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INTRODUCTION: The role for routine thymectomy in patients with secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT, THPT) is unclear. We aim to compare rates of recurrence and complications in patients who underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy with and without thymectomy. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for renal HPT at a tertiary endocrine surgery center between 2010 and 2022 were reviewed. Presence of parathyroid tissue in resected tissue was identified through pathology reports. A multivariate logistic regression was used to compare baseline characteristics, recurrence rates and complications between those who did and did not undergo thymectomy. RESULTS: Of 107 patients who underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy, 29 (27.1 â%) underwent concomitant thymectomy. Recurrence occurred in 15 patients (14 â%). Thymectomy did not affect recurrence (OR: 0.33, 95%CI: 0.06-1.28, p â= â0.14), but was associated with permanent hypoparathyroidism (OR: 4.62, 95%CI: 1.67-13.18, p â= â0.003). Fewer parathyroid specimens increased the odds of thymectomy (p â= â0.04). Parathyroid glands were found in 6 thymectomy samples (20.7 â%). CONCLUSION: Thymectomy at the time of subtotal parathyroidectomy for renal HPT was not associated with disease recurrence, but increased likelihood of permanent hypoparathyroidism.
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PURPOSE: Persistent hyperparathyroidism (PTHPT) in kidney transplant recipients is associated with bone loss, graft dysfunction and cardiovascular mortality. There is no clear consensus on the management of PTHPT. Accurate risk prediction of the disease is needed to support individualized treatment decisions. We aim to develop a useful predictive model to provide early intervention for hyperparathyroidism in these patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 263 kidney transplantations in the urology department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022. The overall cohort was randomly assigned 70% of the patients to the training cohort and 30% to the validation cohort. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for PTHPT and to construct the predictive model. This model was assessed regarding discrimination, consistency, and clinical benefit. RESULTS: The occurrence of PTHPT was 25.9% (68 out of 263 patients) in this study. Dialysis duration, postoperative 3-month intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), 3-month corrected calcium (cCa), and 3-month phosphorus (P) are independent risk factors for the development of PTHPT. The nomogram showed good discrimination with the area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.926 in the training cohort and 0.903 in the validation cohort. The calibration curve and decision curve also showed that the model was well-evaluated. CONCLUSION: We developed a validated nomogram model to predict PTHPT after kidney transplantation. This can help the clinic prevent and control PTHPT early and improve patients' prognosis.
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Primary hyperparathyroidism can be sporadic or part of a genetic syndrome, such as MEN1 or HPT-JT. Diagnosis of hereditary HPT requires a thorough history and physical. Parathyroidectomy is curative with greater than 95% success. However, some patients have persistent or recurrent disease requiring reoperation. Reoperative parathyroidectomy is technically challenging, and localizing the pathologic gland can difficult. Patients needing reoperation should undergo evaluation by a high-volume surgeon. Care should be taken to obtain all of the preoperative workup and operative note from the initial surgery. Radioguided parathyroidectomy can be safely and effectively performed in patients with hereditary HPT or undergoing reoperative surgery.
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Hiperparatiroidismo Primario , Paratiroidectomía , Recurrencia , Humanos , Hiperparatiroidismo Primario/cirugía , Hiperparatiroidismo Primario/diagnóstico , Hiperparatiroidismo Primario/genética , Paratiroidectomía/métodos , Reoperación , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/cirugía , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/genética , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/complicacionesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Currently, parathyroidectomy is the standard treatment for Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Surgical treatment is often effective, although not free of complications and relapses. Minimally invasive techniques, such as Microwave Ablation (MWA) and Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), are an alternative to surgery in selected patients. We have, herein, reported on the successful use of RFA in a patient with post-surgical persistent hyperparathyroidism. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old woman was referred to our Center for mild hypercalcemia with exams revealing Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Neck ultrasound and Technetium- 99 Methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) scintigraphy scanning revealed a suspicious right parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma. She underwent parathyroidectomy and histological examination showed a parathyroid nodular hyperplasia. During the follow-up, she suffered from persistent hyperparathyroidism due to the treatment of left parathyroid hypoplasia with RFA. Blood tests after the procedure showed the remission of the disease 7 months post-treatment. CONCLUSION: A minimally invasive technique for PHPT may represent a valid alternative to surgery, especially in patients with an elevated surgery-related risk. More studies are necessary to investigate the benefit of RFA as a first-line treatment in PHPT.
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Reoperative parathyroid surgery is challenging even for experienced surgeons. Cure rates are lower than primary surgery. Good anatomical and embryological knowledge is important. Preoperatively, a comprehensive surgical strategy should be planned. Pre-operative imaging modalities should be used extensively to find the overlooked gland to have a possibility to perform focused parathyroid surgery to avoid possible complications. One of the important developments is the new ancillary methods to find overlooked parathyroid glands. Orthotopic and possible ectopic locations should be known well by the surgeon to increase the surgical success rate. Reoperative parathyroid surgery needs a distinctive approach compared to primary parathyroid surgery. Basic principles include the selection of the incision and route for entering the thyroid region, use of ancillary methods, and intraoperative nerve monitoring and also require a meticulous dissection. Obtaining a surgical cure is difficult and high surgical caution is needed. Post-operative complication rates are higher compared to primary parathyroid surgery. Other treatment methods and medical treatment options may be evaluated in a patient who cannot undergo surgery.
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Kidney transplantation remains the best treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease, and it could partially mitigate systemic disorders of mineral and bone metabolism caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, persistent hyperparathyroidism is still observed in 30-60% of patients 1 year after kidney transplantation, leading to impairment of allograft function and a disturbance of mineral metabolism. The timing of parathyroidectomy varies among transplant centers because the possible negative effects of parathyroidectomy on allograft outcomes are still unclear. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of the natural course of hyperparathyroidism following kidney transplantation and the effects of the timing and extent of parathyroidectomy on allograft function. It aims to provide useful information for surgeons to propose an appropriate intervention strategy to break the vicious cycle of post-kidney transplantation hyperparathyroidism and deterioration of allograft function.
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Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario , Trasplante de Riñón , Trasplantes , Humanos , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Paratiroidectomía/efectos adversos , Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/cirugía , Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/etiología , Minerales , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder is one of the complications associated with chronic kidney disease. About 10-50% of patients following kidney transplantation have persistent hyperparathyroidism. Hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism has a negative impact on the kidney transplant outcome; therefore, it requires treatment. The data regarding the treatment of persistent hyperparathyroidism provided in scientific publications are divergent and contradictory. Therefore, the aim of our systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of persistent hyperparathyroidism treatment in patients following kidney transplantation. The Cochrane, PubMed, and Scopus databases were browsed independently by two authors. The search strategy included controlled vocabulary and keywords. The effectiveness of calcitriol, paricalcitol, cinacalcet, and parathyroidectomy was compared and analysed. The mean calcium and parathormone (PTH) concentrations per patient in the group of paricalcitol increased by 1.27% and decreased by 35.14% (n = 248); in the group of cinacalcet decreased by 12.09% and 32.16% (n = 368); and in the group of parathyroidectomy decreased by 19.06% and 86.49% (n = 15) at the end of the study compared to the baseline (n = 244, n = 342 and n = 15), respectively. Paricalcitol, cinacalcet, and parathyroidectomy decreased the intact PTH level. Cinacalcet and parathyroidectomy lowered calcium levels in renal transplant patients with hypercalcaemia. Conversely, paricalcitol increased the serum calcium concentration. Cinacalcet seems to be a good candidate in the treatment of post-transplant hyperparathyroidism.
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Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) can develop persistent (P-pHPT) or recurrent (R-pHPT) disease after parathyroidectomy. Before recommending reoperation, recurrence must be accurately identified because of the high risk of complications. Our study evaluates 18F-fluorocholine (18F-FCH) PET/CT and 4D-CT integrated in PET/4D-CT in patients with P-pHPT/R-pHPT. Patients with P-pHPT/R-pHPT investigated by 18F-FCH PET/4D-CT between May 2018 and March 2021 were retrospectively included. Forty-two patients were included, 37 of whom underwent 4D-CT. The sensitivity and detection rate (DR%) were 95% and 88% for 18F-FCH PET/CT and 70% and 63% for 4D-CT, respectively. PET/CT and 4D-CT were concordant in 18/24 glands and concordant and positive in 15/24 (63%) glands. Discordant results were obtained for 6/24 glands. The surgical success rate was 65%. PET/CT showed significantly higher sensitivity than 4D-CT. Dynamic CT allowed the identification of no additional glands missed by PET/CT, and the combination of the 2 techniques did not improve the sensitivity or DR%. 18F-FCH PET/CT appears to be a valuable technique to accurately detect hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in patients with P-pHPT/R-pHPT and is better than 4D-CT. Except for cases with doubtful locations of PET targets that may require 4D-CT for surgical guidance, standard nonenhanced 18F-FCH PET/CT can be effectively recommended in patients with P-pHPT/R-pHPT before reoperation.
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Background/aim: Bone disease is one of the most prominent complications after kidney transplantation. Bone diseases include osteoporosis, persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism, and avascular necrosis (AVN). We investigated the relationship between the polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and bone diseases occurring after kidney transplantation. Materials and methods: The study consists of 234 kidney allograft recipients with a minimum follow-up of five years after kidney transplantation. Patients with glomerular filtration rates less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2, a history of parathyroidectomy, bisphosphonate use pre- or post-transplantation, and cinacalcet use posttransplantation excluded. We evaluated associations between the polymorphisms of the VDR gene (BsmI, TaqI, ApaI, FokI, and Cdx2), the first-year bone mineral density (BMD) scores, persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism, and AVN. Results: Patients with low BMD scores were significantly younger (P = 0.03) and had higher intact parathormone (iPTH) levels (P = 0.03). Cdx2 TT genotype significantly increases the risk of low BMD scores (OR: 3.34, P = 0.04). Higher phosphate levels were protective against abnormal BMD scores (OR: 0.53; P = 0.03). Patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism had significantly longer dialysis vintage and higher pretransplantation iPTH levels (P = 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively). Cdx2, CT/TT, and ApaI CA/AA genotypes significantly increase the risk of persistent hyperparathyroidism (OR: 6.81, P < 0.001, OR: 23.32, P < 0.001, OR:4.01, P = 0.02, and OR: 6.30, P = 0.01; respectively). BsmI CT/TT genotypes were found to increase AVN risk with an HR of 3.48 (P = 0.03). Higher hemoglobin levels were also found to decrease AVN risk with an HR of 0.76 (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Certain VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with a higher risk for bone diseases after kidney transplantation.
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Densidad Ósea/genética , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Osteonecrosis , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Receptores de Calcitriol/genética , Adulto , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/epidemiología , Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hormona ParatiroideaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is characterised by increased levels of parathyroid hormone (HPT), surgical excision being the only definitive curative option. After establishing the need for surgery, it is essential to identify the parathyroid glands in the preoperative period to use a minimally invasive approach. Negativity and / or discrepancy in first-line studies (ultrasound and Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy) require more accurate images to reduce the likelihood of bilateral cervical exploration or reintervention. OBJECTIVES: a) To demonstrate the sensitivity of 18F-fluorocholine (18F-choline) positron emission tomography (PET)/4D computed tomography (4D CT) in HPT. b) To check whether there is a correlation between calcaemia and preoperative PTH versus size and early and late SUVmax (Standardized Uptake Value) of the gland, determined by 18F-choline PET/4D CT and c) to study the behaviour of parathyroid lesions with intravenous contrast (IV). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 28 patients were included between 2016 and 2019 in a single institution. Prospective observational cohort study. Correlations were analysed using Pearson's coefficient for variables with normal distribution and Spearman (rho) for those with non-normal distribution. Anatomopathological analysis was the benchmark standard to determine sensitivity was. A p<.05 was interpreted as significant. STATA 13 software was used. RESULTS: Of the 28 patients who underwent 18F-choline PET/4D CT, 18 were operated. Of the 26 lesions diagnosed by 18F-choline PET/4D CT as suggestive of parathyroid lesions, 23 corresponded to glandular disease (adenoma or hyperplasia) establishing a sensitivity of 88.5%. There was a correlation between the patient's preoperative PTH and the maximum size of the gland on 18F-choline PET/4D CT. (Spearman=.66; p=.0014). The parathyroid lesions showed, in addition to IV contrast enhancement, distinctive behavioural characteristics identified as highly suggestive. CONCLUSIONS: 18F-choline PET/CT 4D is an anatomical and functional study with high sensitivity in patients with HPT with negative or discrepant first-line studies. Preoperative PTH showed a correlation with maximum gland size on 18F-choline PET/CT 4D. Parathyroid lesions behave in a highly suggestive way and are enhanced by IV contrast.
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Tomografía Computarizada Cuatridimensional/métodos , Hiperparatiroidismo/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Adenoma/complicaciones , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Adenoma/cirugía , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Calcio/sangre , Colina/análogos & derivados , Medios de Contraste , Femenino , Radioisótopos de Flúor , Humanos , Hiperparatiroidismo/sangre , Hiperparatiroidismo/etiología , Hiperplasia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tamaño de los Órganos , Glándulas Paratiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Glándulas Paratiroides/patología , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/complicaciones , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/cirugía , Estudios Prospectivos , Radiofármacos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Persistent/recurrent hyperparathyroidism occurs in 2%-5% of patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). In this study, the incidence and time to recurrence in patients with single-gland disease (SGD), double adenomas (DAs), or four-gland hyperplasia (FGH) at initial parathyroidectomy were compared. METHODS: This retrospective review included adult patients with sporadic PHPT who underwent initial parathyroidectomy with intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IOPTH) from 1/2000 to 12/2016 with ≥6 mo follow-up. An abnormal parathyroid was defined by a gland weight of ≥50 mg. A concurrent serum calcium >10.2 mg/dL and parathyroid hormone >40 pg/mL was defined as persistent PHPT if present <6 mo and recurrent PHPT if present ≥6 mo postoperatively after initial normocalcemia. RESULTS: Of 1486 patients, 1203 (81%) had SGD, 159 (11%) DA, and 124 (8%) FGH. Among the 3 groups, there was no difference in the percent decrease from the baseline or time of excision to final postexcision IOPTH levels between groups (79% versus 80% versus 80%, respectively; P = 0.954) or in the proportion of patients with a final IOPTH ≥40 (22% versus 18% versus 14%; P = 0.059). Overall, 22 (1.5%) had persistent PHPT and 26 (1.7%) had recurrent PHPT. Persistent PHPT was more frequent with DAs (6; 3.8%) than other groups (SGD: 16, 1.3%; FGH: 0; P = 0.02). At median follow-up of 33 mo (IQR, 18-60), there was no difference in recurrence rate (1.6% versus 2.5% versus 2.4%; P = 0.57) or median time (mo) to recurrence (SGD: 59 [IQR, 21-86], DAs: 36 [IQR, 29-58], FGH: 23 [IQR, 17-40]; P = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent PHPT occurred in 1.7% of patients who underwent curative initial parathyroidectomy, with no difference in incidence or time to recurrence between groups based on the number of glands removed. Patients with DA more commonly had persistent PHPT, raising the possibility of unrecognized FGH.
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Adenoma/epidemiología , Hiperparatiroidismo Primario/epidemiología , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/epidemiología , Glándulas Paratiroides/patología , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/epidemiología , Adenoma/complicaciones , Adenoma/cirugía , Anciano , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Hiperparatiroidismo Primario/etiología , Hiperparatiroidismo Primario/cirugía , Hiperplasia/complicaciones , Hiperplasia/cirugía , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/complicaciones , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/cirugía , Glándulas Paratiroides/cirugía , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/complicaciones , Neoplasias de las Paratiroides/cirugía , Paratiroidectomía/métodos , Periodo Posoperatorio , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common acquired disorder seen in chronic renal failure. Its pathophysiology is mainly due to hyperphosphatemia and vitamin D deficiency and resistance. When medical treatment fails, subtotal and total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation are the standard procedures, although both are associated with high recurrence rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: 4 patients experienced persistence and 9 relapse. The first 4 were subjected to reoperation after 6 months for the persistence of symptoms due to the finding of a supernumerary adenomatous gland while the remaining patients at the reoperation showed in 5 cases 2 more glands in over thymic position, and 4 an hyperplasia of the residual glandular tissue. A classic cervicotomy was sufficient to remove the residual parathyroid in patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism. For cases of recurrent hyperparathyroidism it was enough a medial approach and sometimes lateral for the complete excision of the hyperplastic tissue. The advent of the intraoperative technique of parathyroid hormone dosage allowed a better performance of the surgical technique for the last 3 patients undergoing reoperation. After reoperation all patients had immediate regression of clinical symptoms with normalization of serum calcium and PTH levels. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of these considerations, diagnostic imaging has a not negligible role because during the first intervention helps to have an idea of the possible location of the glands and thus to avoid the risk of recurrence and relapse due to ectopic or supernumerary tissue.
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Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/cirugía , Paratiroidectomía , Humanos , Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/diagnóstico , Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/etiología , Fallo Renal Crónico/complicaciones , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Recurrencia , Diálisis Renal , Reoperación , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The relationship between mineral metabolism disorders, bone fractures and vascular calcifications in kidney transplant recipients has not been established. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional study in 727 stable recipients from 28 Spanish transplant clinics. Mineral metabolism parameters, the semi-quantification of vertebral fractures and abdominal aortic calcifications were determined centrally. RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency (25OHD3<15ng/ml) was more common in female recipients at CKD-T stages I-III (29.6% vs 44.4%; p=0.003). The inverse and significant correlation between 25OHD3 and PTH was gender-specific and women exhibited a steeper slope than men (p=0.01). Vertebral fractures (VFx) with deformity grade ≥2 were observed in 15% of recipients. Factors related to VFx differed by gender; in males, age (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.06) and CsA treatment (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.6-6.3); in females, age (OR 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03-1.12) and PTH levels (OR per 100pg/ml increase: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.043-1.542). Abdominal aortic calcifications were common (67.2%) and related to classical risk factors but not to mineral metabolism parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is more common among female kidney transplant recipients at earlier CKD-T stages, and it contributes to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Prevalent vertebral fractures are only related to high serum PTH levels in female recipients.
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Enfermedades de la Aorta/metabolismo , Calcinosis/metabolismo , Trasplante de Riñón , Minerales/metabolismo , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/metabolismo , Factores Sexuales , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/metabolismo , Anciano , Albuminuria/etiología , Aorta Abdominal , Enfermedades de la Aorta/etiología , Calcinosis/etiología , Estudios Transversales , Ciclosporina/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/etiología , Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/metabolismo , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hormona Paratiroidea/sangre , Factores de Riesgo , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/etiología , Tacrolimus/efectos adversos , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/complicacionesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this work was to investigate the association of vertebral and peripheral fractures 10 yr after grafting with bone metabolic markers and body mass density (BMD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-eight recipients with stable graft function were included in a cross-sectional study. Graft function, biochemical mineral metabolism markers and body mass density (DEXA) were measured. Vertebral fractures were assessed by a semiquantitative analysis of lateral spine X-ray exam. RESULTS: At the time of the study, intact parathyroid hormone levels were 127.5 ± 78.4 pg/mL and serum calcidiol 20.4 ± 9.3 ng/mL. DEXA showed osteopenia in 47% and osteoporosis in 23% at lumbar spine, 51% and 14% at femoral neck, and 53% and 8% at trochanter. Eighty-five recipients presented vertebral fractures, 69 mild and 16 moderate/severe fractures. In the multivariate analysis, vertebral fractures were associated with older age (p = 0.010), length of follow-up (p = 0.022) and trochanter T-score (p = 0.038). Twenty-three patients presented peripheral fractures and 19 of them also had vertebral fractures. Patients with peripheral fractures were younger, mostly women and had lower BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Vertebral fractures were associated with lower BMD at trochanter. Most fractures were mild and were several times more frequent than in general population. Their clinical significance needs to be determined.
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Densidad Ósea , Fracturas Óseas/etiología , Rechazo de Injerto/etiología , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Vértebras Lumbares/patología , Osteoporosis/etiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Fracturas Óseas/diagnóstico , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Rechazo de Injerto/diagnóstico , Supervivencia de Injerto , Humanos , Fallo Renal Crónico/cirugía , Pruebas de Función Renal , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteoporosis/diagnóstico , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Undescended glands are a rare cause of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), but they are more common, however, among patients with recurrent HPT or those who have undergone a failed initial cervical exploration. The currently development of more precise noninvasive imaging techniques has improved the results of preoperative diagnosis of these ectopic lesions. METHODS: The operative reports of patients undergoing parathyroidectomy at our institution were reviewed to identify patients with an undescended parathyroid gland adenomas. Demographic, clinical, imaging and surgical variables were recorded. RESULTS: Three patients were included: 2/598 parathyroidectomies performed for primary HPT and 1/93 performed for secondary HPT. One case is presented as jaw tumor syndrome (JTS). All the patients had undergone at least one operation before the definitive focused surgery and represented 6% of our parathyroid reoperations. No significant complications and no recurrences were observed in the long-term follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate preoperative localization of these lesions was possible with noninvasive studies. High cure rate is possible through selective approach when accurate preoperative localization. Thorough knowledge of parathyroid embryology and meticulous surgical technique are essential, particularly in patients with previous unsuccessful explorations.
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BACKGROUND: Reoperative parathyroidectomy (RPTX) for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism is associated with a high rate of operative failure. The long-term effectiveness of RPTX using localization studies and intraoperative parathormone monitoring (IPM) was examined. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from patients undergoing targeted RPTX with IPM for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism was performed. Persistent hyperparathyroidism was defined as elevated calcium and parathormone (PTH) levels above normal range less than 6 months after parathyroidectomy. Recurrent hyperparathyroidism was defined as elevated calcium and PTH levels greater than 6 months after successful parathyroidectomy. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for sestamibi, surgeon-performed ultrasound, intraoperative PTH dynamics, and surgical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 1,064 patients, 69 patients underwent 72 RPTXs with localizing studies and IPM. Sestamibi (n = 69) had a sensitivity of 74% and a PPV of 83%, whereas surgeon-performed ultrasound (n = 38) had a sensitivity of 55% and a PPV of 76%. IPM had a sensitivity of 100% and a PPV of 98%. An intraoperative PTH drop greater than or equal to 50% was predictive of operative success (P < .01). Overall, operative success and recurrence were 94% and 1.4%, with a mean patient follow-up of 59 ± 12.8 months. CONCLUSION: RPTX can be performed in a targeted approach using preoperative localization studies and IPM, leading to a low rate of complications and a high rate of long-term operative success.
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Hiperparatiroidismo/patología , Hiperparatiroidismo/cirugía , Monitoreo Intraoperatorio , Paratiroidectomía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia , Reoperación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
To compare the role of 99mTc-MIBI SPECT-CT image and US in reoperation of persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism patients. A total of 8 persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism patients underwent parathyroidectomy. The sensitivity and accuracy of US and 99mTc-MIBI images before operation were determined. 9 of 14 surgical resection tissues from 8 persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism patients were confirmed to parathyroid hyperplasia. The results showed that the sensitivities were 77.8% and 100%, respectively, for US and 99mTc-MIBI SPECT-CT images. And the accuracies of US and 99mTc-MIBI dual time planar image and SPECT-CT were 50%, 78.6%, respectively. There was significantly difference between two procedures (P=0.021). The superior and inferior localization of glands were both detected by the ultrasound and scintigraphy. Two ectopic parathyroidism nodules were found by 99mTc-MIBI SPECT-CT imaging, while US provided no consistent findings. There was no significantly difference between two procedures (P=0.3). Although two cases of them were not confirmed by pathology, the iPTH of them (800 and 1429 respectively) were much higher than other four cases (<400) pg/ml. PTX is a safe and effective treatment for the patients with persistent SHPT. 99mTc-MIBI planar and SPECT-CT imaging may provide more helps for clinician's localization the hyperparathyroidism glands accurately.
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Introducción: El trasplante renal se asocia con disminución de los niveles séricos de parathormona (PTH). La persistencia de valores elevados de PTH asociado a hipercalcemia es sugestiva de hiperparatiroidismo persistente. El hiperparatiroidismo persistente es un factor de riesgo para calcificaciones vasculares, pérdida de masa ósea y supervivencia del injerto. El cinacalcet actúa sobre los receptores calcio (Ca) sensibles aumentando su activación por el Ca iónico, disminuyendo los niveles de PTH, Ca y fosforo (P) plasmático. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del cinacalcet en pacientes Trasplantados renales con hiperparatiroidismo persistente e hipercalcemia. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y observacional en 14 pacientes trasplantados renales que recibieron cinacalcet durante al menos 3 meses como tratamiento del hiperparatiroidismo. Resultados: La PTHi pre-cinacalcet fue 159 ± 70 pg/ml; al mes fue 151 ± 110 pg/ml; a los 3 meses 150 ± 96 pg/ ml, a los 6 meses de 142 ± 64 y al año 139 ± 75 pg/ml. El descenso de la PTHi no fue significativo. El Ca sérico bajó en forma significativa de 11.3 ± 0.8 a 10.0 ± 0.8 mg/dl al mes del tratamiento (p< 0.001) manteniendo sus valores estables a los 3 (10.2 ± 1.0), 6 (10.3 ± 0.5) y 12 (10 ± 0.4) meses. El P fue 2.7 ± 0.79mg/dl al inicio del tratamiento, manteniendo valores estables en los meses 3, 6 y 12. La dosis media de cinacalcet al inicio fue de 30 mg aumentando en forma no significativa al 3º mes a 32 ± 12 mg/d, al 6º mes 40 ± 22 mg/d y al año 41.6 ± 18 mg/d. Conclusión: En esta pequeña cohorte de estudio de pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo persistente e hipercalcemia, el cinacalcet fue efectivo en bajar los niveles de Ca (p< 0.001), no teniendo el mismo efecto sobre la PTHi.
Background: Renal transplant (RTx) is associated with the decrease in serum parathyroidhormone (PTH) levels. The persistence of high PTH levels associated to hypercalcemia is suggestive of persistent hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). pHPT is a risk factor for vascular calcifications, bone loss, and graft survival. Cinacalcet acts on the calcium sensing receptor increasing their activation by ionic Ca, reducing serum PTH, Ca, and phosphate (P) levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cinacalcet in RTx patients with pHPT and hypercalcemia. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective, observational study in 14 RTx patients who received cinacalcet for at least 3 months as part of the pHPT treatment. Results: Pre-cinacalcet iPTH levels were 159 ± 70 pg/ml; after one month it was 151 ± 110 pg/ml, 150 ± 96 pg/ml at three months, 142 ± 64 at six months and 139 ± 75 pg/ml after one year. The decrease in the iPTH was not significant. The serum Ca significantly decreased from 11.3 ± 0.8 to 10.0 ± 0.8 mg/dl after one month (p< 0.001) keeping serum levels stable after three (10.2 ± 1.0), six (10.3 ± 0.5), and twelve (10 ± 0.4) months. P was 2.7 ± 0.79 mg/dl at the beginning of treatment, keeping their levels stable after 3, 6, and 12 months. The average dose of cinacalcet at the beginning was 30 mg increasing in a non-significant way on the 3rd month to 32 ± 12 mg/d, on the 6th month to 40 ± 22 mg/d, and on the 12th month to 41.6 ± 18 mg/d. Conclusion: In this small cohort of patients with pHPT and hypercalcemia, cinacalcet was effective in reducing serum Ca levels (p< 0.001), but not iPTH.
Asunto(s)
Hipercalcemia , HiperparatiroidismoRESUMEN
Cinacalcet has proven effective in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in dialysis patients, and it may also have benefits in stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD). The efficacy of cinacalcet in the treatment of SHPT was investigated in a study of 54 patients with stage 3 and 4 CKD not receiving dialysis. A significant number of these patients achieved at least a 30% reduction in parathyroid hormone (PTH) from baseline with cinacalcet therapy compared with placebo (56% versus 19%; P = 0.006). Another potential use of cinacalcet is in the treatment of persistent hyperparathyroidism (HPT) after kidney transplantation. The pathophysiologic considerations for persistent HPT in patients who have undergone renal transplantation are different from those in stage 3 and 4 CKD. Post-transplant patients with normal graft function often present with hypercalcaemia, low serum phosphorus and persistently elevated levels of PTH. In eight small open-label studies including a total of 83 patients with persistent HPT after successful kidney transplantation, cinacalcet treatment effectively corrected hypercalcaemia and significantly reduced elevated PTH levels. These studies suggest that cinacalcet therapy is an effective therapy in controlling hyperparathyroidism in patients with stage 3 and 4 CKD and in post-transplant patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism.
RESUMEN
Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by an adenoma but rarely by carcinoma of the parathyroid gland. The common clinical manifestations were bone pain, recurrent urinary stone and asymptomatic. Parathyroid carcinoma is different from the parathyroid adenoma in that the invasion to the surrounding tissue or metastasis to the regional lymph nodes and persistent hyperparathyroidism are common in parathyroid carcinoma. It is important that radical en-bloc resection of parathyroidal mass including the lobe of the thyroid that is on the same side and post op follow up is important as well. There is the need of radical surgery even in recurrence of metastatic parathyroid carcinoma for improving hypercalcemia. We experienced a 50-year-old man with primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a parathyroid carcinoma in the left lower parathyroid which was confirmed by histopathologic findings. He was cured by using en-bloc resection of the parathyroid including the left lobe of the thyroid and a left side modifed radical neck dissection. But after 2 months hypercalcemia occurred again and therefore examination with computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography and esophagogram revealed a metastasis to the upper and mid esophagus. We opened the chest cavity and resected the surrounding mass of the esophagus. the mass was confirmed to be metastatic tissue from parathyroid carcinoma by histopathologic finding. therefore we report this case.