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A bone-borne full-arch vertical control strategy using miniscrews was deployed with aligners to treat a case of skeletal hyperdivergent Class II malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion. Miniscrews were inserted in the posterior buccal and palatal regions and the anterior buccal region of the maxilla to distribute vertical intrusive force through the upper arch by anchoring vertical elastics from the miniscrews to the aligners. Synergetic lower anterior intrusion was completed using bilateral posterior miniscrews to counteract the extrusive force generated. Substantial full upper arch and lower anterior vertical intrusion was achieved. In conjunction with en masse anterior-posterior retraction, synergetic posterior and anterior vertical intrusion facilitated counterclockwise rotation of the mandible, creating significant esthetic improvement. Anterior vertical elastics also provided flaring of the anterior teeth, reducing the side effect of lingual tipping from en masse retraction, while successfully controlling overbite and incisor torque during space closure. The bone-borne full-arch vertical intrusion strategy can work well with aligners to address hyperdivergent skeletal Class II malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion.

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Introduction: Temporary Anchorage Devices have revolutionized our approach to anchorage management. However, their placement may carry risks, such as root perforation, damage to the periodontal ligament, buccal-nasal communication, etc. The aim of this article is to describe an original protocol in two times for the placement of a palatal mini-screw through guided surgery using a guide created by Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) followed by the transfer of placement information to the laboratory for the fabrication of a Custom Medical Device (CMD) for distalization. Materials and Methods: A two-stage protocol is described and illustrated step by step. Phase 1 comprises 7 steps (including superimposition of maxillary cast and profile teleradiography, surgical tray design), followed by phase 2, which involves 3 final steps (including production of impression for laboratory, production of laboratory model with transfer of mini-screw position). Results: Although the position of the mini screws remains precise, a discrepancy between the planning and the intraoral situation exists. The addition of a second step therefore enables the distalization appliance to be fitted precisely and without pitfalls. Finally, this protocol ensures safe placement, making work easier for the practitioner and, ultimately, for the patient. Conclusion: In a two-stage process, the placement of palatal mini screws through guided surgery using a guide created by CAD/CAM followed by the transfer of this information to the laboratory for the fabrication of a CMD for distalization proves to be a relevant approach.

Introduction: Les dispositifs d'ancrage temporaires ont révolutionné notre vision de la gestion de l'ancrage. En revanche, leur mise en place peut comporter certains risques (perforation radiculaire, communication bucco-nasale, lésions vasculaires…). Cet article vise à décrire un protocole original, en deux temps, de pose de mini-vis palatine par chirurgie guidée à l'aide d'un guide réalisé par conception et fabrication assistée par ordinateur (CFAO) in-office suivie du transfert des informations de pose au laboratoire pour la confection d'un appareil de distalisation. Matériel et méthodes: Un protocole en deux temps est décrit pas à pas. Le temps 1 comprend sept étapes (dont le placement virtuel des mini-vis et la création de la gouttière chirurgicale), suivi du temps 2 qui implique trois étapes (dont la réalisation de l'empreinte pour le laboratoire et l'élaboration du modèle de laboratoire avec transfert de la position des mini-vis). Résultats: Bien que la pose puisse être considérée comme précise, une différence existe entre la planification et la situation clinique. L'apport d'un second temps améliore l'adaptation de l'appareil de distalisation. Enfin, ce protocole offre une pose sécurisée et apporte ainsi un confort de travail pour le praticien et, in fine, pour le patient. Conclusion: Réalisée en deux temps, la pose de mini-vis palatine par chirurgie guidée à l'aide d'un guide réalisé par CFAO in-office suivie du transfert de cette information au laboratoire pour la confection d'un appareil de distalisation s'avère être une approche pertinente.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on sagittal, transverse and vertical Orthodontic miniscrew displacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included CBCTs from the records of 12 adult patients who underwent upper first premolar extraction and canine retraction with orthodontic miniscrews for maximum anchorage. The miniscrews on one side received LLL, while the other side served as a control. The Low-Level Laser was applied to assess its effect on the displacement of the miniscrews. The used CBCTs have been taken at two-time points: immediately after miniscrew insertion (T0) and four months after the start of canine retraction (T1) with a total of 24 CBCTs. Miniscrew displacement was assessed by measuring head (HMS) and tail (TMS) displacement to the axial, coronal and mid-sagittal planes on the CBCT at the two time points. Miniscrews displacement (T1-T0) was compared between LLL side and control side. Comparisons were performed using paired samples t-test. The significance level was set at p-value < 0.05. The reproducibility of measurements was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: After four months of canine retraction, HMS and TMS from both laser and control sides showed significant three-dimensional displacement at p < 0.05. No significant difference in mean displacement in the vertical, sagittal, nor transverse planes between both sides was elicited. CONCLUSION: LLL application in the used protocol does not affect the amount of miniscrew displacement in any of the three planes of space. Miniscrew displacement was significant in both groups.

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BACKGROUND: The infrazygomatic crest mini-screw has been widely used, but the biomechanical performance of mini-screws at different insertion angles is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to analyse the primary stability of infrazygomatic crest mini-screws at different angles and to explore the effects of the exposure length (EL), screw-cortical bone contact area (SCA), and screw-trabecular bone contact area (STA) on this primary stability. METHODS: Ninety synthetic bones were assigned to nine groups to insert mini-screws at the cross-combined angles in the occlusogingival and mesiodistal directions. SCA, STA, EL, and lateral pull-out strength (LPS) were measured, and their relationships were analysed. Twelve mini-screws were then inserted at the optimal and poor angulations into the maxillae from six fresh cadaver heads, and the same biomechanical metrics were measured for validation. RESULTS: In the synthetic-bone test, the LPS, SCA, STA, and EL had significant correlations with the angle in the occlusogingival direction (rLPS = 0.886, rSCA = -0.946, rSTA = 0.911, and rEL= -0.731; all P < 0.001). In the cadaver-validation test, significant differences were noted in the LPS (P = 0.011), SCA (P = 0.020), STA (P = 0.004), and EL (P = 0.001) between the poor and optimal angulations in the occlusogingival direction. The STA had positive correlations with LPS (rs = 0.245 [synthetic-bone test] and r = 0.720 [cadaver-validation test]; both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The primary stability of the infrazygomatic crest mini-screw was correlated with occlusogingival angulations. The STA significantly affected the primary stability of the infrazygomatic crest mini-screw, but the SCA and EL did not.

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Anterior open bite (AOB), characterized by the lack of vertical overlap between upper and lower anterior teeth, poses a considerable challenge in orthodontics. The condition depends on many factors that combine to render it difficult to achieve post treatment stability. AOB is commonly classified as dental, skeletal, or functional on the basis of the clinical presentation and causative factors. Traditionally, skeletal AOB necessitates surgical intervention, whereas nonsurgical approaches such as extrusion arches and the Multiloop Edgewise Archwire Technique (MEAW) can be employed in more straightforward cases. Functional appliances are reserved for situations in which a patient's growth potential offers the possibility of effectively addressing AOB. This review presents a strategic treatment approach for addressing AOB, taking into account the classification and severity of the condition. The proposed SHE framework describes the use of mini-screws (S) for anchorage and vertical control, encouragement to correct habits (H), and the utilization of extractions and elastics (E). By incorporating extra-radicular mini-screws, AOB closure is achieved through anterior retraction in extraction cases or whole arch distalization of dentition with elastics in non-extraction cases. This framework emphasizes habit correction through a regimen of oral myofunctional therapy (OMT) and habit-correcting appliances to enhance posttreatment stability. This review suggests that nonsurgical correction is viable in the majority of cases, whereas surgical intervention should be reserved for severe cases of skeletal vertical overgrowth or horizontal discrepancies.

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BACKGROUND: Oral hygiene is crucial for the success of orthodontic therapy involving temporary anchoring devices like miniscrews. Plaque buildup, exacerbated by orthodontic appliances, causes inflammation that can undermine treatment outcomes. Individualized prevention plans based on patient risk factors are essential. This review emphasizes the importance of oral hygiene in orthodontic therapy with miniscrews, identifies optimal devices for ensuring long-term stability, and explores protocols for high-risk patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted on two primary databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, for relevant articles on oral hygiene and inflammation. Fourteen articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected, covering topics such as "orthodontic miniscrew", "miniscrew and laser", "miniscrew and mouthwash", "electric toothbrush", and "GBT". RESULTS: Inflammation can compromise miniscrew stability by damaging surrounding bone. Miniscrews of 10 mm length have lower failure rates due to better bone contact and stability. Chlorhexidine reduces inflammation risk and inhibits epithelialization around the implant head. Laser therapy enhances miniscrew stability and reduces inflammation. Chitosan effectively suppresses inflammatory mediators and prevents microorganism adhesion. Both sonic and roto-oscillating electric toothbrushes remove plaque effectively, with roto-oscillating brushes showing superior results. The Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT) protocol offers professional hygiene benefits similar to traditional methods, with improved patient engagement and motivation. CONCLUSIONS: Home oral hygiene maintenance is paramount for preventing inflammatory complications. Professional interventions such as diode laser usage, particularly in adult patients with a history of periodontitis or underlying systemic conditions, can mitigate orthodontic therapy failure risks. The GBT protocol fosters a more comfortable and participatory professional hygiene experience for patients, promoting better oral health awareness and compliance.

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Orthodontic Mini-Implants have a high success rate, but it is crucial to assess the load that they bear in order to maintain their primary stability. Increasing the diameter can improve this stability, but there are limitations due to the proximity of the tooth roots. To avoid damage, smaller diameters are used, which can decrease resistance and cause permanent deformations. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the diameter of Mini-Implants through bending force tests, taking into account primary stability after one and two insertions. METHODS: Here, 40 Ti6AI4V alloy Mini-Implants of two different brands and diameters were divided into eight groups, half of which received one insertion in the artificial bone, and the rest received two. All were subjected to a constant bending force using an INSTRON-Electropuls E10000LT (Norwood, MA, USA) until fracture. RESULTS: The smaller-diameter Mini-Implants were less resistant to fracture, but both were able to withstand the necessary loads produced by orthodontic movements. As for the inserts, there were no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: There is an advantage to using 1.6 mm Mini-Implants over 2.0 mm ones, as a smaller diameter does not lead to fracture due to the forces used in orthodontic treatment. Having one or two inserts did not have a statistically significant effect.

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BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive cochlear implant surgery by using a microstereotactic frame demands solid connection to the bone. We aimed to determine the stability of commercially available orthodontic miniscrews to evaluate their feasibility for frame's fixation. In addition, which substitute material most closely resembles the mechanical properties of the human temporal bone was evaluated. METHODS: Pull-out tests were carried out with five different types of orthodontic miniscrews in human temporal bone specimens. Furthermore, short fiber filled epoxy (SFFE), solid rigid polyurethane (SRPU50), bovine femur, and porcine iliac bone were evaluated as substitute materials. In total, 57 tests in human specimens and 180 tests in the substitute materials were performed. RESULTS: In human temporal bone, average pull-out forces ranged from 220 N to 285 N between screws. Joint stiffness in human temporal bone ranged between 14 N/mm and 358 N/mm. Statistically significant differences between the tested screws were measured in terms of stiffness and elastic energy. One screw type failed insertion due to tip breakage. No significant differences occurred between screws in maximum pull-out force. The average pull-out values of SFFE were 14.1 N higher compared to human specimen. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic miniscrews provided rigid fixation when partially inserted in human temporal bone, as evidenced by pull-out forces and joint stiffness. Average values exceeded requirements despite variations between screws. Differences in stiffness and elastic energy indicate screw-specific interface mechanics. With proper insertion, orthodontic miniscrews appear suitable for microstereotactic frame anchoring during minimally invasive cochlear implant surgery. However, testing under more complex loading is needed to better predict clinical performance. For further pull-out tests, the most suitable substitute material is SFFE.

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Background The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in dentistry was entered several decades ago, yet its clinical use in orthodontics still requires further investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of local injection of PRP on the rate and type of mandibular second molar protraction movement compared with the comparator (no PRP) group. Material and methods Eighteen patients aged between 17 and 25 years were randomly allocated in a split-mouth study design to receive PRP injections on one side immediately before the start of molar protraction (PRP group), while the other side received only saline solution (comparator group). Eligibility criteria included bilaterally extracted mandibular first molars cases and indicated mandibular second molars protraction. The primary outcome of the study consisted of measuring the rate of molar protraction from the beginning of protraction (T0) to the end of the seventh month (TF), using a digital gauge. The secondary outcome included measuring the type of second molar protraction movement between T0 and TF by lateral cephalometric images. Randomization of the intervention side was performed by picking out opaque sealed envelopes. The blinding of the principal investigator was impossible but blinding of the patient was achieved by injection of saline. Analyses were done using paired samples T-test to compare the changes in all variables between T0 and TF. The level of significance was taken at a P-value < 0.05. Results No significant difference was detected between the PRP and comparator groups in the rate of second lower molar protraction during seven months (0.56±0.07 mm per month in the comparator group, whereas, was 0.6±0.11 mm per month in the PRP group). Molar protraction parameters in both groups showed second lower molars moving by controlled tipping closer to bodily movement (Root Movement:Crown Movement≈0.8). Conclusions Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is ineffective in accelerating the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) during molar protraction, and it has no effect on the type of tooth movement. In addition, the mechanics that we used (6 mm power arm in combination with miniscrews) are effective in mandibular second molar protraction by controlled tipping closer to bodily movement.

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OBJECTIVES: The biomechanics in achieving molar distalization may differ between fixed appliances and clear aligners in the control of tooth movement. The objective of this study was to compare the treatment effects between clear aligners (CA) and fixed appliances (FA) in patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar distalization. METHODS: The sample consisted of 46 subjects with mild-to-moderate crowding. A total of 22 patients treated with clear aligners (age, 25.66 ±â€…6.11 years old) and 24 patients treated with fixed appliances (age, 24.04 ±â€…4.95 years old) for miniscrew-assisted molar distalization were included in this study. The dental and skeletal changes were evaluated by the pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms. RESULTS: Significant changes were found with the vertical variables SN-OP angle (2.24 ±â€…3.22°, P < .05) and SN-MP angle (0.73 ±â€…1.15°, P < .05) for the FA group when compared with the CA group (SN-OP angle 0.41 ±â€…2.26° and SN-MP angle -0.21 ±â€…1.38°, P > .05). Both treatment groups achieved a 2-3 mm. molar distalization with significant intrusion of the upper molars. The CA group showed significantly less distal tipping of molars (U6^PP angle -2.29 ±â€…3.29° and L6^MP angle -2.92 ±â€…2.49°, P < .05) compared to the FA group (-5.24 ±â€…4.28° and -5.53 ±â€…5.03°, P < .05). In addition, significant retraction and lingual inclination of the upper and lower incisors were found in both groups. LIMITATIONS: The changes of tooth position were evaluated by 2D lateral cephalograms, not 3D measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to fixed appliances, clear aligners seemed to have better control of vertical dimension and distal tipping of molars in patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar distalization.

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Background: We investigated treatment outcomes and post-treatment stability in 10 patients with an anterior open bite and nonsurgical orthodontics. Methods: The patients underwent maxillary molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices (TADs) to deepen the overbite due to mandibular autorotation. Lateral cephalograms and dental cast models were obtained before treatment (T0), immediately after it (T1), and >1 year after it (T2). Skeletal and dental cephalometric changes and three-dimensional movements of the maxillary dentitions were evaluated. Results: At T0, cephalometric analysis indicated that patients had skeletal class I with tendencies for a class II jaw relationship and a skeletal open bite. During active treatment (T0 to T1), the maxillary first molar intruded by 1.6 mm, the mandibular first molar extruded by 0.3 mm, the Frankfort-mandibular plane angle decreased by 1.1°, and the overbite increased by 4.1 mm. Statistically significant changes were observed in the amount of vertical movement of the maxillary first molar, Frankfort-mandibular plane angle, and overbite. Three-dimensional (3D) dental cast analysis revealed that the maxillary first and second molars intruded, whereas the anterior teeth extruded, with the second premolar as an infection point. In addition, the maxillary molar was tipped distally by 2.9° and rotated distally by 0.91°. Statistically significant changes were observed in the amount of vertical movement of the central incisor, lateral incisor, canine and first molar, and molar angulation. From T1 to T2, no significant changes in cephalometric measurements or the 3D position of the maxillary dentition were observed. The maxillary and mandibular dentitions did not significantly change during post-treatment follow-up. Conclusions: Maxillary molar intrusion using mini-screws is an effective treatment for open bite correction, with the achieved occlusion demonstrating 3D stability at least 1 year after treatment.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the optimal placement of miniscrews, this study compared adult male and female patients in terms of cortical bone density, cortical bone thickness, and available bone width in the infrazygomatic crest region. METHODS: The cone beam computed tomography imaging data of 200 patients (20-30 years old; 100 males and 100 females) were collected. The right maxillary posterior teeth in the sagittal plane were divided into six levels from proximal to distal, and three measurement sites were positioned at vertical distances of 8, 10, and 12 mm from the cementum. Cortical bone density, cortical bone thickness, and available bone width were measured in 18 measurement sites in the infrazygomatic crest and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The highest cortical bone density, cortical bone thickness, and available bone width in the infrazygomatic crest in adult male and female patients were at the level of the interradicular space between the maxillary second premolar and maxillary first molar. The bone cortical density and thickness increased with vertical height, whereas the available bone width decreased with increasing vertical height. Differences were observed in cortical bone density, cortical bone thickness, and available bone width between adult male and female patients. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal implantation sites of the micro-implant anchorages in the infrazygomatic crest were at the level of the interradicular space between the maxillary second premolar and the maxillary first molar, and the vertical height of the optimal implantation site in males was appropriately higher than that in females.

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BACKGROUND: An uncommon location for placing miniscrews, used to provide anchorage control in various tooth movements, is the alveolar ridge. This study aimed to provide an evaluation of the success rate of alveolar ridge miniscrews and examine variables that might impact their success. METHODS: Charts for 295 patients who had miniscrews were screened. Twenty patients (5 male and 15 female: average age = 38.15 ± 15.10 years) with a total of 50 alveolar ridge miniscrews were analyzed. A customized data form was used to collect patients' and miniscrews' related variables. Kaplan-Meier estimator was used for the survival function, whereas Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to associate collected variables with alveolar ridge miniscrew survival. RESULTS: In total, 31 (62.0%) miniscrews were stable and 19 (38.0%) failed. The survival time for those that failed was 6.03 ± 7.08 months. The follow-up period for those that survived was 35.84 ± 19.47 months. Male gender versus female (hazard ratio [HR] 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-4.48; P = 0.003), and if the miniscrew was a replacement versus non-replacement (HR 0.27; 95% CI 0.07-0.99; P = 0.048) influenced the survival. Additionally, miniscrews that were used for both indirect and direct or indirect anchorage alone plus those with evidence of splinting showed a 100% survival rate, which led to an HR 0 (P < 0.001). When the previously mentioned variables were modeled, none seemed to have a significant effect on failure except for splinting and type of anchorage (P < 0.001), because none of the splinted miniscrews failed. CONCLUSIONS: The failure rate of alveolar ridge miniscrews was (38.0%) over 6.03 ± 7.08 months. The survival rate was (62.0%) over 35.84 ± 19.47 months. The evidence of splinting and the type of anchorage had a significant effect on survival probability.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of the investigation was to evaluate if a Class II malocclusion in adult patients can be successfully corrected by maxillary total arch distalization with interradicular mini-screws in combination with completely customized lingual appliances (CCLA). METHODS: Two patient groups were matched for age and gender to determine differences in the quality of final treatment outcome. The treatment results of 40 adult patients with a Class I malocclusion (Group 1) were compared with those of 40 adult patients with a moderate to severe Class II malocclusion (Group 2). All patients had completed treatment with a CCLA (WIN, DW Lingual Systems, Bad Essen, Germany) without overcorrection in the individual treatment plan defined by a target set-up. To compare the treatment results of the two groups, 7 measurements using the American Board of Orthodontics Model Grading System (ABO MGS) and linear measurements for anterior-posterior (AP) and vertical dimensions were assessed at the start of lingual treatment (T1), after debonding (T2B), and compared to the individual target set-up (T2A). RESULTS: A statistically significant AP correction (mean 4.5 mm, min/max 2.1/8.6, SD 1.09) was achieved in Group 2, representing 99% of the planned amount. The planned overbite correction was fully achieved in both the Class I and Class II groups. There was a statistically significant improvement in the ABO scores in both groups (Group 1: 39.4 to 17.7, Group 2: 55.8 to 17.1), with no significant difference between the two groups at T2B. 95% of the adult patients in Group 1 and 95% in Group 2 would meet the ABO standards after maxillary total arch distalization with a CCLA and interradicular mini-screws. CONCLUSIONS: CCLAs in combination with interradicular mini-screws for maxillary total arch distalization can successfully correct moderate to severe Class II malocclusions in adult patients. The quality of the final occlusal outcome is high and the amount of the sagittal correction can be predicted by the individual target set-up.

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Background Monocortical mini-screw-type temporary anchorage devices (TADs), or mini-screws, have significantly impacted orthodontic treatment strategies, especially in severe crowding and protrusion cases. These devices offer flexibility in placement sites, but the chosen location can considerably influence tooth displacement patterns. Key factors include the 'line of force' and the biomechanical properties of orthodontic tools. By analyzing tension distribution and three-dimensional displacements, the finite element method (FEM) provides a thorough means to comprehend these patterns. The Curve of Spee (COS) is a crucial factor potentially affecting displacement. Objective This study aimed to leverage finite element analysis (FEA) to understand the impact of varying mini-implant heights (10 mm, 13 mm, and 16 mm) on the displacements of different tooth types under a consistent force of 150 gm and compare these displacements both in the presence and absence of the COS. Materials and methods A CAD model of the jaw and teeth was developed using CT scan data and a Rexcan III 3D White Light Scanner. This model was meshed in Altair HyperMesh using tetrahedral elements, resulting in a Finite Element Model. The model incorporated various components, including teeth, the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone, brackets, a titanium mini-screw, and an archwire measuring 0.019 x 0.025 inches. Unique material properties were assigned to the PDL, and the assembly accurately replicated the clinical alignment of the archwire and brackets. Subsequently, stress and strain analyses were conducted on the model using the FEM. Results The displacement patterns of various teeth at implant heights of 10 mm, 13 mm, and 16 mm under a 150-gm force were analyzed in relation to the COS. Notably, for the central incisor, the COS significantly affected displacements in the Y and Z directions. Similarly, the Lateral Incisor and Canine exhibited marked changes in the Z direction with the presence of the COS. The Second Premolar's apex displacement showed significant variation due to the COS, while the First Molar displayed notable changes in the X direction. Generally, the presence of the COS either maintained or slightly increased Z-directional displacements across teeth, particularly at the apices. Conclusion The presence of COS significantly influences tooth displacement patterns when using mini-screws at different implant heights. Central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines are particularly sensitive to changes in the Z direction with the COS. The biomechanical analysis emphasizes the importance of considering COS in treatment planning for optimal results with mini-implants in orthodontics.

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Miniscrews are devices that allow for absolute skeletal anchorage. However, their use has a higher failure rate (10-30%) than dental implants (10%). To overcome these flaws, chemical and/or mechanical treatment of the surface of miniscrews has been suggested. There is no consensus in the current literature about which of these methods is the gold standard; thus, our objective was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on surface treatments of miniscrews. The review protocol was registered (PROSPERO CRD42023408011) and is in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic search was carried out on PubMed via MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science. The initial search of the databases yielded 1684 results, with 98 studies included in the review, with one article originating from the search in the bibliographic references of the included studies. The results of this systematic review show that the protocols of miniscrew surface treatments, such as acid-etching; sandblasting, large-grit and acid-etching; photofunctionalization with ultraviolet light; and photobiomodulation, can increase stability and the success of orthodontic treatment. The meta-analysis revealed that the treatment with the highest removal torque is SLA, followed by acid-etching. On the other hand, techniques such as oxidative anodization, anodization with pre-calcification and heat treatment, as well as deposition of chemical compounds, require further investigation to confirm their effectiveness.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recently, lateral cephalograms have been proposed for guided miniscrew insertion planning. Therefore, the aim was to assess the reliability and safety of such planning on corresponding cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIALS/METHODS: Intraoral scans, lateral cephalograms, and CBCT images of 52 subjects (even sexes distribution), aged 15.1 ±â€…2.5 years, were included. Miniscrew (n = 104) insertion planning was performed using lateral cephalograms superimposed on the maxillary intraoral scans, while the assessment of their bicortical placement, length in bone, contact with adjacent teeth, incisive canal, and nasal floor perforation was done on corresponding superimposed CBCT images. Moreover, maxillary incisor inclination, crowding, and the maxillary intercanine width were measured. RESULTS: The overall miniscrew length in bone was 7.2 ±â€…1.3mm. Bicortical placement was seen in 58.7% of the sample (38.5% of subjects). Incisive canal and nasal floor perforation was seen in 25% and 21.2% of subjects, respectively. No contact of the miniscrew with adjacent teeth was recorded. A negative significant interaction was seen between the miniscrew length in bone, the percentage of total miniscrew length and maxillary anterior teeth crowding (ß, -0.10, P = .047 and ß, -0.90, P = .006, respectively). Moreover, a positive significant interaction was seen between the incisive canal perforation and maxillary anterior teeth crowding (OR = 1.32, P = .021). LIMITATIONS: Exclusion of subjects with impacted teeth. CONCLUSIONS: Miniscrew insertion planning using lateral cephalograms, despite being safe in preventing contact with adjacent teeth, is limited in achieving bicortical placement and insufficient in completely avoiding incisive canal and nasal floor perforation.

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INTRODUCTION: In the majority of orthodontic premolar extraction cases, the canine retraction phase is the most laborious procedure. This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess the effect of single versus repeated micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) during orthodontic canine retraction. METHODS: In this split-mouth study, two equal groups of 18 patients who required maxillary first premolar extractions and fixed orthodontic therapy were randomly assigned (n=9). In Group I, MOPs were only performed once on one site before retraction, whereas in Group II, MOPs were performed on one site repeatedly once a month for four months. In both groups, the contralateral control sites received no MOPs. The canines were retracted using mini-screws and closed-coil nickel-titanium springs. Using the patients' 3D models, the primary outcome measure at four months was the amount of orthodontic canine distal movement. The amount of anchorage loss (AL), degree of molar rotation (MR) and canine rotation (CR), and degree of canine tipping (CT) were measured as the secondary outcomes. The comparison of mean changes in the primary and secondary outcomes between the groups was done using the independent sample t-test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The rate of canine retraction, degree of CT, and rotation were not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05). Additionally, there were no statistically significant variations in the maxillary first MR and the degree of AL (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When maxillary canine retraction was performed with a single and repeated regimen of MOPs, comparable levels of distal CR and tipping were observed, along with an identical minimal degree of MR and AL.

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INTRODUCTION: Detailed insight regarding the use of temporary anchorage devices (TAD) in Australia and the United Kingdom (UK) is lacking. The primary aim of the present cross-sectional survey was to investigate TAD usage among UK-based and Australian-based orthodontists. The secondary objectives were to compare TAD-related preferences and protocols between orthodontists in the two countries. METHODS: A pilot-tested electronic questionnaire was distributed to members of the British Orthodontic Society and the Australian Society of Orthodontists. Questions pertained to their demographic details, and current use of TADs including protocols, treatment objectives and factors influencing their use. RESULTS: A total of 192 responses were recorded (Australia: 122; UK: 70). One hundred and forty-two respondents (74.0%) reported using TADs as part of their orthodontic treatment, 77.0% in Australia (n=94) and 68.6% in the UK (n=48). Molar protraction was the most common procedure for which TADs were reportedly used (Australia: n=118; 87.2%, UK: n=36; 75.0%). "Loosening" was the most prevalent reported complication overall (n=124; 90.1%). "Confidence", "insufficient postgraduate education" and "availability of equipment" were the factors that most influenced the decision not to provide TADs. CONCLUSIONS: Most orthodontists in both countries provided TADs. TAD protocols of orthodontists in both countries were reported. Similarities and differences regarding TAD-related clinical practices and procedures, complications and factors influencing the use of TADs and reasons for not using TADs were explored. Information from the present study can provide baseline data for future related studies in each country and for comparison of TAD usage in other countries.

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TRIAL DESIGN: Parallel. OBJECTIVE: To compare skeletally anchored Carriere Motion appliance (CMA) for distalization of the maxillary buccal segment vs. Essix anchored CMA. METHODS: Thirty-two class II malocclusion patients were randomly allocated into two equal groups. One group was treated with infrazygomatic (IZC) miniscrew- anchored CMA (IZCG) and the other group treated with Essix retainer- anchored CMA (EXG). Two lateral cephalograms and two digital models for upper and lower arches were taken for each patient: immediately before intervention and after distalization had been completed. RESULTS: Distalization period was not significantly different between the two groups. In contrast to EXG, IZCG showed insignificant difference in ANB, lower incisor proclination, and mesial movement of the lower first molar. There was significant rotation with distal movement of maxillary canine and first molar in both groups. CONCLUSION: IZC anchored CMA could eliminate the side effects of class II elastics regarding lower incisor proclination, mesial movement lower molars with a more significant amount of distalization of the maxillary buccal segment but with significant molar rotation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System (PRS) has this RCT registered as (NCT05499221) on 12/08/2022.

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