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This study's objective was to separate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin after high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment for further valorization. The study investigated the supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment of apple orchard waste at temperatures of 160-200 °C, for 15-45 min, at a pressure of 10 MPa. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the supercritical process and to improve its efficiency. The change of functional groups during different pretreatment conditions was examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the structural changes in the biomass structure before and after pretreatment. A new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) method was developed and validated for the determination of carbohydrates in the liquid fraction that resulted after pretreatment. The estimated uncertainty of the method ranged from 16.9 to 20.8%. The pre-treatment of high-pressure supercritical CO2 appears to be an effective and promising technique for the recovery of sugars and secondary by-products without the use of toxic solvents.

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It is well established that the global practice of burning crop residues, such as orchard biomass, harms human health and the environment. A bioeconomy for orchard biomass may reduce open burning, facilitate the recovery of nutrients that improve soil health, and boost economic growth. We present a techno-economic analysis for converting orchard waste into biochar, a charcoal-like substance that shows promise for improving soil health, but that is considered an experimental product with emerging efficacy and limited market demand. We impute values derived from a cost analysis of biochar production in California's Central Valley into a regional economic input-output model to demonstrate economic growth and a bioeconomy for biochar made with orchard waste. Results from a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation show a probable range of biochar production costs between $448.78 and $1,846.96 (USD) Mg-1, with 90% probability that costs will range between $571 and $1,455 Mg-1. A sensitivity analysis shows that production costs are most responsive to biochar production rates. A modifiable Excel-based biochar enterprise budget that includes fixed and variable biochar production costs is provided as Supplementary Material. The regional economic analysis demonstrates positive economic growth as defined by job creation, labor compensation, value-added product, and gross output. Stochastic cost estimates and net positive regional economic impacts support economic feasibility of a circular bioeconomy for waste orchard biomass when coupled with governmental policy initiatives. Results may contribute to developing a circular bioeconomy for biochar and orchard biomass in the study region and elsewhere in the world.

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The routine pruning and cutting of fruit trees provides a considerable amount of biowaste each year. This lignocellulosic biomass, mainly in the form of branches, trunks, rootstocks, and leaves, is a potential high-quality fuel, yet often is treated as waste. The results of a feasibility study on biochar production by pyrolysis of residues from orchard pruning were presented. Three types of biomass waste were selected as raw materials and were obtained from the most common fruit trees in Poland: apple (AP), pear (PR), and plum (PL) tree prunings. Two heating rates and three final pyrolysis temperatures were applied. For the slow (SP) and fast pyrolysis (FP) processes, the heating rates were 15 °C/min and 100 °C/min, respectively. The samples were heated from 25 °C up to 400, 500, and 600 °C. Chemical analyses of the raw materials were conducted, and the pyrolysis product yields were determined. A significant rise of higher heating value (HHV) was observed for the solid pyrolysis products, from approximately 23.45 MJ/kg for raw materials up to approximately 29.52 MJ/kg for pyrolysis products at 400 °C, and 30.53 MJ/kg for pyrolysis products at 600 °C. Higher carbon content was observed for materials obtained by fast pyrolysis conducted at higher temperatures.

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Huge quantities of apple orchard waste (AOW) generated could be regarded as a promising alternative energy source for fuel and material production. Conventional and traditional processes for disposal of these wastes are neither economical nor environment friendly. Hence, sustainable technologies are required to be developed to solve this long-term existence and continuous growing problem. In light of these issues, this review pays attention towards sustainable and renewable systems, various value-added products from an economic and environmental perspective. Refined bio-product derived from AOW contributes to resource and energy demand comprising of biomethane, bioethanol, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, biochar, and biochemicals, such as organic acid, and enzymes. However, the market implementation of biological recovery requires reliable process technology integrated with an eco-friendly and economic production chain, classified management.

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In this review investigate the apple orchard waste (AOW) is potential organic resources to produce multi-product and there sustainable interventions with biorefineries approaches to assesses the apple farm industrial bioeconomy. The thermochemical and biological processes like anaerobic digestion, composting and , etc., that generate distinctive products like bio-chemicals, biofuels, biofertilizers, animal feed and biomaterial, etc can be employed for AOW valorization. Integrating these processes can enhanced the yield and resource recovery sustainably. Thus, employing biorefinery approaches with allied different methods can link to the progression of circular bioeconomy. This review article mainly focused on the different biological processes and thermochemical that can be occupied for the production of waste to-energy and multi-bio-product in a series of reaction based on sustainability. Therefore, the biorefinery for AOW move towards identification of the serious of the reaction with each individual thermochemical and biological processes for the conversion of one-dimensional providences to circular bioeconomy.

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