RESUMEN
In this study, the effect of four anaesthetic protocols that included the combination of xylazine (X) and ketamine (K) with acepromazine (A) and opioids (methadone (Me), morphine (Mo) or tramadol (T)) was evaluated in laboratory rats of both sexes. Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) was used as an indicator of pain during the recovery period. The objective was to evaluate the physiological parameters and the analgesic effect of each protocol to determine which protocol was the safest and fulfil the requirements of a balanced anaesthesia. The better protocols were the XKA protocol for both sexes and the XKMe protocol for females because the combinations achieve surgical plane of anaesthesia in rats. However, pain assessment during the formalin test revealed that rats anaesthetized with XKA produced more numbers of USV, suggesting that it is not a good protocol for the control of immediate postoperative pain. All protocols produced depression in body temperature and respiratory and heart rates, and had important effects, such as micturition and maintenance of open eyes. Only rats anaesthetized with XKA protocol did not present piloerection. These results demonstrated that good monitoring and care during anaesthesia must be included to prevent complications that compromise the life of the animal and to ensure a good recovery. The inclusion of analgesia in anaesthesia protocols must be used routinely, ensuring minimal presence of pain and thus more reliable results in the experimental procedures.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos/administración & dosificación , Ratas/fisiología , Vocalización Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Acepromazina/administración & dosificación , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Animales , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Ketamina/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Ondas Ultrasónicas , Xilazina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Introdução: Para o estudo das emoções têm-se utilizado técnicas de autorrelato, nomeadamente, as escalas de valência e de arousal do Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), que proporcionam uma apreciação cognitiva subjetiva das diferentes dimensões emocionais. No entanto, é legítimo equacionar que esta capacidade de avaliação cognitiva possa estar alterada em pacientes com lesão encefálica adquirida (LEA). Consequentemente, pode haver incongruência na avaliação das suas respostas emocionais. Assim, a avaliação deve incluir outras técnicas complementares, como são as medidas fisiológicas periféricas empiricamente validadas para o estudo das emoções. Métodos: Avaliamos 36 pacientes com LEA em referência a 33 participantes saudáveis. Ambos os grupos observaram imagens agradáveis, desagradáveis e neutras selecionadas do International Affective Picture System (IAPS), que tinham de classificar através das escalas de valência e de arousal do SAM, enquanto eram registadas as suas respostas fisiológicas periféricas: condutância elétrica da pele (CEP) e ritmo cardíaco (RC). Resultados: Nas técnicas de autorrelato, os pacientes com LEA fazem uma avaliação da valência diferente, independentemente dos estímulos, em relação aos controles. Já quando consideramos a escala de arousal os pacientes sentem-se mais ativados do que os controles, exceto nos estímulos desagradáveis. Contudo, os resultados obtidos na medição objetiva dos seus correlatos fisiológicos não são congruentes com a avaliação cognitiva que realizam, uma vez que mostraram menor reatividade aos estímulos independentemente da sua condição emocional. Conclusão: Estes resultados mostram que indivíduos com LEA têm dificuldade em fazer uma avaliação coerente do seu estado de ativação fisiológico. Por essa razão, é altamente recomendado o uso simultâneo de medidas psicofisiológicas.(AU)
Introduction: Self-report measures have been used in the study of emotions, namely the valence and arousal scales of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), which provide a subjective cognitive appraisal of different emotional dimensions. However, cognitive assessment ability in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) may be compromised. Consequently, their emotional responses measured by self-report may be inconsistent. In these cases, the assessment should include complementary techniques, such as peripheral physiological measures empirically validated for the study of emotions. Method: We evaluated 36 patients with ABI and 33 healthy controls. Both groups watched pleasant, unpleasant and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) and rated them using SAM valence and arousal scales, while their peripheral physiological responses, consisting of skin conductance response (SCR) and heart rate (HR), were recorded. Results: In self-report measures, patients with ABI evaluated valence differently, regardless of stimuli, compared to controls. Regarding the arousal scale, patients with ABI reported feeling more aroused when compared to controls, except in unpleasant stimuli. However, the results obtained in the physiological assessment are not consistent with those of the cognitive assessment, as they showed lower reactivity to stimuli regardless of their emotional condition. Conclusion: These results show that patients with ABI have more difficulty in making a coherent assessment of their physiological arousal. For this reason, the simultaneous use of psychophysiological measures is highly recommended. (AU)