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Background: The incidence of epistaxis during nasotracheal intubation via the left nostril is more frequent than that during intubation via the right nostril. This study evaluated the effect of the reverse bevel and tip direction of the nasotracheal tube on the incidence of epistaxis during nasotracheal intubation via the left nostril. Methods: Patients undergoing right-sided maxillofacial surgery requiring left nasotracheal intubation were randomly allocated to the control (tracheal tube in the conventional direction) or reverse (a 180˚ reverse direction, with the tube bevel facing the nasal septum and the leading edge (i.e., the tip) of the bevel pointing away from the nasal septum) groups (n = 37 for both). The primary outcome was the incidence of epistaxis evaluated using videolaryngoscopy. Results: The incidence of epistaxis in the reverse group was significantly lower than that in the control group (9 [24.3%] vs. 20 [54.1%], P = 0.009; relative risk = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.85; absolute risk reduction = 29.8%; number needed to treat = 3.36). The severity of epistaxis was significantly lower in the reverse group (P = 0.002). The first attempt nasal passage (P = 0.027) was significantly higher in the reverse group. Postoperative nasal pain was lower (P < 0.001), and patient satisfaction was higher (P < 0.001) in the reverse group. Nasotracheal tube-related complications did not occur in either group. Conclusions: The reverse bevel and tip direction of the nasotracheal tube reduced the incidence and severity of epistaxis and increased patient satisfaction among patients undergoing left nasotracheal intubation.

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BACKGROUND: Awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation (AFNI) is the preferred airway management strategy for patients with difficult airways. However, this procedure can cause significant physical and psychological distress. This case report explores the application of a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) block as an alternative analgesic modality to mitigate the discomfort associated with AFNI. CASE SUMMARY: A 63-year-old female with a history of right maxillary osteosarcoma underwent craniotomy for a suspected malignant brain lesion. The patient's medical history included prior surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, resulting in significant jaw impairment and limited neck mobility. Considering the anticipated airway challenges, AFNI was planned. A SPG block was performed under real-time ultrasound guidance, providing effective analgesia during nasotracheal intubation. CONCLUSION: The SPG block represents a promising analgesic approach in AFNI, offering potential benefits in alleviating pain involving the nasal and nasopharyngeal regions as well as improving patient cooperation.

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PURPOSE: Nasotracheal intubation (NTI) is required for surgery in oropharyngeal (OP) carcinoma patients, but it may be challenging because of distorted anatomy, mucosal congestion, and increased risk of bleeding. Flexible bronchoscopy (FB)-guided NTI is preferred in these cases but has limitations. In this randomized controlled study, we sought to compare C-MAC® D-BLADE-guided videolaryngoscopy (VL) (Karl Storz SE & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) with FB for NTI under general anesthesia in patients with OP carcinomas. METHODS: We randomized a total of 100 patients with OP carcinoma and El-Ganzouri's risk index (EGRI) < 7 to undergo NTI under general anesthesia with FB (n = 50) or C-MAC D-BLADE-guided VL (n = 50). The primary outcome was the total intubation time. We also recorded the time to glottis view, nasal intubation difficulty scale (NIDS) score, best percentage of glottis opening score, and complications. RESULTS: The median [interquartile range (IQR)] total intubation time was shorter with VL than with FB (total intubation time, 38 [26-43] sec vs 60 [52-65] sec; difference, -20 sec [95% confidence interval (CI), -27 to -11]; P < 0.001). Similarly, the median [IQR] time to glottis view was shorter with VL compared to FB (8 [6-9] sec vs 22 [14-25] sec; difference, -13 sec [95% CI, -17 to -10]; P < 0.001). The median NIDS score was higher with VL (difference, 2 [95% CI, 2 to 3]; P < 0.001). The incidences of airway trauma (two cases with FB vs seven with VL; P = 0.30) and postoperative sore throat (ten cases in both groups; P = 0.56) were similar. CONCLUSION: Compared to FB, C-MAC D-BLADE-based VL reduced the total time for nasal intubation oropharyngeal carcinoma patients, potentially representing an acceptable alternative in selected cases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CTRI.nic.in (2018/11/0162830); first submitted 8 November 2018.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'intubation nasotrachéale est nécessaire pour la chirurgie chez la patientèle atteinte de carcinome oropharyngé, mais elle peut être difficile en raison d'une anatomie déformée, d'une congestion des muqueuses et d'un risque accru de saignement. Dans ces cas, il est préférable d'utiliser une intubation nasotrachéale guidée par bronchoscopie flexible (BF), mais cette modalité a ses limites. Dans cette étude randomisée contrôlée, nous avons cherché à comparer la vidéolaryngoscopie guidée par lame D-BLADE C-MAC® (VL) (Karl Storz SE & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Allemagne) à la BF pour réaliser l'intubation nasotrachéale sous anesthésie générale chez les patient·es ayant un carcinome oropharyngé. MéTHODE: Au total, nous avons randomisé 100 personnes atteintes d'un carcinome oropharyngé et présentant un indice de risque d'El-Ganzouri (EGRI) < 7 à bénéficier d'une intubation nasotrachéale sous anesthésie générale par BF (n = 50) ou par VL guidée par lame D-BLADE C-MAC (n = 50). Le critère d'évaluation principal était le temps d'intubation total. Nous avons également enregistré le temps écoulé jusqu'à la visualisation de la glotte, le score sur l'échelle de difficulté de l'intubation nasale (NIDS), le meilleur pourcentage de score d'ouverture de la glotte et les complications. RéSULTATS: La durée totale d'intubation médiane [écart interquartile (ÉIQ)] était plus courte avec la VL qu'avec la BF (durée totale d'intubation, 38 [26­43] sec vs 60 [52 à 65] secondes; différence, −20 sec [intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 %, −27 à −11]; P < 0,001). De même, le temps médian [ÉIQ] jusqu'à la visualisation de la glotte était plus court avec la VL qu'avec la BF (8 [6­9] sec vs 22 [14 à 25] secondes; différence, −13 sec [IC 95 %, −17 à −10]; P < 0,001). Le score médian sur l'échelle NIDS était plus élevé avec la VL (différence, 2 [IC 95 %, 2 à 3]; P < 0,001). L'incidence des traumatismes des voies aériennes (deux cas avec la BF vs sept avec la VL; P = 0,30) et le mal de gorge postopératoire (dix cas dans les deux groupes; P = 0,56) étaient similaires. CONCLUSION: Par rapport à la BF, la VL guidée par lame D-BLADE C-MAC a réduit le temps total d'intubation nasale pour les personnes atteintes d'un carcinome oropharyngé, ce qui représente potentiellement une alternative acceptable dans certains cas. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: CTRI.nic.in (2018/11/0162830); première soumission le 8 novembre 2018.

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INTRODUCTION: The procedure of nasotracheal intubation (NI) has long been performed utilizing the Magill forceps as developed by Sir Ivan Magill in the 1920s. While used for nearly a century, several serious patient safety concerns remain including torn tube cuffs, vocal cord trauma, and inefficient tube placement. The Tylke forceps have been developed as a modification to the largely unchanged form of Magill forceps. METHODS: In the present investigation we compared the efficacy, number of clasps, and muscle activation involved in NI using the Tylke forceps versus the Magill forceps in previously untrained individuals. RESULTS: Tylke forceps showed faster successful NI over the standard Magill forceps at an average intubation time of 6.54s vs. 13.73s, respectively. Tylke forceps also had fewer clasps per intubation over the Magill. The trapezius, deltoid, and brachioradialis muscle activation was also compared in Tylke vs Magill forceps intubation trials. Tylke forceps required less lower muscle activation in the brachioradialis and trapezius over the Magill forceps with Tylke forceps resulting in higher deltoid muscle activation. CONCLUSION: Tylke forceps were more efficacious and reduced the number of clasps over the Magill forceps when used in successful NI with different muscle activation patterns.

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Submandibular space infection, a rare and aggressive form of cellulitis, affects the floor of the mouth and neck, potentially leading to life-threatening complications. Although commonly associated with oral trauma and contiguous abscesses, the severity of these odontogenic infections often escalates due to underlying comorbidities. This report presents a unique case of a 74-year-old man who developed severe complications following an outpatient oral procedure. The patient exhibited fever and mouth swelling within a short time, which quickly advanced to impending airway compromise and septic shock. Diagnostic imaging revealed extensive swelling from the left submandibular region extending to the anterior neck and parapharyngeal space, effacing the airway. This necessitated immediate nasotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Medical management comprised emergent antibiotic administration, airway protection, and admittance to the intensive care unit. This case underscores the potential severity of complications arising from an odontogenic infection in the presence of multiple comorbidities following an oral procedure. It emphasizes the need for prompt symptom recognition, emergency airway management, and the initiation of antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, this case illustrates the critical role of various imaging modalities and the choice of intubation technique in patients with an anticipated difficult airway. Despite the severity of submandibular space infection, a timely, effective, and multidisciplinary approach can mitigate fatal outcomes and improve patient prognosis.

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BACKGROUND: Nasal intubation using a fiberoptic scope is a useful technique. In clinical practice, we have experienced difficulty in advancing the endotracheal tube (ETT) over the fiberoptic scope because of resistance to the passage of the ETT against rotation in the nasal cavity, when it gets hung up on structures of the laryngeal inlet. Several maneuvers have been proposed to overcome this difficulty. The gap between the tip of the ETT and the fiberoptic scope can be reduced using a thicker fiberoptic scope and a thinner ETT. Moreover, simultaneous rotation of the fiberoptic scope and ETT could lead to successful intubation by reducing impingement on the ETT. However, the discrepancy between these rotation angles is unclear. This observational prospective study aimed to investigate the discrepancy in the rotation angle between the ETT and fiberoptic scope during nasal intubation. METHODS: The patients (aged 20-80 years) who underwent nasal intubation for oral and maxillofacial surgery participated in three sizes of preformed nasal ETT and were intubated using a fiberoptic scope. They were divided into three groups; the ETT internal diameter (ID) 6.5 mm (6.5 group), ID 7.0 mm (7.0 group), and ID 7.5 mm (7.5 group). The ETT was then inserted through the nasal cavity into the pharynx. After the fiberoptic scope was advanced through the ETT above the glottis, simultaneous rotation by both the proximal end of the fiberoptic scope and ETT was performed in 90° and 180° in both right (clockwise) and left (counterclockwise) directions, and the rotation angle at the distal end of the ETT was monitored using a video laryngoscope (Pentax-AWS). RESULTS: A total of 39 patients were included in the study. When both the proximal end of the fiberscope and ETT were simultaneously rotated by 90°, in the 6.5 group (n = 13), the distal end of the ETT rotated by 47.8 ± 1.5°. In the 7.0 °group (n = 13), the distal end of the ETT rotated by 45.5 ± 1.0°. In the 7.5 group (n = 13), the distal end of the ETT rotated by 39.9 ± 1.0°. When the proximal end of the fiberscope and ETT were rotated by 180°, in the 6.5 group, the distal end of the ETT rotated by 166.2 ± 2.5°. In the 7.0 group, the distal end of the ETT rotated by 145.7 ± 2.2°. In the 7.5 group, the distal end of the ETT rotated by 115.1 ± 2.0°. All rotation angles in the distal end of the ETT were significantly lower than those in both the proximal end of the fiberscope and ETT (p < 0.05). Rotating right by 180° was significantly different among the three groups (p < 0.05), although rotating right by 90° was not significantly different. Similar results were obtained for the left rotation. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous rotation by the proximal end of the ETT and fiberscope above the glottis for the nasal approach induced significant differences in the distal end of the ETT. The larger tube lagged by the resistance of the nasal passages during rotation. Therefore, the ETT does not rotate as much as the rotation angle. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This prospective observational study was conducted after receiving approval from the Ethics Review Board of Kyushu University Hospital (Approval No. 30-447).

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Injuries and deaths from crossbows are uncommon, especially when self-inflicted. We present here the case of a 45 years old patient with history of mental illness, who attempted suicide with a crossbow. The bolt penetrated the chin, crossed the oral floor, the oral cavity, the bony palate, the left nasal cavity and exited at the level of the nasal bones. The main concern was the management of the airways, before proceeding to the removal of the bolt. A nasotracheal intubation through the right nasal cavity while the patient was conscious was performed, but the instruments needed for an emergency tracheotomy were in the operating room in case of failure. The intubation was successful, he underwent general anesthesia, and the bolt was removed from the face.

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BACKGROUND: Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is an extremely rare disorder characterized by progressive acro-osteolysis. A unique facial structure and deformity of the cervical spine are associated with a difficult airway. Although several reports describe general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation for patients with HCS, there have been no reports of nasotracheal intubation with a risk of skull base fracture. We describe nasotracheal intubation for oral surgery in a patient with HCS. CASE PRESENTATION: A 13-year-old girl with HCS was scheduled for dental surgery. Preoperative computed tomography revealed no abnormalities including fractures in the skull base or cervical spine. After confirming a lack of vocal cord paralysis by bronchofiberscopic inspection from the nose, general anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane, remifentanil, and rocuronium. Fiber-optic nasotracheal intubation was successfully performed without complications such as depletion of oxygen saturation and massive epistaxis, and the surgery was completed uneventfully. She was discharged the day after surgery with no anesthesia-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to safely manage the airway of a patient with HCS by nasotracheal intubation under general anesthesia.

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BACKGROUND: Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is utilized for both the localization of critical structures and for real time detection and prevention of intraoperative neurological injury. Use of IONM to monitor the hypoglossal nerve is performed during neurosurgical, otolaryngological, and vascular procedures to improve surgical outcomes. There is a paucity of literature describing potential complications of IONM of the hypoglossal nerve, especially with respect to airway compromise. Here we present our findings regarding a case of acute airway obstruction following hypoglossal nerve monitoring. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old male was admitted for left far-lateral craniotomy and microsurgical clipping of a left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm. Following induction and intubation but prior to the procedure start, the patient was placed in the ¾ prone position with the left side up and his neck was flexed approximately 10 degrees. He then underwent placement of subdermal needle electrodes into the facial muscles, trapezius muscles, soft palate, and tongue for IONM. The procedure lasted 523 minutes and was completed without complication. However, approximately one hour after emergence from general anesthesia, the patient experienced progressive difficulty breathing secondary to severe lingual swelling. He required emergent placement of a nasotracheal tube guided by a fiberoptic bronchoscope. He remained intubated for 3 days and was treated with dexamethasone, after which the swelling resolved, and the patient was successfully extubated. CONCLUSIONS: Acute lingual edema is a potentially life-threatening phenomenon that can lead to rapid airway compromise. Generally, causes of acute lingual swelling include hemorrhage, edema, infarction, and infection. In the case described above, we suspect traumatic injury to the tongue's vascular supply caused a deep tissue hematoma leading to postoperative acute lingual swelling and airway obstruction. With the widespread use of IONM, it becomes essential for providers to be aware that perioperative airway compromise is a potentially life-threatening complication, especially with respect to monitoring of the hypoglossal nerve. Awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation can successfully be employed to establish an emergency airway in such situations.

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Purpose: The aim was to investigate the time for intubation, adverse events and the comfort score of ultrasound-guided internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve block in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) undergoing awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation. Methods: Sixty patients with COPD who needed awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation were randomly and evenly divided into the ultrasound-guided internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve block group (group S) and the control group (group C). All patients received procedural sedation with dexmedetomidine and adequate topical anaesthesia of the upper respiratory tract. Then, bilateral block was performed (with 2 mL of 2% lidocaine or the same volume of saline) followed by fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation. The primary outcomes were time for intubation, adverse reactions and comfort score. The secondary outcomes were haemodynamic changes and serum norepinephrine (NE) and adrenaline (AD) concentrations immediately before intubation (T0); immediately after intubation to the laryngopharynx (T1); and immediately (T2), 5 min (T3) and 10 min (T4) after intubation between the groups. Results: Compared with group C, the time for intubation, the incidence of adverse reactions and the comfort score in group S were significantly lower (P<0.01). Compared with T0, the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), NE and AD were significantly higher at T1 - T4 in group C (P<0.05), but were not obviously higher at T1 - T4 in group S (P>0.05). MAP, HR, NE and AD at T1-T4 were significantly lower in group S than in group C (P<0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve block can effectively shorten the time for intubation, reduce the incidence of adverse reactions, improve comfort score, maintain considerable haemodynamic stability and inhibit stress response in patients with severe COPD undergoing awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation.

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Background: Different techniques have been introduced to reduce the complications of nasotracheal intubation. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of nasotracheal intubation complications in finger-guided and conventional methods. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized trial study, 70 patients who were candidates for oral and maxillofacial surgery who required nasal intubation were included in the study finally of which 33 patients with conventional method and 35 patients with finger-guided tubes in the nasopharynx were analyzed at the end of the study. Variables such as success rate, hemodynamic response, and complications of intubation were compared between the two groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of hemodynamic response to intubation (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of success in tracheal intubation (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of epistaxis immediately after intubation (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of nasal turbine fractures (P > 0.05). However, the frequency of submucosal intubation in the conventional method was significantly higher than the other group (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Nasotracheal intubation using the finger guiding technique in the nasopharynx is associated with a higher success rate and less complications after intubation such as epistaxis and submucosal intubation compared to the conventional method.

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Nasotracheal intubation is mainly performed to provide a safe airway during maxillofacial surgeries. Several guiding devices are suggested to facilitate nasotracheal intubation and reduce complications. We attempted to compare intubation conditions during nasotracheal intubation using a nasogastric tube and a suction catheter, which are readily available in operating rooms. In this study, 114 patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery were randomly divided into the nasogastric tube guidance group (NG group) and the suction catheter guidance group (SC group). The primary outcome was the total intubation time. Moreover, the incidence and degree of epistaxis, the position of the tube in the nasal cavity after intubation, and the number of manipulations during intubation in the nasal cavity were investigated. The insertion time from the nostril to the oral cavity and the total intubation time were significantly shorter in the SC group than in the NG group (p < 0.001). The incidence of epistaxis was lower at 35.1% in the NG group and 43.9% in the SC group than the previously reported 60-80%, but there was no statistical difference between the two groups. The use of a suction catheter aid during nasotracheal intubation can be used effectively because it shortens the intubation time and does not increase complications.

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BACKGROUND: Retropharyngeal dissection is a possible complication during nasotracheal intubation. We report a case of a retropharyngeal dissection extending close to the right common carotid artery occurring while inserting a nasotracheal tube. CASE PRESENTATION: An 81-year-old woman, scheduled for laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for a duodenal tumor under general anesthesia, sustained submucosal dissection of the retropharyngeal space during nasotracheal intubation. Postoperative computed tomography revealed retropharyngeal tissue injury extending close to the right common carotid artery. The patient was treated with prophylactic antibiotic therapy and discharged uneventfully on postoperative day 13. CONCLUSIONS: Submucosal dissection of the retropharyngeal tissue during nasotracheal intubation has a potential risk of major cervical vessel injury. Therefore, when the tip of the tube cannot be visualized within the oropharynx, clinicians must proceed with caution regarding the expected depth of the tube.

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Nasotracheal intubation facilitates adequate access for surgical procedures in the oral cavity, is not limited by mouth opening and can be better tolerated by patients in intensive care. Complications of nasotracheal intubation can include epistaxis, turbinate injury and sinusitis. Retropharyngeal submucosal perforation by the tracheal tube has also been infrequently reported. Here, we report a case of difficult nasotracheal intubation resulting in retropharyngeal submucosal perforation in a patient with a history of obstructive sleep apnoea listed for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. To facilitate successful tracheal re-intubation, we used a soft urinary catheter via the other nostril. In this report, we discuss the reasons why this complication may have occurred, how submucosal perforation could be avoided, and reflect on our management of this rare complication. Difficult nasotracheal intubation can present unique challenges, and airway management plans should be made accordingly.

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BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgeries under general anesthesia usually require nasotracheal intubation. When presented with patients with equally patent nostrils, selection of the nostril to use for intubation is an important decision for facilitating intubation. The objective of this trial is to determine whether choice of nostril impacts nasotracheal intubation when using a video rigid stylet in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery. METHODS: Fifty patients scheduled for elective oral and maxillofacial surgery requiring nasotracheal intubation were randomly allocated into two groups to undergo nasotracheal intubation through the left nostril (Group L, n = 25) or the right nostril (Group R, n = 25). Intubation was performed by experienced anesthesiologists using a video rigid stylet. The primary endpoint was time to successful intubation, which was defined as the duration from when the tip of the stylet-tube assembly entered the selected nostril to when the tube entered the trachea. Secondary outcomes included: length of time for device insertion; length of time for tube insertion; total success rate; first-attempt success rate; number of intubation attempts; requirement of airway assisted maneuvers; incidence and severity of epistaxis. Intubation-related adverse events were monitored for up to postoperative 24 h. RESULTS: Median time (interquartile range) to tracheal intubation was 25.3 seconds (20.7 to 27.6) in Group L and 26.8 seconds (22.5 to 30.0) in Group R (median difference (MD) = 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.8 to 5.7, P = 0.248). Nasotracheal intubation was successful in all patients in both groups and the first-attempt success rates in both groups were similar (Group L: 96% (24/25); Group R: 96% (24/25); relative risk (RR) 1.0; 95% CI 0.9 to 1.1; P > 0.999). No significant difference of requirement of assisted maneuvers was noted between the two groups (Group L: 36% (9/25); Group R: 28% (7/25); RR 0.8; 95% CI 0.3-1.8; P = 0.544). Furthermore, all patients showed a high quality of visualization of the glottis (Cormack and Lehane Grade I). For safety outcomes, the incidence and severity of epistaxis during intubation was comparable between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the selection of nostrils and intubation-related adverse events up to 24 h after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: When considering which nostril to use for intubation with video rigid stylet, either nostril can be used similarly. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov . Identifier: NCT05218590.

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OBJECTIVE: Postoperative sore throat is relatively frequent complication after orotracheal intubation. However, there are few reports about postoperative sore throat in nasotracheal intubation. In this retrospective study, we investigated the risk factors of postoperative sore throat in nasotracheal intubation. METHODS: Anesthesia records of patients 16 to 80 years of age who underwent nasotracheal intubation were included. Patients underwent oral and maxillofacial surgery from February 2015 until September 2018. Airway device (Macintosh laryngoscope, Pentax-AWS, or McGRATH video laryngoscope, or fiberoptic scope), sex, age, height, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, intubation attempts, duration of intubation, intubation time, tube size, and fentanyl and remifentanil dose were investigated. Fisher exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Welch t test, and Steel-Dwass multiple test were used, and a multivariable analysis was performed using stepwise logistic regression to determine the risk factors of postoperative sore throat. RESULTS: A total of 169 cases were analyzed, and 126 patients (74.6%) had a postoperative sore throat. Based on the univariate analysis of the data, 12 factors were determined to be potentially related to the occurrence of a postoperative sore throat. However, after evaluation using stepwise logistic regression analysis, the 2 remaining variables that correlated with postoperative sore throat were airway device (P < .05) and intubation attempts (P = .04). In the model using logistic regression analysis, the fiberoptic scope had the strongest influence on the incidence of sore throat with reference to Pentax-AWS (odds ratio = 5.25; 95% CI = 1.54-17.92; P < .05). CONCLUSION: Use of a fiberoptic scope was identified as an independent risk factor for postoperative throat discomfort. Compared with direct laryngoscopy and other video laryngoscopes, the use of a fiberoptic scope had a significantly higher incidence of sore throat.

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To achieve adequate airway management in maxillofacial procedures, the right intubation technique should be employed. This is because the surgeons and the anesthesiologists will need to work in the same surgical field to ensure a successful procedure. The type of intubation method used can either complicate either's role or pose some difficulties in the surgery itself. Nasotracheal intubation and orotracheal intubation may often be contraindicated in different types of maxillofacial surgeries and due to the complications associated with a tracheostomy, this method is often utilized as a last resort. Submental intubation has become very popular and favored alternative and has been associated with fewer complications. This literature review was conducted to explore the indications, complications, and contraindications of the different intubation methods. Sources were gathered from PubMed Central, PubMed, and Google scholar and included articles published between 2012 and 2022. A mix of literature reviews, case base studies, retrospective studies, prospective studies, and a few systematic reviews were examined. It was found that the use of submental intubation was preferred due to its less invasive nature, minimal intraoperatively and postoperatively complications, and greater patient compliance compared to tracheostomy. In addition, it is the best method when Nasotracheal intubation is contraindicated.

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