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BACKGROUND: Brazil, India and South Africa are among the top 30 high TB burden countries globally and experienced high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality. The COVID-19 response in each country was unprecedented and complex, informed by distinct political, economic, social and health systems contexts. While COVID-19 responses have set back TB control efforts, they also hold lessons to inform future TB programming and services. METHODS: This was a qualitative exploratory study involving interviews with TB stakeholders (n = 76) in Brazil, India and South Africa 2 years into the COVID-19 pandemic. Interview transcripts were analysed using an inductive coding strategy. RESULTS: Political will - whether national or subnational - enabled implementation of widespread prevention measures during the COVID-19 response in each country and stimulated mobile and telehealth service delivery innovations. Participants in all three countries emphasised the importance of mobilising and engaging communities in public health responses and noted limited health education and information as barriers to implementing TB control efforts at the community level. CONCLUSIONS: Building political will and social mobilisation must become more central to TB programming. COVID-19 has shown this is possible. A similar level of investment and collaborative effort, if not greater, as that seen during the COVID-19 pandemic is needed for TB through multi-sectoral partnerships.

CONTEXTE: Le Brésil, l'Inde et l'Afrique du Sud figurent parmi les 30 pays les plus touchés par la TB dans le monde et ont connu des taux élevés d'infection et de mortalité dus au SARS-CoV-2. La réponse au COVID-19 dans chacun de ces pays a été sans précédent et complexe, en raison de contextes politiques, économiques, sociaux et de systèmes de santé distincts. Si les réponses au COVID-19 ont fait reculer les efforts de lutte contre la TB, elles permettent également de tirer des enseignements pour les futurs programmes et services de lutte contre la TB. MÉTHODES: Il s'agit d'une étude exploratoire qualitative comprenant des entretiens avec des acteurs de la lutte contre la TB (n = 76) au Brésil, en Inde et en Afrique du Sud, 2 ans après le début de la pandémie de COVID-19. Les transcriptions des entretiens ont été analysées à l'aide d'une stratégie de codage inductive. RÉSULTATS: La volonté politique ­ qu'elle soit nationale ou infranationale ­ a permis la mise en œuvre de mesures de prévention généralisées au cours de la riposte au COVID-19 dans chaque pays et a stimulé les innovations en matière de prestation de services mobiles et de télésanté. Les participants des trois pays ont souligné l'importance de la mobilisation et de l'engagement des communautés dans les réponses de santé publique et ont noté que l'éducation et l'information sanitaires limitées constituaient des obstacles à la mise en œuvre des efforts de lutte contre la TB au niveau communautaire. CONCLUSIONS: La volonté politique et la mobilisation sociale doivent occuper une place plus centrale dans les programmes de lutte contre la TB. La conférence COVID-19 a montré que c'était possible. Un niveau d'investissement et de collaboration similaire, voire supérieur, à celui observé lors de la pandémie de COVID-19 est nécessaire pour lutter contre la TB par le biais de partenariats multisectoriels.

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This discursive article introduces HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) and identifies various models for its extrapolation to wider population levels. Drawing on HIV surveillance data for Jamaica and Barbados, the article identifies significant gaps in HIV response programming in relation to testing, antiretroviral treatment coverage, and treatment adherence, thereby highlighting the disparity between assumptions and prerequisites for TasP success. These gaps are attributable, in large part, to sociocultural impediments and structural barriers, severe resource constraints, declining political will, and the redefinition of HIV as a manageable, chronic health issue. Antiretroviral treatment and TasP can realize success only within a combination prevention frame that addresses structural factors, including stigma and discrimination, gender inequality and gender-based violence, social inequality, and poverty. The remedicalization of the response compromises outcomes and undermines the continued potential of HIV programming as an entry point for the promotion of sexual, health, and human rights.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: No existen muchas publicaciones científicas que aborden los diferenciales de salud entre las provincias de Cuba, ni que documenten los principales factores que impactaron en los resultados de salud de la población durante el período 1989-2000. En el año 2002 Fidel Castro destacó la existencia de una serie de errores de conducción y organización durante ese periodo, que a su criterio debilitaron el sistema de salud cubano y propiciaron la aparición de determinadas desigualdades. OBJETIVO: Describir los principales diferenciales de salud existentes entre los distintos territorios de Cuba (factores determinantes de la salud de los cubanos) durante el período estudiado (2002-2008). MÉTODOS: Se utilizó como unidad geográfica a la provincia. Las catorce provincias cubanas fueron estratificadas sobre la base de tres ejes fundamentales: demográfico, económico y condiciones de vida, con vista a identificar posibles diferenciales de salud (inequidades en salud y en servicios de salud) mediante el empleo de la técnica del coeficiente de Gini y del índice de concentración. RESULTADOS: Se muestran los principales factores o variables con diferenciales de salud presentes en el país por provincias durante el período estudiado, se identificaron los factores o variables que mayores diferenciales exhibieron por cada uno de los ejes demográfico (densidad poblacional), económico (producción mercantil) y condiciones de vida (cobertura sanitaria). Se definen las diferencias existentes entre cada una de las provincias y por regiones y las características muy particulares de la capital cubana como provincia. CONCLUSIONES: Se confirma la hipótesis de que a pesar de la férrea voluntad política del estado de evitar inequidades en salud, aún se observan diferenciales no importantes en el comportamiento de las variables estudiadas por cada uno de los ejes de análisis entre provincias. No obstante, existen diferencias entre el comportamiento de esos ...(AU)

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of scientific publications approaching the health differentials among the Cuban provinces and of to document the leading factors with impact on the health results in the population during the period 1989-2000. In 2002 Fidel Castro Rus emphasized on the existence of errors in the management and organization during above mentioned period, that according to his criterion to weaken the Cuban health system and led to appearance of determined inequalities. OBJECTIVE: To describe the leading health differentials present among the different Cuban territories (determinant health factors for Cubans) during the study period (2002-2008). METHODS: The province was used as geographical unit. The fourteen Cuban provinces were stratified on the base of the three fundamental bases: demographic, economic and life conditions to identify the potential health differentials (inequalities in health and in its services) using the Gini's coefficient technique and the concentration's index. RESULTS: The leading factors or variables with health differentials present in our country by provinces during the study period are showed, identifying the factors or variables with greater differentials by each of the demographic bases (population density), economic (commercial production) and life conditions (health coverage). The differences present among each of the provinces and regions are defined as well as the very particular characteristics of the Cuban capital as province. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis that despite the strong political and state will to avoid health inequalities, still there are no-significant differences in the behavior of study variables by each of the bases of analysis among provinces. Nevertheless, there differences among the behavior of such differentials according to analysis's bases, features that be and were considered during the process of health politics design, of reorganization of health services, of human ...(AU)

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INTRODUCCIÓN: No existen muchas publicaciones científicas que aborden los diferenciales de salud entre las provincias de Cuba, ni que documenten los principales factores que impactaron en los resultados de salud de la población durante el período 1989 - 2000. En el año 2002 Fidel Castro destacó la existencia de una serie de errores de conducción y organización durante ese periodo, que a su criterio debilitaron el sistema de salud cubano y propiciaron la aparición de "determinadas desigualdades". OBJETIVO: Describir los principales diferenciales de salud existentes entre los distintos territorios de Cuba (factores determinantes de la salud de los cubanos) durante el período estudiado (2002-2008). MÉTODOS: Se utilizó como unidad geográfica a la provincia. Las catorce provincias cubanas fueron estratificadas sobre la base de tres ejes fundamentales: demográfico, económico y condiciones de vida, con vista a identificar posibles diferenciales de salud (inequidades en salud y en servicios de salud) mediante el empleo de la técnica del coeficiente de Gini y del índice de concentración. RESULTADOS: Se muestran los principales factores o variables con diferenciales de salud presentes en el país por provincias durante el período estudiado, se identificaron los factores o variables que mayores diferenciales exhibieron por cada uno de los ejes demográfico (densidad poblacional), económico (producción mercantil) y condiciones de vida (cobertura sanitaria). Se definen las diferencias existentes entre cada una de las provincias y por regiones y las características muy particulares de la capital cubana como provincia. CONCLUSIONES: Se confirma la hipótesis de que a pesar de la férrea voluntad política del estado de evitar inequidades en salud, aún se observan diferenciales no importantes en el comportamiento de las variables estudiadas por cada uno de los ejes de análisis entre provincias. No obstante, existen diferencias entre el comportamiento de esos diferenciales de acuerdo con los ejes de análisis, aspectos que deben ser y fueron considerados durante el proceso de diseño de políticas sanitarias, de reorganización de los servicios de salud, de formación de capital humano y de abordaje intersectorial de los determinantes no médicos de la salud durante los años más duros del período especial, lo que viene a confirmar el modelo teórico desarrollado previamente por los autores.

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of scientific publications approaching the health differentials among the Cuban provinces and of to document the leading factors with impact on the health results in the population during the period 1989-2000. In 2002 Fidel Castro Rus emphasized on the existence of errors in the management and organization during above mentioned period, that according to his criterion to weaken the Cuban health system and led to appearance of "determined inequalities". OBJECTIVE: To describe the leading health differentials present among the different Cuban territories (determinant health factors for Cubans) during the study period (2002-2008). METHODS: The province was used as geographical unit. The fourteen Cuban provinces were stratified on the base of the three fundamental bases: demographic, economic and life conditions to identify the potential health differentials (inequalities in health and in its services) using the Gini's coefficient technique and the concentration's index. RESULTS: The leading factors or variables with health differentials present in our country by provinces during the study period are showed, identifying the factors or variables with greater differentials by each of the demographic bases (population density), economic (commercial production) and life conditions (health coverage). The differences present among each of the provinces and regions are defined as well as the very particular characteristics of the Cuban capital as province. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis that despite the strong political and state will to avoid health inequalities, still there are no-significant differences in the behavior of study variables by each of the bases of analysis among provinces. Nevertheless, there differences among the behavior of such differentials according to analysis's bases, features that be and were considered during the process of health politics design, of reorganization of health services, of human resource training and the intersectorial approach of non-health physicians determinants during the more hard year of special period, confirming the theoretical model previously developed by the authors.