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Ski touring on groomed slopes is a relatively new outdoor sport that has steadily been gaining interest. So far, little scientific attention has been given to this outdoor activity. Thus, few questions have been asked about the motivation for practising this sport, and even fewer about whether the current COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the frequency of and motivation for ski touring. For this reason, we conducted a large-scale study (n = 6802) in the Austrian Alps. Results revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic has not changed the motive structure for ski touring; however, the findings showed that many people have even started to practice this sport. This research note contributes to the existing knowledge by (a) documenting ski tourers' motives using a large sample, (b) giving insights into the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on this specific outdoor sport, and (c) showing COVID-19-related impacts on practicing ski touring. Management implications: •No changes in motivational reasons for ski touring due to COVID-19 pandemic.•Trend towards outdoor sports, especially ski tours on groomed slopes in the alpine region of central Europe. Amplification of the trend due to the pandemic and the associated restrictions.•As an outdoor sport, ski touring on groomed slopes offers versatile added value for ski tourers, but also huge potential for ropeway operators.•This soft slope tourism can also show alternatives to temporary ropeway closures in times of the COVID-19 pandemic and could also promote tourism (especially day tourism) in small circles at the regional level.•The increase in beginners naturally raises the question of whether this group needs special offers or how to deal with beginners on the slopes. On the other hand, this also raises the question of how to deal with the increase in ski slope users in general.

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The aim of the study was to analyse the fitness level of young horse riders before and after 12 weeks of training restrictions instituted due to the COVID-19 emergency. Anthropometrical measure assessment and an eight-items fitness test battery were administered to 61 puberal and adolescent female amateur horse riders. Subjects were evaluated within 3 weeks before (pre-tests) the period of training restrictions and on the first day of normal training after it (post-tests). Post-test results showed significant increases in body weight (Z: −1.732; p value: 0.001; ES: −0.157) and BMI (F: 9.918; p value: 0.003; ES: 0.146), whilst the performance in hand grip and abdominal strength, hip mobility, and 10 × 5 m Shuttle and Cooper 12 min tests' outcomes significantly decreased (F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed that riders' experience was significantly correlated with hand grip (p < 0.01), leg strength (p < 0.01), hip mobility (p < 0.05), and 5 × 10 m Shuttle (p < 0.01) and the Cooper 12 min (p < 0.01) test results. It could be suggested that equestrian activities could produce a higher fitness level in puberal and adolescent riders, whilst home-based, unsupervised, and unattentively planned training during the twelve weeks of training restrictions might be insufficient to maintain it.

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Los resultados de la última revisión sistemática publicada hace 10 años sugieren un mayor bienestar emocional tras la realización de ejercicio en espacios naturales frente a los espacios cerrados. El objetivo es actualizar la revisión sistemática desde el año 2011. Se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando las siguientes bases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library y PEDro con las palabras clave: “physical exercise”, “green exercise”, “outdoor”, “wellbeing”, “quality of life”, “emotional benefits”, “psychological effects” y “randomized controlled trial”. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: estudios experimentales comparando ambos escenarios, en población adulta, publicados entre enero de 2011 y junio de 2020 y en inglés o español. Se excluyeron los diseños no experimentales. Dos investigadores independientes participan en la selección de artículos y extracción de los datos mediante un protocolo previamente diseñado, incluyendo la escala PEDro para analizar la calidad de los estudios. Se identificaron 8 artículos con 9 unidades de análisis (320 participantes). Existe una elevada variabilidad en las intervenciones (caminar, correr, montar en bicicleta, entrenamiento de fuerza muscular y bailar) y en las medidas analizadas. El ejercicio en ambientes naturales seasocia a un aumento de las emociones positivas y del afecto positivo, disminución del afecto negativo y de respuestas fisiológicas relacionadas con el estrés, mayor atención, energía, satisfacción y compromiso e intención de ejercicio futuro. Los resultados sugieren que el ejercicio en entornos naturales podría tener más efectos positivos sobre el bienestar que si se realiza en entornos de interior. (AU)

The results of the last systematic review published ten years ago suggest an increase of emotional wellbeing associated to exercise in nature compared to indoor spaces. The aim of this current systematic review is to update the search since 2011 and analyze its impact on the development of mental well-being. A systematic review was carried out using the following bases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library and PEDro with the keywords: "physical exercise", "green exercise", "outdoor", "wellbeing", "quality of life", "emotional benefits”, “psychological effects” and “randomized controlled trial”. Inclusion criteria were: experimental studies comparing both scenarios, in the adult population, published between January 2011 and June 2020 and in English or Spanish. Non-experimental designs were excluded. Two researchers selected the articles independently and extracted data using a previously designed protocol, including the PEDro scale to analyze study quality. Eight studies with 9 analyses units (320 participants) were identified. A high variability was identified in the interventions (walking, running, cycling, muscle strength training and dancing) and the measures analyzed. Exercise in natural environments was associated with increased positive emotions and positive affect, decreased negative affect and stress-related physiological responses, increased attention, energy, satisfaction, and future commitment and intention to exercise. The results suggest that exercise in nature could have more positive effects on well-being than similar activities in an indoor environment. (AU)

Os resultados da última revisão sistemática publicada há dez anos sugerem um aumento do bem-estar emocional associado ao exercício na natureza em comparação com espaços internos. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática atual é atualizar a pesquisa desde 2011 e analisar seu impacto no desenvolvimento do bem-estar mental. Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada nas seguintes bases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library e PEDro com as palavras-chave: "exercício físico", "exercício verde", "ao ar livre", "bem-estar", "qualidade de vida", "benefícios emocionais "," Efeitos psicológicos "e" ensaio clínico randomizado ". Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos experimentais comparando os dois cenários, na população adulta, publicados entre janeiro de 2011 e junho de 2020 e em inglês ou espanhol. Foram excluídos os desenhos não experimentais. Dois pesquisadores selecionou os artigos de forma independente e extraiu os dados usando um protocolo previamente elaborado, incluindo a escala PEDro para analisar a qualidade do estudo. Foram identificados oito estudos com 9 unidades de análise (320 participantes). Foi identificada uma alta variabilidade nas intervenções (caminhada, corrida, ciclismo, treinamento de força muscular e dança) e as medidas analisadas. O exercício em ambientes naturais foi associado ao aumento de emoções positivas e afeto positivo, diminuição reações fisiológicas relacionadas ao afeto e aoestresse, maior atenção, energia, satisfação e compromisso futuro e intenção de praticar exercícios. Os resultados sugerem que exercícios na natureza podem ter efeitos mais positivos no bem-estar do que atividades semelhantes em um ambiente interno. (AU)

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Sport climbers frequently use campus board (CB) to improve their upper limb strength under similar conditions of high-difficulty sport climbing routes. The objective of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability of peak force and impulse measured using a CB instrumented with two load cells on starting holds. The same evaluator examined 22 climbers on two days with 48 h between the assessments. The participants performed five concentric lunges (CL) and five lunges with stretch-shortening cycle with 1 min intervals between repetitions and 10 min between exercises. All variables were associated with significant intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values (p = 0.001), and none variable showed systematic errors (p > 0.05). Peak force ICC was higher than 0.88, and the standard error of measurement (SEM%) was less than 5%. Impulse ICC for the CL was greater than 0.90, and the SEM% was less than 14%. We conclude that the kinetic variables measured using the CB were reliable. The ability of the hands to maintain contact with the holds (peak force) and the abilities of the arms and shoulders vertically move the centre of mass (impulse) should be taken into account by coaches on CB training prescription as well for further research.

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Youth have very high participation and injury rates across sport and recreational activities, including in adventure and extreme sports. Sport and recreation is the leading cause of injury in youth and may lead to lower levels of physical activity, higher adiposity, and long-term consequences such as overweight/obesity, post-traumatic osteoarthritis, and post-concussion syndrome which can adversely affect future health. Injuries are predictable and preventable in youth sport, including adventure and extreme sport. However, injury prevention strategies can have a significant impact in reducing the number and severity of injuries in many sports. This article provides an evidence-informed overview on what is known about injury prevention strategies which have been evaluated in youth adventure and extreme sports. Recommendations to contribute to effective and sustainable injury prevention in youth adventure and extreme sports have been summarized.

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