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Background: The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of oral carcinoma and precancerous lesion, oral healthcare seeking behaviour and identify accessible areas of tobacco cessation centres and oral healthcare facilities among Irular adult tribes residing in Pondicherry. Objectives: 1. To estimate the prevalence of oral carcinomas and precancerous lesion by using toluidine blue solution. 2. To determine their oral healthcare seeking behaviour in terms of utilizing oral healthcare facilities. 3. To identify accessible tobacco cessation centres and oral healthcare centres for prevention of oral cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study is designed to identify oral carcinomas, oral health-care seeking behaviour among Irular tribes of Pondicherry. 1% toluidine blue solution prepared for detection of oral precancerous lesion. Data was collected using a questionnaire and clinical examination. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Out of 587 study population, oral mucosal lesion among the study population was 46 (7.8%) leukoplakia and 18 (3.1%) candidiasis. Positive health seeking behaviour 24 (41.7%) was observed. Conclusion: The study concluded that low prevalence of oral precancerous lesion and oral healthcare seeking behaviour is poor.

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BACKGROUND: The goal of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. The aim of this scoping review was to map the current evidence on the association between the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and parental education; and to identify possible pathways by which parental education may protect against ECC. METHODS: The two questions that guided this review were: what is the existing evidence on the association between maternal and paternal education and ECC; and what are the pathways by which parental education protects against ECC? The initial search was conducted in January 2023 in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Articles published in English between January 2000 and October 2022 that reported on the association between parental education and ECC were screened, and the extracted data were compiled, summarized, and synthesized. Review papers and non-primary quantitative research papers were excluded from the full-text review. Open coding was applied to develop a conceptual framework. RESULTS: In total, 49 studies were included: 42 cross-sectional, 3 case-control and 4 cohort studies. The majority (91.8%) reported on the associations between ECC and maternal (n = 33), paternal (n = 3), and parental (n = 9) level of education, and 13 (26.7%) reported on the association between parental education and the severity of ECC. Mothers with more than primary school education (n = 3), post-secondary/college/tertiary education (n = 23), and more than 4-12 years of education (n = 12) had children with lower risk for ECC. Two studies reporting on parental education found an association between maternal but not paternal education and ECC. The review suggests that achieving the SDG 4.1 may reduce the risk of ECC. Possible pathways by which maternal education protects from ECC were feeding practices, oral hygiene practices, and the use of dental services. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggests that higher maternal educational level may reduce the risk for the consumption of cariogenic diet, poor oral hygiene practices and poor use of dental services for caries prevention. However, the association between paternal education and ECC was not consistently observed, with significant associations less frequently reported compared to maternal education. Future studies are needed to define the magnitude and modifiers of the impact of maternal education on the risk for ECC.

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OBJECTIVES: This study describes daily oral health care in private enhanced service housing units and nursing homes in Finland using a qualitative method. METHODS: Nineteen supervisor nurses were interviewed in the six largest cities in Finland. The interviews consisted of semi-structured questions. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS: The qualitative content analysis revealed five main categories: diet, education in the oral health of older people, oral care equipment and taking care of them, caring for the mouths of residents, and professional oral health care. The results revealed that sugary snacks were given daily in the units and there was a need for oral health care education. The dental equipment of residents was taken care of well and the oral health of the residents was taken care of moderately well. Furthermore, there was a need for co-operation between dental professionals and only half of the residents had an individual oral care plan. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that based on this qualitative study, the implementation of daily oral health care in most nursing homes and enhanced housing units seems to be at a sufficient level and more oral health-related practical and theoretical education is needed.

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Background and objective Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is most commonly associated with respiratory symptoms, which can vary from one individual to another. In addition, many patients can recover from this condition without undergoing any special treatment plan. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and, soon after, Saudi Arabia put in place strict quarantine measures in all cities across the country to protect its citizens from the spread of COVID-19. The key objective of the quarantine program was to prevent infectious transmission from individuals who were potentially incubating the virus. Quarantine can have a significant psychological impact on human lives. With their freedom restricted and everyday life affected, people can experience behavioral changes. If people are better informed regarding such unusual situations and their effects on their oral and general health, it could go a long way in motivating them to adopt healthy practices during quarantine periods. In light of this, the aim of this cross-sectional survey was to assess the impact of quarantine on oral hygiene practices among the general public living in Riyadh City. The effect of quarantine on any changes in oral health and hygiene was also assessed. Methodology A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out among 570 adult participants from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, who were aged 20 years and above. The data were collected using an online, self-administered, and structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 18 questions divided into two sections: the first part comprised questions related to demographic details and the second part consisted of questions related to oral hygiene practices and oral health. Results The results of the survey showed that the quarantine had affected oral hygiene practices positively by increasing the awareness of the general public about hygiene practices. Conclusions COVID-19 has affected our lives in various ways. Based on our findings in this study, the general population in Riyadh displayed an improvement in awareness and care about their general and oral hygiene, especially those in the age group of 20-30 years. Also, the rate of toothbrushing witnessed a positive effect during the pandemic. Some parents focused more on their children's oral hygiene. These findings may well be attributed to the increased awareness gained through social media platforms and partly due to the fear of the potential unavailability of dental facilities during the quarantine period.

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Introduction: periodontitis is the sixth leading long-term complication of diabetes mellitus which can impair diabetic patients' metabolic control. Patients with both diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease present with the challenge of managing these two chronic diseases, each of which may impact the other. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of periodontitis and oral hygiene practices among diabetic and non-diabetic patients attending a large tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: this was a cross-sectional comparative study involving 110 diabetics and 110 non-diabetic patients aged 40 years and above. They were recruited from the diabetes and general medical out-patient clinics respectively in a large tertiary hospital in Lagos using a systematic sampling method. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. In addition, blood tests for glycated haemoglobin and oral examination using a simplified periodontal examination were conducted. The prevalence and severity of periodontitis and oral hygiene practices were compared between both groups. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 21 Software. Results: the prevalence of periodontitis was higher among the diabetics 100 (90.9%) compared to the non-diabetic patients 79 (71.8%), and this was statistically significant (p<0.001). Severity of periodontitis among both groups was also statistically high 54 (49.1%) vs. 35 (31.8%) p<0.001. Conclusion: the prevalence of periodontitis was higher and more severe among diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Oral hygiene practices in both groups are not statistically significant p>0.05. Oral health education programs targeted at diabetic patients should be carried out to prevent and control periodontitis.

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Background and aim: Dietary pattern and diet quality can influence the incidence of dental caries and can be indicated by decay missing filled (Dmf) scores in the primary dentition. This study aims to find the relationship of nutritional status and oral hygiene practices on Dmf scores of preschool children. Materials and methods: Semi-structured and self-administered questionnaires, distributed among 60 preschoolers' parents, were used to assess the demographic and diet related data. Anthropometric measurements of the preschoolers were taken following universally accepted protocols. The relationship between dietary supplement consumption and the presence of dental caries was evaluated by chi-square test employing SPSS 22. Results: The anthropometric measurements among 4-year-old children were on par with the standard values and that of 5-year-olds were below the reference range. All the measurements except head to chest circumference were higher than normal range among 3-year-old subjects. Regular and periodic dental check-ups significantly influenced dental caries prevention (p = 0.030). Statistically, there was no significant association between Dmf scores and thumb-sucking habits (p = 0.568), brushing teeth and usage of tooth floss (p = 0.96), consumption of nutrient supplements (p = 0.744), and BMI (p = 0.564) of the subjects. Furthermore, the correlation between z scores and Dmf scores was found insignificant. Conclusion: Long-term as well as short-term malnutrition initiated 2 years after the start of the pre-schooling. With severity of undernutrition there was a trend to have high Dmf scores.

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BACKGROUND: Visual impairment affects a significant population globally. The aim of this study was to determine the oral health status and oral hygiene practices among visually impaired adolescents from a school in Kenya. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 159 adolescents aged 10-19 years attending the largest public primary boarding school for the blind in Kenya. A questionnaire was used to record participants' socio-demographic variables and oral hygiene practices. Clinical examination was undertaken to assess oral health status which consisted of oral hygiene, gingival health, and dental caries. Bivariate analyses were conducted to compare dental health outcomes across socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: There were 69 (43.4%) and 90 (56.6%) participants in Category I and II visual impairment respectively, 85 (53.5%) were male and 74 (46.5%) were female. Study participants were divided into three age categories: 10-12 years 48 (30.2%), 13-15 years 67 (42.1%), and 16- 19 years 44 (27.7%), with an overall mean age of 13.9 ± 2.3. All participants brushed their teeth, majority 107 (67.3%) brushed two or more times daily. Only 66 (41.5%) of the participants replaced their toothbrushes at 3 months. Sex (p =< 0.001) and age (p = 0.04) influenced frequency of toothbrush replacement. The average plaque score and gingival score index was 0.95 ± 0.45 and 0.28 ± 0.25 respectively, with gingivitis prevalence of 88.1%. Overall dental caries prevalence was 44.7%, [42.1%)] permanent dentition and [8.2%] deciduous dentition. Mean DMFT and dmft were 0.44 ± 0.60 and 0.12 ± 0.32 respectively. DMFT had a statistically significant association with sex (t = 1.82, p = 0.03). Oral hygiene practices did not influence oral hygiene and dental caries status. However, a statistically significant association was reported between frequency of toothbrush replacement and gingival score index ("p" =< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study reported general good oral hygiene, prevalent gingivitis 140 (88.1%), and almost half of the study population affected by dental caries 71 (44.7%). Most participants were unaware of using fluoridated toothpaste and of needing to change toothbrushes within 3 months. Frequency of toothbrush replacement was reported to influence gingival score index.

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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the associations between feeding and oral hygiene practices during the first year of life and caries prevalence in preschool children. Materials and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 420 children between the age-group of 3-5 years in Navi Mumbai, India. Dental caries experience was recorded using WHO criteria. A validated questionnaire with 34 questions was used for collecting information regarding feeding and oral hygiene practices. The data collected were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Chi-square test. Results: Caries prevalence was high and statistically significant (p < 0.05) among those who were breastfed, fell asleep with a bottle in the mouth, fed with additional sugar in bottled milk, those who had a frequent sweet intake, and where infant's teeth were not cleaned soon after eruption. Conclusion: Determining the role of feeding practices on early childhood caries and intervention during early childhood seems to be the most appropriate action to ensure healthy dental habits throughout life. Clinical significance: A future direction for dentists to target preventive interventions in early childhood and incorporate cariogenicity of frequent infant feeding into sound recommendations for parents and caregivers. How to cite this article: Khodke S, Naik S, Agarwal N. Infant Dietary Pattern and its Association with Early Childhood Caries in Preschool Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(3):421-425.

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AIM: The aim of the study was to assess maternal knowledge about oral health practices for children along with oral hygiene perceptions of mothers during pregnancy in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 newly delivered mothers who were admitted to the obstetrician/gynecological (OB/GYN) University Clinic in Thessaloniki, Greece, to give birth. A three-part, self-reported, 40-item questionnaire was designed, collecting socioeconomic data, perceptions, and practices regarding maternal oral hygiene during pregnancy and their knowledge in relation to children's oral health. Collected data were recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed with SPSS (Version 24.0), and p < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: The sample consisted of mainly Greek, married, university alumni mothers less than 35 years of age. Self-reports of oral hygiene practices during gestation were sufficient but an inadequate level of regular dental visits was recorded. Poor knowledge was equally noted, regarding children's oral health, in the domains of fluoride toothpaste usage, the age of the first dental visit, supervised toothbrushing, nighttime breastfeeding, potential hazards of pacifier use, and thumb sucking. All factors were significantly associated with the mothers' education level (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Newly-delivered mothers presented with a lack of knowledge regarding mother/caregiver-related risk factors associated with early childhood caries (ECC), the timing of establishing a dental home, and misconceptions about the safety of dental visits during pregnancy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Healthcare professionals interacting with pregnant women or young mothers are a vital element to bridge the existing gap in knowledge and assist those socially and educationally deprived.

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BACKGROUND: Moral principles in children can influence their oral hygiene practices and can be beneficial in providing better oral health care. AIM: To assess the consistency of Piaget's moral development principles in Indian children aged 7 to 11 years and evaluate its influence on their oral hygiene practices. DESIGN: The first phase of the embedded mixed-method approach included telephone interviews of 50 children on eight situations of moral development as suggested by Jean Piaget. Children were categorised into heteronomous and autonomous moralities based on the content analysis. The second phase of the study included a semi-structured qualitative interview on knowledge and practice behaviour of children on oral hygiene maintenance. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the overall moral development of children aged 7 to 9 years and 9 to 11 years (p = .57). Only 4.8% of girls had heteronomous morality, and a significant difference was noted between boys and girls (p = .014). There was a significant difference in the oral hygiene practices observed between heteronomous morality and autonomous morality children. CONCLUSION: Children were autonomous in their morality at 7 to 9 years of age. Children with autonomous morality performed better oral hygiene practices than children with heteronomous morality.

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Background: Gypsy "Narikuravars" constituted separate sociocultural groups having distinct cultures, customs, traditions, and lifestyles. Oral health-seeking behavior of this group remains to be an ignored part. This study aims to assess the oral hygiene practices and knowledge on periodontal diseases and therapy among Gypsy Narikuravars in Puducherry. Materials and Methods: The total study population consisted of 100 subjects, and a performed validated pro forma about oral hygiene practices and knowledge on periodontal diseases was used. Results: There is no significant association between sociodemographic factors and knowledge on periodontal disease and therapy. Majority (90%) of the participants have poor knowledge of periodontal disease and therapy. 56% of the participants used their fingers to clean the teeth, and very few subjects (13%) used toothbrush to clean their teeth, and most of the participants (92%) brushes once daily using manual method. Conclusion: The practice of poor oral hygiene and lack of knowledge on periodontal disease and therapy was observed. Hence, the implementation of oral health programs and provision of comprehensive health services for these Gypsy population should be a high priority.

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Background: Cervical abrasion is a multifactorial process due to the use of abrasive dentifrices along with improper brushing patterns. An extensive lesion may cause loss of structural integrity of tooth and esthetically unacceptable. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of cervical abrasion with age, gender, and oral hygiene practices among workers in a spinning mill, Kerala. The study also aimed to identify the buccolingual measurements of each abraded tooth using the Community Abrasion Index of Treatment Needs (CAITN) probe. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study where 366 subjects (257 males and 109 females) above 20 years of age were selected using a random sampling technique. Data was collected from the assessment form comprising demographic data and oral hygiene practices of the subjects. Clinical examination for abrasion and buccolingual measurements of abraded tooth recorded using CAITN probe. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 26.0. for calculating descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of abrasion was 37.2% and 97.7% of subjects with abrasion had sensitive teeth and were statistically significant. Age, gender (males) and combined horizontal and vertical method of brushing technique were strongly associated with the cervical lesion (P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age group, gender, combined horizontal and vertical method of brushing, and presence of sensitive tooth was associated with the abrasion. Conclusion: It is concluded that the severity of the abrasion is an age-related phenomenon associated with combined horizontal and vertical strokes of brushing and is common among the male population. Dentinal hypersensitivity is also more prevalent with cervical abrasion. The novel CAITN probe can be used as an effective tool to assess the cervical abrasion and its treatment needs.

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Aim: To determine possible associations of early childhood caries (ECC) with risk factors such as feeding and dietary habits of children and oral hygiene practices by the parents or caregiver in rural and urban school children in Jaipur, India. Materials and methods: An observational cross-sectional study was designed with a dental examination and a standardized questionnaire. A total of 1,824 children, that is, 848 (46%) rural, and 976 (54%) urban school children were enrolled in the study. The data regarding their diet and feeding habits of children, oral hygiene practices of the parents or caregivers were collected with the help of a standardized questionnaire. The caries status of rural and urban school children was recorded using the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index. Data thus collected were compiled, analyzed and were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 26.0, IBM). Comparison of frequencies of categories of variables with groups was done using Chi-square test with p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of ECC was 34.7% in rural and 45.5% in urban school children of Jaipur (p < 0.01). Caries risk increased with the use of both bottle and breast feeding, habit of milk at night, eating snacks between meals with no habit of rinsing teeth, and decrease in parental supervision during oral hygiene practices. In urban school children there is an increased access to junk food and refined sugar daily as compared to rural school children with more than two times in a week was found statistically highly significant in the study (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of ECC was higher in urban school children as compared to rural school children in Jaipur. It was found that risk factors such as diet and feeding habits of children and oral hygiene practices by the parents or caregiver are strongly associated with the prevalence of ECC. It was concluded that the epidemiological data, which have been collected in a very comprehensive way can be utilized more effectively to eliminate the root cause of the disease by improving oral health services in the rural and urban school children in Jaipur, India. How to cite this article: Yadav SP, Meghpara M, Marwah N, et al. Association of Early Childhood Caries with Feeding, Dietary Habits, and Oral Hygiene Practices among Rural and Urban School Children of Jaipur. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):273-279.

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Socio-demographic correlates with oral hygiene practices are commonly investigated. The present study aimed to determine whether alcohol and/or tobacco use and hyperglycemia were associated with oral hygiene practices among Burkinabè adults. This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 4550 adults selected through multistage cluster sampling performed during the first WHO STEPS survey conducted in 2013 in Burkina Faso. The practices we considered were the frequencies of tooth cleaning, the fluoridated toothpaste use and the dentist visit within the past-six months. We collected data on self-reported alcohol and tobacco use and measured fasting blood glucose (FBG). About 82.8% of respondent reported they cleaned their teeth at least once a day, 31.5% cleaned them at least twice a day, 25.4% used fluoridated toothpaste, 2.2% had visited a dentist in the past six months, 38.8% used either alcohol or tobacco and 8.4% had raised FBG. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors, alcohol and/or tobacco use was an unfavorable factor for tooth cleaning at least once a day [aOR = 0.7 (0.6-0.8) p < 0.001], or at least twice a day [aOR = 0.6 (0.5-0.7) p < 0.001]. Moreover, raised FBG was negatively associated with cleaning tooth at least twice a day [aOR = 0.7 (0.5-0.9) p < 0.01] or the use of fluoridated toothpaste [aOR = 0.7 (0.6-0.9) p < 0.05]. Oral health education in addition to cardiovascular risk factor reduction should be efficiently integrated in the behavioral lifestyle interventions' strategies for the non-communicable diseases' prevention.

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Background: The oral microbiota plays vital roles in both oral and systemic health, but limited studies have explored the transition of the female oral microbiota from preconception to pregnancy along with pronounced hormonal fluctuations. Aim: To characterize the oral microbiota among women in preconception and pregnancy through a prospective study and to explore the associations between the oral microbiota and oral hygiene practices. Methods: A total of 202 unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 101 women in both preconception and late pregnancy. The oral microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: The Ace and phylogenetic diversity (PD) index were significantly lower in the third trimester than preconception. The pathogenic taxa Prevotella and Atopobium parvulum were significantly higher during late pregnancy than preconception. Women with overall better oral hygiene practice showed lower richness     and diversity     in preconception compared to women with poorer oral hygiene practice. The abundance of pathogens such as Dialister during both preconception and pregnancy decreased among women with better oral hygiene practice. Conclusions: The composition of the oral microbiota changed slightly from preconception to late pregnancy, with more pathogens in saliva samples during pregnancy. Improving oral hygiene practices has the potential to maintain oral micro-ecological balance.

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BACKGROUND: Sociodemographic parameters are the driving determinants of oral hygiene practices. This study aims to describe oral hygiene practices and associated sociodemographic factors in the Burkinabè population using the first nationally representative data. METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 4677 adults through multistage cluster sampling performed during the first WHO STEPS survey conducted in 2013 in Burkina Faso. The practices we considered were the frequencies of tooth cleaning, fluoridated toothpaste use and dentist visits within the last six months. Sociodemographic variables and oral hygiene practices were described, and the first variables were used as the explanatory variables for the seconds in the multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Individuals who cleaned teeth at least once a day represented 82.8% and at least twice a day represented 31.4%; 25.6% used fluoridated toothpaste and 2.1% visited a dentist. With the highest odds ratio, only being educated was a favourable factor for each oral hygiene practice. Living in an urban area or being a younger adult were favourable factors for cleaning teeth at least twice a day or the use of a fluoridated paste. Female gender applied more to regular tooth cleaning, as well as to dentist visits. CONCLUSION: Cleaning teeth at least once a day was common among Burkinabè, while cleaning at least twice a day, the use of fluoridated paste or dentist visits were infrequent. Education was the key favourable determinant for healthy oral hygiene practices, and improving oral health literacy interventions through basic health education should be promoted.

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Despite sufficient knowledge of good oral hygiene habits, dental students still suffer from oral health problems owing to dietary habits, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate an association of BMI (body mass index), diet, physical activity, and oral hygiene practices with DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) of male dental students and interns at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, from August to September 2020. One hundred and eighty-five male participants completed the study questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic information and nineteen close-ended questions about current diet, physical activity, and oral hygiene practices. Students' height (cm) and weight (kg) were measured to calculate BMI. The principal investigator performed the oral clinical examinations for the DMFT status in the dental clinic. The chi-square test was used for the dichotomous variables and a t-test was used for the continuous variables. Linear and multinomial logistic regression were performed to detect the significant predictors of the DMFT score. The mean age of participants was 22.29 ± 2.13 years, and the BMI was 24.94 ± 3.36 (Kg/m2). Parents' higher education and income levels were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with a higher BMI. Most dietary variables, especially sugar products, and low physical activity, were significantly (<0.047) associated with higher BMI. All oral hygiene practices, except miswak and mouthwash, were significantly (<0.003) associated with higher BMI. Decayed and missing teeth were significantly (<0.001) higher in the overweight and obese. A simple linear regression analysis demonstrated association between BMI and decayed teeth, with an R = 0.35 (<0.001); BMI and missing teeth had an R = 0.12 (p = 0.867); BMI and filled teeth had an R = 0.15 (p = 0.033), and BMI with DMFT had an R = 0.33 ((<0.001). This study demonstrated a strong significant association of the decayed and missing teeth with higher BMI levels. In addition, BMI was significantly associated with diet and physical activity, despite acceptable oral hygiene practices.

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Dental caries is the most common disease affecting oral cavity. Despite credible scientific advances and the fact that dental caries is preventable, the disease continues to be a major public health problem. AIM: To assess the dental caries status and oral hygiene practices among 6-10-year-old rural and urban schoolchildren in south Bengaluru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 452 children from four schools which included one government school from rural and urban area and one private school from rural and urban area in south Bengaluru. Detailed pro forma was used, and information was recorded through an interview system. The examination for dental caries was made according to the dentition status and treatment needs as described by the World Health Organization (1997) using Community Periodontal Index Probe and Plane Mouth Mirror (type III examination), under natural day light in school premises. The examination was done by a single examiner and recorded by the trained personnel. RESULTS: Prevalence of dental caries was more in rural schoolchildren. More than five decayed teeth were documented in higher percentage of children in rural government school, while it was much less in children of other schools. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive community-focused oral healthcare intervention that includes oral health education in elementary schools and homes is recommended to increase general oral health awareness. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Chandregowda KY, Kumar VD, Shankarappa KB, et al. Assessment of Dental Caries Status and Oral Hygiene Practices among 6-10-year-old Rural and Urban Schoolchildren in South Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(4):348-354.

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INTRODUCTION: oral health mirrors an individual´s general health, hence, proper care should be taken to prevent oral diseases and conditions. An estimated 3.9 billion people worldwide are affected by oral conditions, and adolescents are at increased risk due to diet choices and hormonal changes. This study aimed at determining the oral hygiene practices, awareness and utilization of oral healthcare services among in-school adolescents in Calabar Municipality. METHODS: a descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed in studying these variables among in-school adolescents (10-19 years) in secondary schools (JSS1-SSS2) using a self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed with EPI-Info. Cross tabulations of variables were conducted using Chi-square test with significance level of 5%. RESULTS: a total of 335 students participated in the study with 228 (68.1%) and 136 (40.6%) reporting that they are aware of and have utilized oral healthcare services (OHS), respectively. There was no statistically significant association between age (p=0.923), gender (p=0.351) and type of school (p=0.497) respectively with awareness and utilization of OHS. Toothache/pain and presumed good dental health respectively were the main reasons for the usage and non-utilization of these services. Time-to-use of oral health services after the onset of toothache/pain was within five days (75.7%). CONCLUSION: the utilization rate of OHS did not match up to the level of awareness of these services with pain being the main driver for utilization. Increased awareness of oral healthcare through health education and oral healthcare demonstrations among adolescents is highly recommended as part of school health programs.

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PURPOSE: To assess caries prevalence and periodontal condition in adolescents in Poland and investigate the factors related to oral health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A national survey was carried out among 615 15-year-olds of both sexes living in urban and rural areas. Subjects were selected via cluster sampling. The mean DMFT and its components, the tooth distribution pattern of caries and percentage of subjects with gingival bleeding and gingival pockets were analysed. The information regarding sociodemographic, oral hygiene and nutritional variables was collected via questionnaire to evaluate their relationships with caries and periodontal parameters. The t-test, bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses were conducted to evaluate the differences and dependent variables of caries prevalence and gingivitis. RESULTS: Caries prevalence was 94.0%, and DMFT was 5.75 ± 3.74. Higher DMFT, DT and MT values were found in rural areas. 50% of the subjects carried about 75% of the total caries burden. Severe caries (DMFT ≥7) was associated with toothbrushing less than twice a day, not using a fluoridated dentifrice, frequent consumption of snacks and absence of pit-and-fissure sealants. The prevalence of gingival bleeding was 37.4% and shallow pockets 2.8%, which were higher in males and rural areas. Gingival bleeding was associated with toothbrushing less than a twice a day, not using dental floss and consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables less than once a week. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of oral diseases in Poland is very high. Additional strategies must be implemented to promote oral health early on to improve oral hygiene practices and nutritional habits.

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