RESUMEN
Infections by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) affect goats and sheep causing chronic multisystemic diseases that generate great economic losses. The caprine lentivirus (CLV) and the ovine lentivirus (OLV) present tropism for cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, which are directly associated with the main route of transmission through the ingestion of milk and colostrum from infected animals. In this manner, controlling this route is of paramount importance. Currently, researches have investigated the use of chemical additives in milk that can preserve colostrum or milk and inactivate microbiological agents. Among the compounds, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been shown to be satisfactory in the chemical inactivation of HIV and CLV in milk, and also as a biocide in goat colostrum.(AU)
As lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes (LVPRs) são infecções que afetam caprinos e ovinos, causando doenças multissistêmicas crônicas, ocasionando grandes perdas econômicas. Os agentes causadores, lentivírus caprino (LVC) e o lentivírus ovino (LVO), apresentam tropismo por células da linhagem monocítico--fagocitária, as quais estão diretamente associadas à principal via de transmissão, por meio da ingestão de leite e colostro provindos de animais infectados. Desse modo, o controle por esta via é de suma importância. Atualmente, pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas para o uso de aditivos químicos no leite, que possam conservar o colostro ou leite, e inativar agentes microbiológicos presentes. Dentre estes, o dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios na inativação química do HIV e LVC em leite, e ainda como biocida em colostro caprino.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio/farmacología , Rumiantes/virología , Infecciones por Lentivirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/efectos de los fármacos , Ovinos/virología , Infecciones por Lentivirus/transmisión , Calostro/virología , Leche/virologíaRESUMEN
Infections by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) affect goats and sheep causing chronic multisystemic diseases that generate great economic losses. The caprine lentivirus (CLV) and the ovine lentivirus (OLV) present tropism for cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, which are directly associated with the main route of transmission through the ingestion of milk and colostrum from infected animals. In this manner, controlling this route is of paramount importance. Currently, researches have investigated the use of chemical additives in milk that can preserve colostrum or milk and inactivate microbiological agents. Among the compounds, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been shown to be satisfactory in the chemical inactivation of HIV and CLV in milk, and also as a biocide in goat colostrum.(AU)
As lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes (LVPRs) são infecções que afetam caprinos e ovinos, causando doenças multissistêmicas crônicas, ocasionando grandes perdas econômicas. Os agentes causadores, lentivírus caprino (LVC) e o lentivírus ovino (LVO), apresentam tropismo por células da linhagem monocítico--fagocitária, as quais estão diretamente associadas à principal via de transmissão, por meio da ingestão de leite e colostro provindos de animais infectados. Desse modo, o controle por esta via é de suma importância. Atualmente, pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas para o uso de aditivos químicos no leite, que possam conservar o colostro ou leite, e inativar agentes microbiológicos presentes. Dentre estes, o dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios na inativação química do HIV e LVC em leite, e ainda como biocida em colostro caprino.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio/farmacología , Rumiantes/virología , Infecciones por Lentivirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/efectos de los fármacos , Ovinos/virología , Infecciones por Lentivirus/transmisión , Calostro/virología , Leche/virologíaRESUMEN
Eikenella corrodens is a gram-negative bacterium, and although primarily associated with periodontal infections or infective endocarditis, it has been identified in coronary atheromatous plaques. The effect of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) is unknown. Our aim was to examine the mechanism underlying the inflammatory response in HCAECs stimulated with E. corrodens-LPS and to evaluate monocyte adhesion. Endothelial responses were determined by measuring the levels of chemokines and cytokines using flow cytometry. The surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was determined using a cell-based ELISA, and the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to HCAECs was also monitored. The involvement of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 was examined using TLR-neutralizing antibodies, and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 were measured by western blotting and ELISA, respectively. Eikenella corrodens-LPS increased secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and expression of ICAM-1 on the surface of HCAECs, consistent with the increased adhesion of THP-1 cells. Moreover, E. corrodens-LPS interacted with TLR4, a key receptor able to maintain the levels of IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF in HCAECs. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and activation of NF-κB p65 were also increased. The results indicate that E. corrodens-LPS activates HCAECs through TLR4, ERK, and NF-κB p65, triggering a pro-atherosclerotic endothelial response and enhancing monocyte adhesion.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/inducido químicamente , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/inmunología , Vasos Coronarios/efectos de los fármacos , Eikenella corrodens/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Lipopolisacáridos/efectos adversos , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismo , Humanos , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Células THP-1/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 2 , Receptor Toll-Like 4/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Moderate exercise positively impacts innate immune functions, bringing about a better resistance against infections and general immunosurveillance. Exercise of high workloads (i.e., high intensity and/or duration) such as elite marathon, on the other hand, may have detrimental effects over immune function, but neither how long nor how intense should be the exercise sessions to be deleterious is known, this being a matter of intense dispute. Exercise is, at the same time, one of the most powerful inducers of the 70 kDa family of heat shock proteins (HSPAs, formerly known as HSP70s), which are protein chaperones characterized by a marked anti-inflammatory potency, when located intracellularly (iHSPA), but may act as pro-inflammatory cytokines if in the extracellular space (eHSPA). The above observations led us to suppose that short-term exercise could impose long-lasting effects on macrophage function that should be related to the eHSPA-to-iHSPA ratio, viz. H-index. Sedentary adult male Wistar rats were then submitted to 20 min swimming sessions with an overload (as a percentage of body weight attached to the tail base) of either 2, 4, 6, or 8 %. Control animals were maintained at rest in shallow water. Monocyte/macrophage functions (phagocytic capacity, nitric oxide [NO], and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) were assessed just after and 12 h after exercise and compared with HSPA status and oxidative stress markers. The results showed that exercise increased phagocytosis and H2O2 immediately after the bouts in a workload-dependent way. This was accompanied by increased H-index but no alteration in the redox status. Enhanced phagocytic capacity persisted for up to 12 h, when a marked rise in NO production was also observed, but H-index resumes its control values, suggesting that immune alertness returned to basal levels. Of note was the detection of the cognate form of eHSPA (encoded by hspa8 gene and formerly known as HSP73) in the rat sera. In total, acute exercise may evoke 12 h long workload-dependent effects associated with HSPA status.