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In response to the heightened risk of bacterial diseases in fish farms caused by increased demand for fish consumption and subsequent overcrowding, researchers are currently investigating the efficacy and residue management of oxolinic acid (OA) as a treatment for bacterial infections in fish. This research is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetics of OA. The present study investigates pharmacokinetics of OA in juvenile rainbow trout. The fish were given a 12 mg kg-1 dose of OA through their feed, and tissue samples were collected of the liver, kidney, gill, intestine, muscle, and plasma for analysis using LC-MS/MS. The highest concentrations of the drug were found in the gill (4096.55 µg kg-1) and intestine (11592.98 µg kg-1), with significant absorption also seen in the liver (0.36 L/h) and gill (0.07 L/h) (p < 0.05). The liver (0.21 L/h) and kidney (0.03 L/h) were found to be the most efficient (p < 0.05) at eliminating the drug. The study also confirmed the drug antimicrobial effectiveness against several bacterial pathogens, including Shewanella xiamenensis (0.25 µg mL-1), Lactococcus garvieae (1 µg mL-1), and Chryseobacterium aquaticum (4 µg mL-1). The study concludes significant variations among different fish tissues, with higher concentrations and longer half-lives observed in the kidney and intestine. The lowest MIC value recorded against major bacterial pathogens demonstrated its therapeutic potential in aquaculture. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding OA pharmacokinetics to optimize antimicrobial therapy in aquaculture.

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The pollution of quinolone antibiotics in the marine environment has attracted widespread attention, especially for ofloxacin (OFL) and oxolinic acid (OXO) due to their frequent detection. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the behaviors and microbial community response to these antibiotics in marine sediments, particularly for potential antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this work, the adsorption characteristics, natural attenuation characteristics, and variation of microbial communities of OFL and OXO in marine sediments were investigated. The adsorption process of antibiotics in sediments occurred on the surface and internal pores of organic matter, where OFL was more likely to be transferred from seawater to sediment compared with OXO. Besides, the adsorption of two antibiotics on sediment surfaces was attributed to physisorption (pore filling, electrostatic interaction) and chemisorption (hydrogen bonding). The natural attenuation of OFL and OXO in marine sediment followed second-order reaction kinetics with half-lives of 6.02 and 26.71 days, respectively, wherein biodegradation contributed the most to attenuation, followed by photolysis. Microbial community structure in marine sediments exposure to antibiotics varied by reducing abundance and diversity of microbial communities, as a whole displaying as an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes whereas a decrease of Proteobacteria. In detail, Escherichia-Shigella sp., Blautia sp., Bifidobacterium sp., and Bacillus sp. were those antibiotic-resistant bacteria with potential ability to degrade OFL, while Bacillus sp. may be resistant to OXO. Furthermore, functional predictions indicated that the microbial communities in sediment may resist the stress caused by OFL and OXO through cyano-amino acid metabolism, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, respectively. The research is key to understanding fate and bacterial resistance of antibiotics in marine sediments.

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Fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Ea) is a devastating disease in apple and pear trees. Oxolinic acid (OA), a quinolone family antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase, has been employed to control fire blight in South Korea since 2015. The continuous use of this bactericide has resulted in the emergence of OA-resistant strains in bacterial pathogens in other countries. To investigate the occurrence of OA-resistant Ea strains in South Korea, we collected a total of 516 Ea isolates from diseased apple and pear trees in 2020-2021 and assessed their sensitivities to OA. We found that all isolates were susceptible to OA. To explore the possibility of emerging OA-resistant Ea by continuous application of OA, we exposed Ea stains to a range of OA concentrations and constructed OA-resistant mutant strains. Resistance was associated with mutations in the GyrA at codons 81 and 83, which result in glycine to cysteine and serine to arginine amino acid substitutions, respectively. The in vitro growth of the mutants in nutrient media and their virulence in immature apple fruits were lower than those of wild-type. Our results suggest that OA-resistance decreases the fitness of Ea. Future work should clarify the mechanisms by which OA-resistance decreases virulence of this plant pathogen. Continuous monitoring of OA-resistance in Ea is required to maintain the efficacy of this potent bactericide.

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This study investigated the synergistic effects of oxolinic acid (OA) combined with oxytetracycline (OTC) on white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Disk diffusion susceptibility testing was performed to analyze the sensitivity of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus to different concentrations of OA and OTC. The results revealed that 50 mg OA/L combined with 50 mg OTC/L exhibited stronger antibacterial effects on V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. The results of in vitro tests indicated that cotreatment with OA and OTC significantly reduced superoxide anion production and phenoloxidase activity, but not phagocytic activity. Subsequently, feeding trials were performed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects and bioaccumulation of dietary OA combined with OTC on shrimp. The healthy shrimp (15.13 ± 1.02 g) were divided into four groups: control, 100 mg OA/kg combined with 50 mg OTC/kg, 50 mg OA/kg combined with 100 mg OTC/kg, and 50 mg OA/kg combined with 50 mg OTC/kg. The shrimp were sampled to determine innate immunity parameters and residual OA and OTC levels in the muscle during a 28-day feeding regimen; the shrimp were fed the experimental diet from day 1 to day 5 and a commercial diet from day 6 to day 28. Residual OA levels were considerably higher in the group fed 100 mg OA/kg combined with 50 mg OTC/kg compared with the other groups and peaked on day 4. The residual OA levels of all the groups were below the detection limit after without providing OA. The residual OTC levels of the group fed 50 mg OA/kg combined with 100 mg OTC/kg were considerably higher from day 1 to day 4. The residual OTC levels in all the groups decreased rapidly and could not be detected on day 28. The administration of 50 mg OA/kg combined with 100 mg OTC/kg exerted the least effect on the white shrimp. Moreover, the survival rates of the treatment groups after the V. parahaemolyticus challenge were higher than those of the control group, especially the group fed 50 mg OA/kg combined with 100 mg OTC/kg. This result indicated that the synergistic effects of dietary OA and OTC are safe and effective. Combination therapy is a new method of antibiotic use in aquaculture.

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Lumpfish is a novel farmed species used as cleaner fish for the removal of lice from farmed salmon. As often with new, farmed species, there are challenges with bacterial infections. The frequency of prescription of antibiotic agents to lumpfish is increasing, despite the lack of knowledge about appropriate doses, duration of treatment and application protocols for the various antibacterial agents. In the current study, we have tested the effect of medicated feed with florfenicol (FFC), oxolinic acid (OA) and flumequine (FLU) on lumpfish experimentally challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida and Pasteurella atlantica. We found that all three antibacterial agents efficiently treated lumpfish with vibriosis using 10 and 20 mg kg-1  day-1 of FFC, 25 mg kg-1  day-1 of OA and 25 mg kg-1  day-1 FLU, whereas only FFC (20 mg kg-1  day-1 ) had good effect on lumpfish with pasteurellosis. None of the antibacterial agents were efficient to treat lumpfish with atypical furunculosis. FFC 20 mg kg-1  day-1 showed promising results in the beginning of the experiment, but the mortality increased rapidly 14 days post-medication. Efficient treatment is important for the welfare of lumpfish and for reducing the risk of development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study to establish protocols for antibacterial treatment of lumpfish.

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A novel Tb3+-functionalized covalent organic framework-based polymer mixed-matrix membrane (Tb3+@COF MMM) has been successfully fabricated by incorporating the highly stable Tb3+@PI-COF as filler into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) solution. Compared with pure COF membrane, MMM exhibits its good flexibility, processability and high detection sensitivity. The obtained Tb3+@COF-MMM (M) can be employed as a highly sensitive sensing platform for the sequential detection of oxolinic acid (OA) and nitrobenzene (NB) based on a "off-on-off" process. M has performed its great selectivity, high sensitivity, and low detection limit for detecting OA with "turn-on" mechanism. Moreover, owing to the good chemical stability and anti-interference of M sensor, it is prospective to efficiently detect residues of OA in serum or river water. After the detection of M-15 toward OA, the obtained fluorescent M-15/OA exhibits the rapid quenching, facile manipulation, cycling utility and low detection limits for sensing NB solution and vapor. This work has proposed a typical case of developing flexible Ln3+-functionalized COF-based polymer mixed-matrix membrane as a highly sensitive sensing platform for detecting OA and NB, simultaneously revealed the applied potentiality of M for monitoring animal health and environmental pollution.

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The specific concentrations of flumequine and oxolinic acid in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data are available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. No suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials.

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"Drug repositioning" is a current trend which proved useful in the search for new applications for existing, failed, no longer in use or abandoned drugs, particularly when addressing issues such as bacterial or cancer cells resistance to current therapeutic approaches. In this context, six new complexes of the first-generation quinolone oxolinic acid with rare-earth metal cations (Y3+, La3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+) have been synthesized and characterized. The experimental data suggest that the quinolone acts as a bidentate ligand, binding to the metal ion via the keto and carboxylate oxygen atoms; these findings are supported by DFT (density functional theory) calculations for the Sm3+ complex. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes, as well as the ligand, has been studied on MDA-MB 231 (human breast adenocarcinoma), LoVo (human colon adenocarcinoma) and HUVEC (normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells) cell lines. UV-Vis spectroscopy and competitive binding studies show that the complexes display binding affinities (Kb) towards double stranded DNA in the range of 9.33 × 104 - 10.72 × 105. Major and minor groove-binding most likely play a significant role in the interactions of the complexes with DNA. Moreover, the complexes bind human serum albumin more avidly than apo-transferrin.

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This study examined the uptake, tissue distribution and elimination of the antibacterial agents oxolinic acid and flumequine in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) by use of LC-MS/MS following a single oral administration of 25 mg/kg fish given in feed. Lumpfish are increasingly used as cleaner fish for removal of sea lice on commercially farmed salmon. The production of lumpfish is successful, but there are challenges with bacterial infections and the number of antibacterial treatments has increased in recent years. As the lumpfish is a novel species to farming, there is a need for pharmacokinetic data and establishment of protocols for efficient antibacterial treatment. The current study describes the pharmacokinetic properties of oxolinic acid and flumequine in lumpfish. Absorption of oxolinic acid was moderate and was characterized by a calculated peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2.12 µg/ml after 10.3 h (Tmax) and an elimination half-life (t1/2ß) of 21 h. Area under curve (AUC) and AUC from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24h) were calculated to be 60.9 and 34.0 h µg/ml, respectively. For flumequine, plasma Cmax was found to be 2.77 µg/ml after 7.7 h (Tmax) with t1/2ß of 22 h. The area under the curve (AUC) and AUC from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) were calculated as 104.3 and 50.3 h µg/ml, respectively. Corresponding Cmax values in muscle, liver, and head-kidney for oxolinic acid were 4.01, 3.04, and, 4.68 µg/g, respectively and Tmax of 11.1, 9.2, and 10.0 h, respectively. For flumequine, Cmax values of 4.16, 4.01, and 7.48 µg/g were obtained in muscle, liver, and head kidney, respectively, with corresponding Tmax values of 10.2, 10.3, and 6.0 h. Antimicrobial susceptibility values as determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analyses against 28 isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from diseased lumpfish ranged from 0.06 to 15 µg/ml for oxolinic acid and 0.024 to 6.25 µg/ml for flumequine. Bimodal distributions in susceptibility to both oxolinic acid and flumequine were observed. The combination of pharmacokinetic properties and MIC data make possible calculation of efficient treatment doses, which are needed to improve the welfare of lumpfish and minimize development of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

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The intestinal microbiota of certain farmed fish are often exposed to antimicrobial substances, such as antibiotics, that are used to prevent and treat bacterial diseases. Antibiotics that kill or inhibit the growth of harmful microbes can rapidly alter intestinal microbial diversity and composition, with potential effects on the host health. In this study, we have elucidated the impact of two antibiotics, florfenicol and oxolinic acid, by employing a high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technique on the distal and mid intestinal microbial communities of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). For this, Atlantic salmon were offered diets with or without antibiotics. We then investigated the bacterial communities in the intestinal mucus of the fish. Our results showed that antibiotic exposure shifts the intestinal microbial profile differentially. In addition, the bacterial compositions of the control and antibiotic-fed groups were significantly different. Antibiotic feeding altered the composition and abundance of the dominant bacterial phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, and Thermotogae. The bacterial association network analysis also indicated the differential pattern of co-occurrence of bacteria in the three study groups. The results regarding the differences in the structure and association of the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon after florfenicol and oxolinic acid feeding can be employed to attenuate the adverse effects of antibiotic feeding on fish.

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Filter feeders, like mussels and clams, are suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution. These shellfish, when destined for human consumption, undergo a depuration step that aims to nullify their pathogenic microorganism load and decrease chemical contamination. Nevertheless, the lack of contamination by drugs may not be guaranteed. Antimicrobials are a class of drugs of particular concern due to the increasing phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. Their use in breeding and aquaculture is a major cause of this. We developed a multiclass method for the HPLC-MS/MS analysis of 29 antimicrobials, validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/UE guidelines, and applied it to 50 mussel and 50 clam samples derived from various Food and Agricultural Organisation marine zones. The results obtained, indicate a negligible presence of antibiotics. Just one clam sample showed the presence of oxytetracycline at a concentration slightly higher than the European Union Maximum residue limit set for fish.

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The antibiotic overuse in zoothechnics, due to prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, or to their growth-promoting activity, is a major cause for the onset of widespread antibiotic resistance. Of particular relevance to this study, is the antibiotic abuse in pig breeding. Despite the comprehensive literature on residue controls in pig muscle, data on pig urine, a non-invasive, on-farm collectable matrix, are lacking. Therefore, we validated an HPLC-MS/MS method to detect 29 antimicrobials from eight classes and applied it to 43 anonymous pig urine and muscle paired samples and fulfilled the parameters in agreement with the Commission Decision 2002/657/UE. The analytical limits were moreover much lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) required by the Commission Regulation 37/2010/UE. In the samples, antibiotics were usually detected at higher frequencies and concentrations in urine than muscle. Urine proved a useful tool to detect antibiotic administration and their excessive use in pig farming is depicted.

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Strawberry bacterial angular leaf spot (ALS) disease, caused by Xanthomonas fragariae has become increasingly problematic in the strawberry agro-industry. ALS causes small angular water-soaked lesions to develop on the abaxial leaf surface. Studies reported optimum temperature conditions for X. fragariae are 20°C and the pathogen suffers mortality above 32°C. However, at the nursery stage, disease symptoms have been observed under high temperature conditions. In the present study, results showed X. fragariae transmission was via infected maternal plants, precipitation, and sprinkler irrigation systems. Systemic infections were detected using X. fragariae specific primers 245A/B and 295A/B, where 300-bp and 615-bp were respectively amplified. During the nursery stage (from May to August), the pathogen was PCR detected only in maternal plants, but not in soil or irrigation water through the nursery stage. During the cultivation period, from September to March, the pathogen was detected in maternal plants, progeny, and soil, but not in water. Additionally, un-infected plants, when planted with infected plants were positive for X. fragariae via PCR at the late cultivation stage. Chemical control for X. fragariae with oxolinic acid showed 87% control effects against the disease during the nursery period, in contrast to validamycin-A, which exhibited increased efficacy against the disease during the cultivation stage (control effect 95%). To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study of X. fragariae in Korean strawberry fields.

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A micellar liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of oxolinic acid, flumequine, marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin in honey. These quinolines are unethically used in beekeeping, and a zero-tolerance policy to antibiotic residues in honey has been stated by the European Union. The sample pretreatment was a 1:1 dilution with a 0.05M SDS at pH 3 solution, filtration and direct injection, thus avoiding extraction steps. The quinolones were eluted without interferences using mobile phase of 0.05M SDS/12.5% 1-propanol/0.5% triethylamine at pH 3, running at 1mL/min under isocratic room through a C18 column. The analytes were detected by fluorescence. The method was successfully validated according to the requirements of the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC in terms of: specificity, linearity (r(2)>0.995), limit of detection and decision limit (0.008-0.070mg/kg), lower limit of quantification (0.02-0.2mg/kg), detection capability (0.010-0.10mg/kg), recovery (82.1-110.0%), precision (<9.4%), matrix effects, robustness (<10.4%), and stability. The procedure was applied to several commercial honey supplied by a local supermarket, and the studied antibiotics were not detected. Therefore, the method was rapid, simple, safe, eco friendly, reliable and useful for the routine analysis of honey samples.

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In this study, solar driven TiO2-assisted heterogeneous photocatalytic experiments in a pilot-plant with compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) were carried out to study the degradation of two authorized veterinary antibiotics with particular relevance in finfish aquaculture, oxolinic acid (OXA) and oxytetracycline (OTC), using pure solutions of individual or mixed antibiotics. Firstly, the influence of natural solar photolysis was assessed for each antibiotic. Secondly, photocatalytic degradation kinetic rate constants for individual and mixed antibiotics were compared, using a catalyst load of 0.5 g L(-1) and an initial pH around 7.5. Thirdly, for individually photocatalytic-treated OXA and OTC in the same conditions, the growth inhibition of Escherichia coli DSM 1103 was followed, and the mineralization extent was assessed by the residual dissolved organic carbon (DOC), low-molecular-weight carboxylate anions and inorganic ions concentration. Finally, the effect of inorganic ions, such as chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, ammonium and bicarbonates, on the photocatalytic degradation of individual solutions of OXA and OTC was also evaluated and the formation of different reactive oxygen species were probed using selective scavengers. The removal profiles of each antibiotic, both as single component or in mixture were similar, being necessary 2.5 kJ L(-1) of solar UV energy to fully remove them, and 18 kJ(UV) L(-1) to achieve 73% and 81% mineralization, for OXA and OTC, respectively. The remaining organic carbon content was mainly due to low-molecular-weight carboxylate anions. After complete removal of the antibiotics, the remaining degradation by-products no longer showed antibacterial activity. Also, 10% and 55% of the nitrogen content of each antibiotic was converted to ammonium, while no conversion to nitrite or nitrate was detected. The presence of phosphates hindered considerably the removal of both antibiotics, whereas the presence of other inorganic ions did not substantially altered the antibiotics photocatalytic degradation kinetics.

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A simple and rapid method for the detection and extraction of oxolinic acid, flumequine, florfenicol and oxytetracycline from marine sediments was developed and validated. The analytes were extracted from the marine sediment using a solution of oxalic acid diluted in methanol with sonication before detection by HPLC using a diode-array detector (florfenicol and oxytetracycline) and fluorescence (oxolinic acid and flumequine). The quantification limits (QL) were 100 ng/g for oxytetracycline and florfenicol and 5 ng/g for oxolinic acid and flumequine. The coefficients of variation of the repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 10% in all of the analytes. The calibration curves were linear between 50 and 500 ng/ml for oxytetracycline and florfenicol and 1 and 20 ng/ml for oxolinic acid and flumequine. The recuperation rate for the analytes was above 86%.

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A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining oxolinic acid in tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ) tissue has been developed. The sample was simply extracted with ethyl acetate without further clean-up. The extract was analyzed using reversed-phase chromatography with UV detection at 330 nm. An extraction efficiency of 97.4 ± 10.3% was obtained. The within-run precision ranged from 1.46 to 4.21% and the between-run precision ranged from 6.01 to 9.77%. Detection of oxolinic acid in spiked shrimp was linear from 0.007 to 4 µg/g with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The minimal detection limit of this procedure was 0.0035 µg/g.

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We observed 285 cases of culture proved shigellosis from Jan. 1978 to July 1981 at W.M.B.H. in Busan. We specially observed the clinical and bacteriological response to Oxolinic acid in 59 cases from Jan. to July 1981. The following results were obtained. 1. The most commonly isolated shigella strains was Sh. flexneri (85.3%) followed by Sh. sonnei (7.4%), Sh. boydii (4.2%) and Sh. dysenteriae(3.2%). 2. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that more than 90% of strains were resistant to Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin. Resistance strains to Gentamycin and Oxocid were found in less than 12.2% and 14.3% respectively. 3. The multiple antibiotic resistant strains were observed in about 80% of 59 strains, which were resistant to 3~5 antibiotics. The most of these strains were resistant to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline. In 3 cases it was resistant to all kinds of antibiotics but oxolinic acid. 4. Oxolinic acid showed growth-inhibitory zone of more than 11 mm with the concentration of 2mcg/ml in 95% and M.I.C. value of less than 0.76mcg/ml in 90%. 5. After administration of Oxolinic acid, there was clinical response within 2 days in 76.5% and conversion to negative stool culture within 2days in 68.8%. 6. Compared with placebo group, there was parallel clinical and bacteriologic effectiveness between Oxolinic acid and Rifampin.

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We observed 285 cases of culture proved shigellosis from Jan. 1978 to July 1981 at W.M.B.H. in Busan. We specially observed the clinical and bacteriological response to Oxolinic acid in 59 cases from Jan. to July 1981. The following results were obtained. 1. The most commonly isolated shigella strains was Sh. flexneri (85.3%) followed by Sh. sonnei (7.4%), Sh. boydii (4.2%) and Sh. dysenteriae(3.2%). 2. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that more than 90% of strains were resistant to Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin. Resistance strains to Gentamycin and Oxocid were found in less than 12.2% and 14.3% respectively. 3. The multiple antibiotic resistant strains were observed in about 80% of 59 strains, which were resistant to 3~5 antibiotics. The most of these strains were resistant to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline. In 3 cases it was resistant to all kinds of antibiotics but oxolinic acid. 4. Oxolinic acid showed growth-inhibitory zone of more than 11 mm with the concentration of 2mcg/ml in 95% and M.I.C. value of less than 0.76mcg/ml in 90%. 5. After administration of Oxolinic acid, there was clinical response within 2 days in 76.5% and conversion to negative stool culture within 2days in 68.8%. 6. Compared with placebo group, there was parallel clinical and bacteriologic effectiveness between Oxolinic acid and Rifampin.

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Oxolinic acid is a weak-organic acid which developed recently from Nalidixic acid. Author reports a clinical observation about the effect of oxolinic acid on patients of genito-urinary tract infection, who visited to our O.P.D. from May 1976 to Nov. 1976. Daily dose is 1.5gm per oral for 5-28 days. 1. Among 12 cases of nongonococcal urethritis, excellent and good effects are obtained in 10 cases. 2. Among 9 cases of Gonococcal urethritis, excellent effects are resulted in 7 cases. 3. Among 6 cases of acute cystitis, excellent in 4 cases and good result in 2 cases are noted. 4. Among 5 cases of chronic prostatitis, only 1 case excellent and good effects are noted in 2 cases. 5. Among 3 cases of epididymitis, good effects are seen in 2 cases. 6. On 2 cases of chronic cystitis, 1 case is excellent and no effect in 1 case is noted. 7. On 1 case of pyelonephritis, no effect is obtained. 8. Oxolinic acid has the antibacterial activity in 11 cases of 17 cases staphylococcus & streptococcus infections, 7 cases of 9 cases gonococcus infections, and 1 case of 2 cases proteus infections. No significant toxicity is seen through the course of therapy.

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