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Abstract Objective This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic marker for oral cancer. Despite progress in oral cancer diagnosis and prognosis, the 5-year survival rate remains low due to the resistance to treatment and delayed diagnosis, which can be attributed to various factors including tobacco and alcohol consumption, genetic damage, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The potential use of saliva as an easily accessible non-invasive screening and diagnostic method arises from its direct contact with the lesion site. Methodology Data for this study were gathered via a comprehensive literature evaluation using search engines such as the PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SciFinder. Results Identifying salivary biomarkers shows potential to transform oral cancer diagnostics by offering a reliable alternative to the traditional invasive methods. Saliva is an abundant reservoir for both cell-bound and cell-free organic and inorganic constituents. Thus, saliva is an appropriate field for research in proteomics, genomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics. Conclusion This review provides a comprehensive elucidation of salivary biomarkers and their function in non-invasive oral cancer diagnosis, demonstrating their potential to enhance patient outcomes and reduce the impact of this devastating disease.
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Abstract This study aimed to assess the influence of smoking on the subgingival metatranscriptomic profile of young patients affected by stage III/IV and generalized periodontal disease. Methodology In total, six young patients, both smokers and non-smokers (n=3/group), who were affected by periodontitis were chosen. The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for case-control reporting were followed. Periodontal clinical measurements and subgingival biofilm samples were collected. RNA was extracted from the biofilm and sequenced via Illumina HiSeq. Differential expression analysis used Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and differentially expressed genes were identified using the Sleuth package in R, with a statistical cutoff of ≤0.05. Results This study found 3351 KEGGs in the subgingival biofilm of both groups. Smoking habits altered the functional behavior of subgingival biofilm, resulting in 304 differentially expressed KEGGs between groups. Moreover, seven pathways were modulated: glycan degradation, galactose metabolism, glycosaminoglycan degradation, oxidative phosphorylation, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, butanoate metabolism, and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Smoking also altered antibiotic resistance gene levels in subgingival biofilm by significantly overexpressing genes related to beta-lactamase, permeability, antibiotic efflux pumps, and antibiotic-resistant synthetases. Conclusion Due to the limitations of a small sample size, our data suggest that smoking may influence the functional behavior of subgingival biofilm, modifying pathways that negatively impact the behavior of subgingival biofilm, which may lead to a more virulent community.
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The expansion and discovery of new diagnostic possibilities for the use of many biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including cardiospecific troponin isoforms (cTnI, cTnT), is due to improved laboratory methods for their determination. Throughout a long history of the creation and improvement of immunochemical methods for the determination of cTnI and cTnT, significant changes were observed in the concept of biology and its diagnostic value as CVD biomarkers. The obsolete methods of detection of cTnI, cTnT, named low sensitivity and moderate, were distinguished by a relatively low sensitivity, which led to the confirmation late in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and, therefore, such methods were gradually replaced by new methods of high and moderate sensitivity, such as definitions of methods, ultra-sensitive (hs-cTnI, hs-cTnT). With the introduction of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT in clinical practice, the possibility of early diagnosis and exclusion of AMI through the evaluation of the kinetics of the concentration of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT in the first hours (0-1 hour, 0-2 hours, 0-3 hours) from the moment the patient enters the emergency room. In addition, some of our ideas about the biology of cardiac troponins have changed, and promising new opportunities for their use in medicine have emerged. This manuscript analyzes the key analytical characteristics of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT detection methods compared to moderately sensitive methods, and reports on new biological data and some new diagnostic possibilities for the use of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT in modern clinical practice.
La expansión y el descubrimiento de nuevas posibilidades de diagnóstico para el uso de muchos biomarcadores de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), incluidas las isoformas de troponina cardioespecíficas (cTnI, cTnT), se debe a la mejora de los métodos de laboratorio para su determinación. A lo largo de una prolongada historia de la creación y mejora de métodos inmunoquímicos para la determinación de cTnI y cTnT, se observaron cambios significativos en el concepto de biología y su valor diagnóstico como biomarcadores de ECV. Los métodos obsoletos de detección de cTnI, cTnT, llamados de sensibilidad baja y moderada, se distinguieron por una sensibilidad relativamente baja, lo que llevó a la confirmación tardía del diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y, por lo tanto, dichos métodos fueron reemplazados gradualmente por nuevos métodos de alta y moderada sensibilidad, como definiciones de métodos ultrasensibles (hs-cTnI, hs-cTnT). Con la introducción de hs-cTnI y hs-cTnT en la práctica clínica, la posibilidad de diagnóstico precoz y exclusión del IAM mediante la evaluación de la cinética de la concentración de hs-cTnI y hs-cTnT en las primeras horas (0-1 hora, 0-2 horas, 0-3 horas) desde el momento en que el paciente ingresa a urgencias. Además, algunas de nuestras ideas sobre la biología de las troponinas cardíacas han cambiado, y han surgido nuevas oportunidades prometedoras para su uso en medicina. En este artículo se discuten las características analíticas clave de los métodos de detección de hs-cTnI y hs-cTnT en comparación con métodos moderadamente sensibles, e informa sobre nuevos datos biológicos y algunas nuevas posibilidades de diagnóstico para el uso de hs-cTnI y hs-cTnT en la práctica clínica moderna.