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BACKGROUND: The loss of skeletal muscle mass by aging determines the health status and the quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between appendicular muscle strength and the QoL of elderly adults in gender difference. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, in which 690 subjects who participated in older adults health examination in the health management center of Tri-Service General Hospital from 2018 to 2021. A structured questionnaire was used to collect basic demographic data. The 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) was used to evaluate the QoL of subjects. Their grip strength and gait speed were measured, and Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure muscle mass and other body composition data. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between upper and lower limb muscle strength and the QoL of older adults. RESULTS: In men, legs muscle mass percentage (LegsMM%) (ß = 3.67; 95% CI: 0.64-6.69; p = 0.018) and gait speed (ß = 6.09; 95% CI: 3.88-8.30; p < 0.001) were positively associated with physical component summary (PCS) scores, and gait speed (ß = 4.63; 95% CI: 2.66-6.60; p < 0.001) was also related to an improvement mental component summary (MCS) scores. In women, arms muscle mass percentage (ArmsMM%) (ß = 6.50; 95% CI: 2.34-10.66; p = 0.002) and grip strength (ß = 10.54; 95% CI: 6.27-14.81; p < 0.001) had the greatest effect on improving PCS scores, whereas grip strength (ß = 7.58; 95% CI 4.00-11.17; p < 0.001) was also found to help improve MCS scores. CONCLUSIONS: Men should focus on lower limb training, whereas females should focus on upper limb training to effectively improve their QoL. Appropriate exercise interventions should be designed for different genders for the promotion of the healthy aging policy.

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OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) causes both short- and long-term harm to mothers and fetuses. It is important to predict the occurrence of GDM as early as possible and take adequate measures to prevent it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between body composition of pregnant women in early pregnancy and the risk of GDM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 1318 pregnant women in the early stage of pregnancy were recruited from the Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital. Detailed clinical data were recorded. Body composition was determined using the bioimpedance method at 13 weeks of gestation. The association between BMI before pregnancy (pre-BMI), fat mass percentage (FMP) and skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMMP) and the results of glucose tolerance screening in the second trimester of pregnancy were analyzed. Fat mass index (FMI) was calculated using fat mass in kilograms as measured using BIA at 13 weeks of pregnancy divided by the square of the woman's height in meters (kg/m2) and was analyzed to determine the predictive effect of body fat on GDM. RESULTS: Of the 1318 participants, 249 were diagnosed with GDM and 1069 with normal blood glucose. The FMI and FMP in GDM were higher than in NGT (P<0.001), while the SMMP in GDM was lower than in NGT (P<0.001). Overweight women (pre-BMI≥24kg/m2) had a higher risk of developing GDM than women with normal pre-BMI (adjusted OR 2.604, 95% CI 1.846-3.673). Women with FMP greater than 28% had a higher risk of developing to GDM than women with normal-range FMP (adjusted OR 1.572, 95% CI 1.104-2.240). When FMI is used to predict the incidence of GDM, the area under the curve (AUC) is 65.8%, which is comparable to BMI (AUC=67.2%). CONCLUSION: Body composition early during gestation is associated with the risk of GDM. The fat mass index in early pregnancy is a predictor of GDM, and it could be an indicator of the efficacy of any intervention to reduce the risk of GDM.

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Background: To compare the strengths of the associations between total and region-specific body composition and insulin resistance (IR) considering sex and menopausal status and to compare body composition indicators for discriminating high IR. Materials and Methods: Among 5380 men, 3652 premenopausal women, and 3207 postmenopausal women in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, high IR was defined as the sex-specific highest quintiles of homeostasis model assessment IR and metabolic syndrome. Percentages of bone mineral content (BMC%), muscle mass (MM%), and fat mass (FM%) were measured for the whole body, trunk, and upper/lower extremities by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: After adjusting for body mass, age, education, smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity, one-standard deviation increases in whole-body FM%, MM%, and BMC% were associated with 50%-63%, 19%-26%, and 14%-22% higher odds of high IR in men and pre- and postmenopausal women, 31%-36%, 12%-17%, and 10%-15% lower odds, and 27%-36%, 31%-40%, and 19%-23% lower odds, respectively. Those associations for FM% in men and BMC% in premenopausal women tended to be stronger in the upper body than in lower extremities. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, FM% in men and BMC% in women had superior discriminatory abilities for high IR. Conclusions: IR may have a stronger association with FM% in men and BMC% in premenopausal women in upper body, while the association strength in postmenopausal women may be similar across body composition. These findings reveal differences in the strengths of region-, sex, and menopausal status-specific relationships between body composition and IR.

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