruit weight/size without any negative effect on fruit qualitative and nutritional characteristics.

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De acuerdo a la teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente (Glick y Fiske, 1996) existen estereotipos diferenciados de mujeres hacia los que los hombres manifiestan distintas actitudes. Entre los subtipos de mujeres destacan el ama de casa, la mujer sexy y la profesional. Mediante un estudio con 100 participantes se investigó la relación entre estos tres tipos de mujeres, su nivel de influencia y prestigio, y la preferencia por un producto (descrito en términos estereotípicamente masculinos y femeninos). Los resultados mostraron que la Mujer Sexy es más asociada a la Descripción Masculina, mientras que la Mujer Profesional lo es a la Descripción Femenina; el Ama de Casa es la menos asociada a las dos descripciones del producto. Se encontró también que la influencia y el prestigio median la relación entre los tres tipos de mujeres y la preferencia atribuida de cada una de ellas por el producto descrito en términos femeninos.

According to The Ambivalent Sexism Theory (Glick y Fiske, 1996) there are distinct stereotypes of women that men express different attitudes. Among them, the housewife, sexy women and executive women are the clearest ones. One hundred people participated in the present study in order to test the relationship between the female stereotypes, their level of influence and prestige and the level of preference for a commercial product (described in female and male terms). The results showed that sexy women is more associated with the masculine description, whereas the executive women is more associated to the feminine product description, and in both cases the housewife is the least associated with the two different descriptions. It was also found that the influence and the women prestige mediated the relationship between the stereotypes and the preference shown for the product described in feminine terms.

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