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Low sphincter pressure and inability of the crural diaphragm to elevate it at the esophagogastric junction are important pathophysiological mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The object of this study was to depict how Nissen fundoplication changed the resting and inspiratory pressures of the anti-reflux barrier. We selected 14 patients (eight males; mean age 42.7 years; mean body mass index 27.8) for surgery. They answered symptoms questionnaires and underwent high-resolution manometry (HRM) before and 6 months after Nissen fundoplication. We used a standard manometric protocol (resting and liquid swallows) and assessment of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressure metrics during standardized forced inspiratory maneuvers against increasing loads (Threshold Maneuvers). We used the Wilcoxon test for comparison of pre and postoperative data. After fundoplication, heartburn and regurgitation scores diminished remarkably (from 4.5 and 2, respectively, to zero; P = 0.002 and P = 0.0005, respective medians). Also, the median expiratory EGJ pressure had a significant increase from 8.1 to 18.1 mmHg (P = 0.002), while mean respiratory pressure and EGJ contractility integral (EGJ-CI) increased without statistical significance (P = 0.064 and P = 0.06, respectively). Axial EGJ displacement was lower after fundoplication. The EGJ relaxation pressure (P = 0.001), the mean distal esophageal intrabolus pressure (P = 0.01) and the distal latency (P = 0.017) increased after fundoplication. There was a reduction in the contraction front velocity (P = 0.043). During evaluation with standardized inspiratory maneuvers, the inspiratory EGJ pressures (under loads of 12, 24, 36 and 48 cmH2O) were lower after surgery for all loads (median for load 12 cmH2O: 145.6 vs. 102.7 mmHg; P = 0.004). Fundoplication and hiatal closure increased the expiratory EGJ pressure and promoted a great GERD symptom relief. The surgery seemed to overcompensate a reduced EGJ mobility and inspiratory pressure.

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Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) aims to control patients' symptoms, improve patients' quality of life, and prevent GERD-related complications (bleeding, esophageal stenosis, Barrett's esophagus, and/or esophageal adenocarcinoma). A careful patient selection and a properly executed operation are key for the success of the procedure. We aimed to describe the operative technique of a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, stressing the critical surgical steps we believe should be respected to obtain good surgical outcomes.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate esophageal dysmotility (ED) and the extent of Barrett's esophagus (BE) before and after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) in patients previously diagnosed with BE and ED. Methods: twenty-two patients with BE diagnosed by upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy with biopsies and ED diagnosed by conventional esophageal manometry (CEM) were submitted to a LNF, and followed up with clinical evaluations, upper GI endoscopy with biopsies and CEM, for a minimum of 12 months after the surgical procedure. Results : sixteen patients were male (72.7%) and six were females (27.3%). The mean age was 55.14 (± 15.52) years old. and the mean postoperative follow-up was 26.2 months. The upper GI endoscopy showed that the mean length of BE was 4.09 cm preoperatively and 3.91cm postoperatively (p=0.042). The evaluation of esophageal dysmotility through conventional manometry showed that: the preoperative median of the lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure (LESRP) was 9.15 mmHg and 13.2 mmHg postoperatively (p=0.006). The preoperative median of the esophageal contraction amplitude was 47.85 mmHg, and 57.50 mmHg postoperatively (p=0.408). Preoperative evaluation of esophageal peristalsis showed that 13.6% of the sample presented diffuse esophageal spasm and 9.1% ineffective esophageal motility. In the postoperative, 4.5% of patients had diffuse esophageal spasm, 13.6% of aperistalsis and 22.7% of ineffective motor activity (p=0.133). Conclusion: LNF decreased the BE extension, increased the LES resting pressure, and increased the amplitude of the distal esophageal contraction; however, it was unable to improve ED.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a dismotilidade esofágica (DE) e a extensão do esôfago de Barrett (EB) antes e depois da fundoplicatura laparoscópica a Nissen (FLN) em pacientes previamente diagnosticados com EB e DE. Método: vinte e dois pacientes com EB diagnosticada por endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) com biópsias e DE diagnosticada por manometria esofágica convencional (MEC) foram submetidos a FLN, e acompanhados por avaliações clínicas, endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsias e MEC, por no mínimo 12 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados: dezesseis pacientes eram do sexo masculino (72,7%) e seis do feminino (27,3%). A média de idade foi de 55,14 (± 15,52) anos e o seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 26,2 meses. A endoscopia digestiva alta mostrou que o comprimento médio do EB foi de 4,09 cm no pré-operatório e 3,91 cm no pós-operatório (p = 0,042). A avaliação da dismotilidade esofágica por meio da manometria convencional mostrou que a mediana pré-operatória da pressão de repouso do esfíncter esofágico inferior (PREEI) foi de 9,15 mmHg, e de 13,2 mmHg no pós-operatório (p = 0,006). A mediana pré-operatória da amplitude de contração esofágica foi de 47,85 mmHg, e de 57,50 mmHg no pós-operatório (p = 0,408). A avaliação pré-operatória do peristaltismo esofágico mostrou que 13,6% da amostra apresentava espasmo esofágico difuso e 9,1%, motilidade esofágica ineficaz. No pós-operatório, 4,5% dos pacientes apresentaram espasmo esofágico difuso, 13,6% de aperistalse e 22,7% de atividade motora ineficaz (p = 0,133). Conclusões: a FLN diminuiu a extensão do EB, aumentou a pressão de repouso do EEI e aumentou a amplitude da contração esofágica distal; no entanto, não foi capaz de melhorar a DE.

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El bypass gástrico en Y-de-Roux (RYGB) trata eficazmente la obesidad y a la vez la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE). Desafortunadamente, algunos pacientes que finalmente se presentan para cirugía bariátrica han sido previamente sometidos a una funduplicatura de Nissen por ERGE. La conversión a RYGB después de esta funduplicatura ha demostrado ser segura y eficaz, pero con una mayor morbilidad, tiempo operatorio más prolongado y mayor estancia hospitalaria. Se presenta una paciente de 50 años, con IMC 40,4 kg/m², evaluada para cirugía bariátrica. Había sido sometida a funduplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica siete años atrás. Informamos un caso de eliminación laparoscópica de funduplicatura de Nissen y conversión a RYGB. La funduplicatura previa no es una contraindicación para LRYGB. Estos procedimientos deben ser llevados a cabo por cirujanos experimentados, y el abordaje laparoscópico debe ser el método de elección.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) effectively treats both obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Unfortunately, some patients finally present for bariatric surgery have previously undergone Nissen fundoplication due to GERD. Conversion to EYGB after Nissen fundoplication is safe and effective, but is associated with greater morbidity and longer operative time and hospital stay. A 50-year-old female patient with a body mass index (BMI) of 40.4 kg/m² was evaluated for bariatric surgery. She had a history laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication seven years before. We report a case of laparoscopic take-down of Nissen fundoplication and conversion to RYGB. A previous fundoplication is not a contraindication for laparoscopic RYGB. These procedures should be performed by well-trained surgeons and laparoscopic approach should be the method of choice.

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Resumen Los divertículos gástricos (DG) son un hallazgo infrecuente. Suelen ser diagnosticados incidentalmente por métodos radiológicos o endoscópicos; se dividen en congénitos y adquiridos; y generalmente son asintomáticos, pero su expresión clínica va desde dolor abdominal inespecífico hasta cuadros clínicos más dramáticos como perforación y sangrado. Se presenta un caso de 3 DG en un paciente con antecedentes de colecistectomía y funduplicatura de Nissen con historia de dispepsia funcional. Su tratamiento fue conservador.

Abstract Gastric diverticula are uncommon and are usually diagnosed incidentally by radiological or endoscopic methods. They are divided into congenital and acquired diverticula and are usually asymptomatic. Clinical expression ranges from nonspecific abdominal pain to more dramatic clinical conditions such as perforations and bleeding. We present a case of three gastric diverticula in a patient with a history of functional dyspepsia, cholecystectomy and Nissen fundoplication. Treatment was conservative.

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background: Laparoscopic nissen fundoplication is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Aim: To describe the most important surgical stages of the technique and report the rates of complications and mortality. material and methods: In a ten years period, 530 patients were subjec-ted to laparoscopic fundoplication. In all patients a clinical history was obtained and an upper endoscopy with biopsy, esophageal manometry and 24 h pH measurement were performed. Patients with Barret esophagus, hiatal hernia of more than 5 cm and those subjected to other surgical techniques were excluded from analysis. Results: No patient died. The conversion rate was 0.4%. No patient required splenectomy. Two patients had complications and required a second intervention. Mean hospital stay was 2.8 days. Conclusions: Laparoscopic nissen fundoplication is safe and has a low rate of complications.

Objetivo: El presente estudio pretende describir las etapas quirúrgicas más importantes de esta técnica y describir la morbimortalidad publicada por autores nacionales. material y método: Entre enero de 1993 y diciembre de 2013 un total de 530 pacientes se sometieron a una fundoplicatura laparoscópica dentro de un protocolo de estudio prospectivo. En todos se realizó una encuesta clínica, endoscopia con toma de biopsia, manometría esofágica y pH de 24 h. Se excluyeron pacientes con esófago de Barrett, pacientes con hernia hiatal > 5 cm y pacientes sometidos a una técnica quirúrgica diferente. Resultados: La mortalidad operatoria fue cero. La tasa de conversión fue de 0,4%. No hubo esplenectomía. Hubo un total de 2 pacientes complicados (0,4%), siendo todos reoperados. La estadía hospitalaria fue de 2,8 días. Conclusión: La fundoplicatura de Nissen por vía laparoscópica es un procedimiento seguro, de muy baja morbilidad y nula mortalidad operatoria.

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Background: Endoscopic argon plasma ablation of Barrett esophagus decreases the risk of future esophageal cancer development. Aim: To assess the endoscopic regression of columnar epithelium and the presence of intestinal metaplasia among patients operated for Barrett esophagus and subjected to argon plasma ablation. Patients and Methods: In 19 patients with extensive Barrett esophagus subjected to a Nissen fundoplication, Barrett esophagus was endoscopically ablated with argon plasma. Patients were assessed 6 and 12 months after surgery to evaluate the regression of columnar epithelium and the presence of intestinal metaplasia. Results: One, two and three ablation sessions were carried out in 10, three and six patients, respectively. Three patients had complications. The initial length of columnar epithelium segment was 52 +/- 15.6 mm and decreased to 22.6 +/- 10.6 mm (p < 0.05). In 12 patients, there was absence of intestinal metaplasia on follow up, in six it persisted (one of them with "buried cells") and in one patient, dysplasia appeared. Conclusions: Endoscopic argon plasma ablation may have a complementary therapeutic role for the regression of columnar epithelium in Barrett esophagus.

Introducción: Pacientes con esófago de Barrett extenso presentan un riesgo de cáncer. De allí surge la posibilidad de someter a estos pacientes a ablación con argón plasma por vía endoscópica para disminuir este riesgo de desarrollar un adenocarcinoma. Objetivo: Evaluar la regresión endoscópica del epitelio columnar y la presencia de metaplasia intestinal en pacientes operados por esófago de Barrett y sometidos a ablación con argón plasma. Material y Método: Se incluyen 19 pacientes en este estudio, todos ellos con esófago de Barrett extenso confirmado por endoscopia e histología, los cuales se someten a ablación con argón plasma por vía endoscópica. Estos pacientes se controlaron con endoscopia e histológicamente a los 6 meses y al año de operados para evaluar la regresión del área con epitelio columnar y precisar la presencia histológica de metaplasia intestinal. Resultados: En 10 pacientes se efectuó 1 sesión de ablación, en 3 pacientes 2 sesiones y en 6 pacientes se efectuó 3 sesiones de ablación. Tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones. El largo de las lengüetas de epitelio columnar inicial fue de 52 +/- 15,6 mm el cual disminuyó a 22,6 +/- 10,6 mm (p < 0,05). El seguimiento histológico reveló ausencia de metaplasia intestinal en 12 pacientes (63,1 por ciento) persistencia de metaplasia en 6 pacientes (1 de ellos con células en submucosa, "buried cells") y un paciente con aparición de displasia. Conclusión: La ablación con argón plasma puede tener un rol en el tratamiento complementario a la cirugía para mejorar la regresión del epitelio columnar y disminuir los riesgos de presentar un adenocarcinoma de Barrett.

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BACKGROUND: Gastric volvulus can be classified according to etiology as primary or secondary, according to anatomy as or mesenteroaxial, and according to onset as acute or chronic. Management of secondary gastric volvulus acute should always be surgery and the choice of surgical procedure for treatment is chosen according to etiology. Adherolysis and extraction of foreign bodies (suture, mesh, and gastric band) are important in those cases associated with previous abdominal surgery. Nissen fundoplication is a safe and effective procedure. Severe late complications of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are extremely rare occurrences. Among the reported complications is gastric volvulus. OBJECTIVE: Presentation of two cases and review of literature. CLINICAL CASES: Two cases of acute gastric volvulus secondary to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication presenting with epigastric pain and nonproductive retching and treated by laparoscopy are described. Symptoms upon presentation, incidence, diagnosis, treatment and predisposing factors to gastric volvulus postfundoplication are discussed. CONCLUSION: Gastric volvulus rarely occurs as a complication of Nissen fundoplication with an incidence similar to others of late complications. The described mechanisms that originate gastric volvulus postfundoplication are related to adhesions, foreign bodies as suture (polyester), gastrostomy tubes and mesh, gastropexy and internal gastric herniation through a "transfundoplication" window. A high index of suspicion is required in those patients presenting with acute symptoms of gastric obstruction in the first year following laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Laparoscopic approach is safe with or without gastropexy, always correcting the underlying mechanisms that cause gastric volvulus.

Antecedentes: el vólvulo gástrico puede clasificarse por su etiología en primario o secundario, por su anatomía en órgano axial o mesentérico axial y por su presentación en crónico o agudo. El tratamiento del vólvulo gástrico secundario agudo siempre debe ser quirúrgico y la elección del procedimiento basarse en la etiología y en los casos asociados con cirugía previa será importante la lisis de adherencias y el retiro de cuerpos extraños (material de sutura, mallas, banda gástrica). La funduplicatura Nissen es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo que rara vez puede tener complicaciones tardías severas entre las que se encuentran el vólvulo gástrico. Objetivo: comunicar 2 casos y revisar la bibliografía médica. Casos clínicos: se describen 2 casos de vólvulo gástrico agudo secundarios a funduplicatura tipo Nissen laparoscópica, con síntomas de dolor epigástrico y vómito no productivo, ambos tratados por laparoscopia. Se revisan los síntomas de presentación, incidencia, diagnóstico, tratamiento y los factores predisponentes de vólvulo gástrico postfunduplicatura. Conclusión: el vólvulo gástrico rara vez puede ser una complicación de una funduplicatura Nissen con incidencia similar a la de otras de sus complicaciones tardías. Los mecanismos descritos que lo originan se relacionan con adherencias postquirúrgicas, material de sutura (poliéster), mallas, tubos de gastrostomía, gastropexia y por herniación gástrica interna a través del túnel "transfunduplicatura." En pacientes con síntomas de obstrucción gástrica dentro del primer año posterior a una funduplicatura Nissen laparoscópica se requiere un alto índice de sospecha. El tratamiento quirúrgico laparoscópico es seguro con o sin gastropexia para corregir los mecanismos que lo originan.

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BACKGROUND: Today, antireflux surgery has an established position in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Some case series have shown good short-term results, but there is still little information regarding long-term results. Studies have recently focused on evaluating residual symptomatology and its impact on quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To determine the postoperative quality of life and degree of satisfaction in patients that underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients (59 women and 41 men) were studied after having undergone laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. The variables analyzed were level of satisfaction, gastrointestinal quality of life index (GIQLI), residual symptoms, and the Visick scale. RESULTS: No variation was found in relation to sex; 49 men and 51 women participated in the study. The mean age was 49 years. The degree of satisfaction encountered was: satisfactory in 81 patients, moderate in 3, and bad in 2 patients. More than 90% of the patients would undergo the surgery again or recommend it. The Carlsson score showed improvement at the end of the study (p<0.05). In relation to the GIQLI, a median of 100.61 points±21.624 was obtained. Abdominal bloating, regurgitation, and early satiety were the most frequent residual symptoms. The effect on lifestyle measured by the Visick scale was excellent. CONCLUSIONS: The level of satisfaction and quality of life obtained were comparable with reported standards; and the residual symptoms after antireflux surgery were easily controlled.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O esôfago de Barrett (EB) corresponde à substituição do epitélio escamoso por um do tipo intestinal, em resposta ao refluxo crônico nos pacientes com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE). É um importante precursor do adenocarcinoma esofágico. A fundoplicatura de Nissen (FN) é uma cirurgia antirrefluxo que visa a reduzir a agressão à mucosa esofágica. Alterações no padrão de expressão imuno-histoquímica de mucinas e de CDX2 no EB antes e depois da FN podem ser úteis na identificação de um padrão de expressão desses marcadores e, eventualmente, na identificação de casos com risco de evolução para malignidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e comparar a imunoexpressão de CDX2 e mucinas no EB de pacientes com DRGE submetidos à FN antes e após a cirurgia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 25 pacientes com diagnóstico de DRGE e EB submetidos à FN, acompanhados por, pelo menos, três anos. Foram feitos análise histológica e estudo imuno-histoquímico das biópsias endoscópicas antes e após a cirurgia, comparando-se a inflamação e a imunoexpressão de MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6 e CDX2. Estimou-se a porcentagem de células com expressão para os marcadores estudados na mucosa de Barrett: 0%-25%, 25%-75% e 75%-100% das células positivas. Foram utilizados os testes de McNemar e Stuart-William e adotou-se o nível de 5% de significância estatística. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferenças significativas quanto a presença ou intensidade de inflamação, nem da imunoexpressão de mucinas e CDX2 no EB antes e após a FN. O tratamento cirúrgico não influenciou a mudança da expressão dessas glicoproteínas no EB.

INTRODUCTION: Barrett´s esophagus (BE) is characterized by the exchange of esophageal squamous epithelium for intestinal type in response to chronic reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).It is an important precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Nissen fundoplication (NF) is an antireflux surgery which aims to reduce esophageal mucosa inflammation. Changes in the immunohistochemical expression patterns of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6) and CDX2 in BE before and after NF may be useful to identify the expression patterns of these markers and, possibly, to detect cases with risks of malignancy. OBJECTIVES: To investigate and compare mucin and CDX2 immunoexpression in BE patients with GERD before and after NF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 25 patients with GERD and BE who had been submitted to NF. The patients had a 3-year minimum follow up. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of endoscopic biopsies were performed before and after the surgery, comparing inflammation and MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6 and CDX2 immunoexpression. The percentage of Barrett mucosa cells with expression to the studied markers was estimated at 0%-25%, 25%-75% and 75%-100%. McNemar and Stuart-William tests were used and the significance level of <0.05 was applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Concerning the presence or the intensity of inflammation and mucin and CDX2 expression in BE, there were no significant differences before and after NF. The surgical procedure did not promote any changes in the expression of these glycoproteins in BE.

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Background: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is the most commonly used surgical technique for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Method: This is a review of publications about long term results of the technique. Results: Thirteen papers reporting results at 10 years were identified. Heartburn recurrence was documented in 20 to 23 percent of patients. Symptoms such as bloating were reported by 47 percent of patients after the fundoplication. After 10 years, 25 percent of patients started to use proton pump inhibitors and a new surgical intervention was required by 9 percent. In eight reports, there was no objective assessment of surgical results. In one report only few cases had a radiological assessment. Only in three European reports and one report by us, endoscopy and esophageal manometry were performed. Conclusions: It is concluded that Nissen fun-doplication achieves a relief of gastroesophageal reflux at 10 years in 75 percent of patients. There is a paucity of reports carrying out objective assessments of surgical results.

Introducción: La fundoplicatura de Nissen por vía laparoscópica es la técnica más empleada en pacientes con reflujo gastroesofágico. Objetivo: Revisar las publicaciones referentes a los resultados alejados (10 o más años) de esta cirugía. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la literatura inglesa de todos los artículos referentes a este tema. Resultados: Se encontraron en total 13 trabajos relacionados con los resultados a más de 10 años. La recurrencia de la pirosis se presentó entre 20 a 23 por ciento, la aparición de síntomas post fundoplicatura, como el meteorismo, en un 47 por ciento. A los 10 años cerca de 25 por ciento comenzó a ingerir nuevamente inhibidores de la bomba de protones y hubo necesidad de una reoperación en un 9 por ciento. En 8 trabajos no hubo ninguna evaluación objetiva de los resultados quirúrgicos. En 1 trabajo sólo evaluaron radiología en algunos casos. Sólo en 3 trabajos europeos y 1 estudio nuestro se realizaron evaluaciones objetivas, con endoscopia y manometría esofágica. Conclusiones: La fundoplicatura de Nissen es una técnica quirúrgica que controla el reflujo gastroesofágico en el 75 por ciento de los pacientes a más de 10 años de la cirugía. Sin embargo, muy pocos trabajos efectúan evaluaciones objetivas, en la mayoría de las publicaciones, las evaluaciones son sólo sintomáticas y subjetivas.

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease has great results with medical treatment; however, there is a small group of patients with parcial or total refractarity. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is the preferred surgical treatment as an alternative to medical treatment. In order to ensure success it is critical to make a good selection of the patients and rigurous surgical technique, which has to be performed by expert surgeons.

La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico tiene excelente tratamiento médico, no obstante, existe un pequeño grupo de pacientes con refractariedad parcial o total. La FPNL es el tratamiento quirúrgico de elección como alternativa al tratamiento médico. Para asegurar el mayor éxito es de trascendental importancia la buena selección de los pacientes y la rigurosidad en la técnica quirúrgica, la que debe ser efectuada por cirujanos expertos.

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