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Boron (B) is an essential microelement for plants, and its deficiency can lead to impaired development and function. Around 50% of arable land in the world is acidic, and low pH in the soil solution decreases availability of several essential mineral elements, including B, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K). Plants take up soil B in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) in acidic soil or tetrahydroxy borate [B(OH)4]- at neutral or alkaline pH. Boron can participate directly or indirectly in plant metabolism, including in the synthesis of the cell wall and plasma membrane, in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and in the formation of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In addition, B interacts with other nutrients such as Ca, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, and zinc (Zn). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of B uptake, absorption, and accumulation and its interactions with other elements, and how it contributes to the adaptation of plants to different environmental conditions. We also discuss potential B-mediated networks at the physiological and molecular levels involved in plant growth and development.

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BACKGROUND: Essential elements have functions in tumor progression by promoting protumoral cellular processes, such as proliferation, and migration, among others. Obtaining an understanding of how these elements relate to tumor progression processes is of great importance for research. Elemental profile studies in distant tissues, which can be modulated by tumor cells to promote metastasis, have not been sufficiently investigated. The main goal of this study is to evaluate multielemental distribution during tumor progression, focusing on tumor tissue and distant tissues that may be affected. METHODS: Tumor progression in vivo was simulated by inoculating C57BL/6 mice with Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells. Samples of the primary tumor and distant tissues were collected during 5 weeks of tumor progression for the control and experimental (tumor-bearing) groups. The biological samples were analyzed using the synchrotron radiation X-Ray fluorescence technique. Data on the concentration of P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the samples were obtained and statistically analyzed to evaluate the distribution of the elements during tumor progression in the primary tumor as well as distant tissues. RESULTS: It was possible to observe significant changes in the concentrations' distribution of P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Cu in distant tissues caused by the presence of tumor cells. It was also possible to detect a greater similarity between tumor tissue (which has the lung as tissue of origin) and a tissue of non-origin, such as the liver, which is an unprecedented result. Moreover, changes in the distributions of concentrations were detected and studied over time for the different tissues analyzed, such as primary tumor, liver and lung, in Control and Tumor groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among other results, this paper could explore the modulation of distant tissues caused by the presence of a primary tumor. This could be achieved by the evaluation of several elements of known biological importance allowing the study of different biological processes involved in cancer. The role of essential elements as modulators of the tumor microenvironment is a relevant aspect of tumor progression and this work is a contribution to the field of tumoral metallomics.

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Tea is one of the most important beverages worldwide, is produced in several distinct geographical regions, and is traded on the global market. The ability to determine the geographical origin of tea products helps to ensure authenticity and traceability. This paper reviews the recent research on authentication of tea using a combination of instrumental and chemometric methods. To determine the production region of a tea sample, instrumental methods based on analyzing isotope and mineral element contents are suitable because they are less affected by tea variety and processing methods. Chemometric analysis has proven to be a valuable method to identify tea. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are the most preferred methods for processing large amounts of data obtained through instrumental component analysis.

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Physicochemical characterization, amino acids contents, minerals composition, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of Cuban wines from different raw materials were studied. The wines studied were grape wines, tropical fruit wines, and rice wines. Twenty-one amino acids were identified and quantified, being Asp and Glu detected in all wines. The highest concentration of total amino acid content was found in wines elaborated from Cimarrona grape subjected to maceration with grape skins, while the raisined mixture grape wine presented the lowest values, probably caused by the amino acid degradation during the dehydration process by sun exposure. Minerals quantified were range amount limits of acceptable according to the OIV recommendation. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity showed the greatest values in wine from roasting rice. No statistical separation could be clearly observed by multivariate principal component analysis; however, 3 wine groups could be defined taking account the scores on the PC1.

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Maca has shown broad application prospects as a new food resource. The function of maca is directly affected by its geographical origin, and an effective method for studying traceability must be established. This study aimed to discriminate maca from different regions at large scales (Peru and China) and small scales (Yunnan, Xinjiang, and Tibet in China) through geographical authentication using the stable isotope ratio (SIR) (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H and δ18O) and mineral elemental fingerprints combined with chemometrics. For Peruvian and Chinese maca, overall discriminatory accuracy of 100% and 96.2% were obtained by applying SIR and the mineral element analysis, respectively. For maca obtained from different Chinese regions, the order of the discriminatory accuracy was mineral elements (80.2%) = SIR combined with mineral elements (80.2%) > SIR (71.9%). K, B, Mn, Fe, Mo, Cd and As were identified as the main discriminating indicators for identifying maca from different Chinese regions.

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Background: Vernonia species are widely consumed as vegetables or medicinal herbs for the treatment of various human diseases in Nigeria. Nevertheless, there exists a growing concern for consumption safety of those herbal plants, due to increasing environmental pollution. This is because plants can accumulate some heavy metals that constitute a potential risk to human health. Nonetheless, also essential elements may be accumulated in plants, which provide nutrients for combating diseases and maintaining human health. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to analyze some heavy metals and mineral elements on Vernonia ambigua, V. oocephala and V. pupurea commonly used in Northern Nigerian traditional medicine. Methods: Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine the major elements (calcium and magnesium), trace elements (iron and manganese) and heavy metals (copper, cobalt, chromium, cadmium, lead and zinc). Results: We found a high Ca and Fe content in V. ambigua, Mg and Co in V. oocephala, and Cu and Cr in V. pupurea; in contrast, the last specie, showed low accumulation of Pb and Cd among all studied species. Conclusion: This study revealed that toxic elements concentrations are lower than the allowed dietary intake (ADI) in all the three Vernonia species. The quantitative estimation of these elements is important to understanding the pharmacological and/or toxicological actions of medicinal plants for safe use.

Antecedentes: Las especies de Vernonia son ampliamente consumidas como verduras o hierbas medicinales, para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades humanas en Nigeria. Sin embargo, existe una creciente preocupación por la seguridad en el consumo de dichas plantas, debido al incremento en la contaminación. Esto es debido a que las plantas pueden acumular algunos metales pesados que constituyen un riesgo potencial para la salud humana. Sin embargo, algunos elementos esenciales también pueden acumularse en las plantas proporcionando nutrientes para combatir las enfermedades y mantener una buena salud. Objetivos: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar algunos metales pesados y minerales en Vernonia ambigua, V. oocephala y V. Pupurea, comúnmente utilizadas en la medicina tradicional del norte de Nigeria. Métodos: La espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (AAS) se utilizó para determinar elementos mayores (calcio y magnesio), elementos trazas (hierro, manganeso) y elementos pesados (cobre, cobalto, cromo, cadmio, plomo y zinc). Resultados: se encontraron altos contenidos de Ca y Fe en V. ambigua, y de Mg y Co en V. oocephala. La cantidad de Cu y Cr fueron altas en V. Pupurea; en contraste, esta última reportó las cantidades más bajas de Pb (0.01200 mg/100g) y Cd (0.00670 mg / 100g) entre las tres especies de Vernonia estudiadas. Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que las concentraciones de elementos tóxicos como Pb, Cd y Co detectadas, son inferiores a la ingesta dietética permitido (ADI) en las tres especies de Vernonia. Las estimaciones cuantitativas de elementos pesados, son importantes para la comprensión de las acciones farmacológicas y/o toxicológicas de plantas medicinales para su uso seguro.

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A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) é uma planta característica da região Mediterrânea que teve seu cultivo disseminado para diversos países do mundo, devido ao grande interesse na produção de olivas e de seu azeite, ricos em ácidos graxos essenciais. As folhas da oliveira podem ser um importante subproduto gerado pela poda das árvores, pois apresentam quantidade significativa de compostos fenólicos e ácidos graxos benéficos à saúde. Tendo em vista a importância da constituição química das folhas de oliveira e o recente cultivo no sul do Brasil, este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo exploratório sobre a composição centesimal, compostos fenólicos totais, ácidos graxos e minerais presentes nas folhas da cultivar 'Arbequina', cultivada em Caçapava do Sul, RS. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que as folhas possuem 8,14±0,24% de lipídios totais, sendo que os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados representaram mais da metade do teor total de ácidos graxos, com elevada concentração de ácido linolênico (18:3n3, 46,7%) que está presente no azeite, normalmente em concentrações próximas a 1%. A concentração de compostos fenólicos totais foi de 30,21±0,31mg GAE g-1 e os minerais predominantes nas folhas foram Ca, K, Mg, P e S (entre 1153 e 11448µg g-1). A concentração de sódio encontrada foi baixa (65,4±5,20µg g-1). Esses resultados demonstram que as folhas de oliveira cultivadas na região de Caçapava do Sul apresentam grande potencial de uso para suplementação da dieta tanto humana quanto de animais, por serem ricas em nutrientes.

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a plant characteristic of the Mediterranean region that is cultivated in various countries of the world due to the great interest in the production of olives and their oil, which is rich in essential fatty acids. The leaves of the olive tree are an important by-product generated by pruning of trees that have significant amount of phenolic and fatty acids important to health. Given the importance of compounds present in olive leaves and the recent crop in southern Brazil, this study aimed to perform an exploratory study on the proximate composition, total phenolic compounds, fatty acids and minerals present in the leaves of the 'Arbequina' variety from Caçapava do Sul, RS, Brazil. The results showed that the leaves had 8.14±0.24% of total lipids, with an amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids more than half of the total content of fatty acids, in special linolenic acid (18:3n3, 46,7%), which is present in the olive oil in general close to the concentration of 1%. The concentration of total phenolics was 30.21±0.31mg GAE g-1 and the predominant minerals in the leaves were Ca, K, Mg, P and S (between 1153 and 11448mg g-1). The sodium concentration was considered low (65.4±5.20mg g-1). These results demonstrate that the leaves from olive trees cultivated in the region of Caçapava do Sul have great potential for use in dietary supplementation both human and animal because are rich in nutrients.

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A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) é uma planta característica da região Mediterrânea que teve seu cultivo disseminado para diversos países do mundo, devido ao grande interesse na produção de olivas e de seu azeite, ricos em ácidos graxos essenciais. As folhas da oliveira podem ser um importante subproduto gerado pela poda das árvores, pois apresentam quantidade significativa de compostos fenólicos e ácidos graxos benéficos à saúde. Tendo em vista a importância da constituição química das folhas de oliveira e o recente cultivo no sul do Brasil, este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo exploratório sobre a composição centesimal, compostos fenólicos totais, ácidos graxos e minerais presentes nas folhas da cultivar 'Arbequina', cultivada em Caçapava do Sul, RS. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que as folhas possuem 8,14±0,24% de lipídios totais, sendo que os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados representaram mais da metade do teor total de ácidos graxos, com elevada concentração de ácido linolênico (18:3n3, 46,7%) que está presente no azeite, normalmente em concentrações próximas a 1%. A concentração de compostos fenólicos totais foi de 30,21±0,31mg GAE g-1 e os minerais predominantes nas folhas foram Ca, K, Mg, P e S (entre 1153 e 11448µg g-1). A concentração de sódio encontrada foi baixa (65,4±5,20µg g-1). Esses resultados demonstram que as folhas de oliveira cultivadas na região de Caçapava do Sul apresentam grande potencial de uso para suplementação da dieta tanto humana quanto de animais, por serem ricas em nutrientes.(AU)

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a plant characteristic of the Mediterranean region that is cultivated in various countries of the world due to the great interest in the production of olives and their oil, which is rich in essential fatty acids. The leaves of the olive tree are an important by-product generated by pruning of trees that have significant amount of phenolic and fatty acids important to health. Given the importance of compounds present in olive leaves and the recent crop in southern Brazil, this study aimed to perform an exploratory study on the proximate composition, total phenolic compounds, fatty acids and minerals present in the leaves of the 'Arbequina' variety from Caçapava do Sul, RS, Brazil. The results showed that the leaves had 8.14±0.24% of total lipids, with an amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids more than half of the total content of fatty acids, in special linolenic acid (18:3n3, 46,7%), which is present in the olive oil in general close to the concentration of 1%. The concentration of total phenolics was 30.21±0.31mg GAE g-1 and the predominant minerals in the leaves were Ca, K, Mg, P and S (between 1153 and 11448mg g-1). The sodium concentration was considered low (65.4±5.20mg g-1). These results demonstrate that the leaves from olive trees cultivated in the region of Caçapava do Sul have great potential for use in dietary supplementation both human and animal because are rich in nutrients.(AU)

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Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales han sido señaladas de alterar las concentraciones séricas de macro y micro elementos esenciales, especialmente en niños. Mediante un espectrofotómetro de absorción atómica Varian Spectraa-20 Plus, se determinaron los niveles séricos de sodio (Na), potasio (K), cobre (Cu), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) en 59 niños en edad preescolar y escolar de Taratara, estado Falcón, Venezuela. De estos, 27 estaban infectados solamente con Enterobius vermicularis y los restantes sin infecciones entero-parasitarias (grupo control). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0,05) entre los niveles séricos para ninguno de los elementos minerales medidos, cuando se comparó el grupo de los niños con enterobiasis vs. un grupo control no parasitado. Se sugiere que los resultados detectados en Taratara, estado Falcón, Venezuela, son una variación local de la problemática de la enterobiasis.

Intestinal parasitic infections have been shown to have deleterious effects on serum levels of essential macro and micro elements, especially in children. By means of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer Varian Spectraa-20 Plus, serological levels of sodium (Na), potassium (K), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were measured in 59 preschool and school aged children of Taratara, Falcon state, Venezuela. Of these, 27 were monoparasited with Enterobius vermicularis, and remaining ones were without any entero-parasitic complaints (control group). There was no statistically significant difference in Cu, Zn, K, Na and Fe levels between the groups of oxyuros infected children vs. those non parasitized. This situation observed at Taratara, Falcón state, Venezuela, appears to be a particular local variation on the enterobiasis framework.

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It was carried out a survey on zinc levels in four grasses - Colonião (Panicum maximum Jack), Jaraguá (Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent) and Angolinha (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.)Hitchic) - collected monthly at the city of Brasilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The Jaraguá grass showed the highest zinc level - 39,3 ppm - which was significantly greater than obtained in Colonião 22,7 ppm - and Pangola 26,0 ppm grasses. There was no difference between Jaraguá and Angolinha - 35,1 ppm - levels.

Foi realizado levantamento sobre as quantidades de zinco contido em quatro gramíneas. Capim Colonião (Panicum maximum Jack), Jaraguá (Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent) e capim Angolinha (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitchic) - colhidas mensalmente durante um ano, no município de Brasilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. O capim Jaraguá apresentou nível médio - 39,3 ppm - significantemente mais elevado que os obtidos para o Colonião - 22,7 ppm - e Pangola - 26,0 ppm - não diferindo, entretanto, do Angolinha - 35,1 ppm. Os níveis médios não foram suficientes para suprir as necessidades mínimas para bovinos em pastoreio.

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It was carried out a survey on zinc levels in four grasses - Colonião (Panicum maximum Jack), Jaraguá (Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent) and Angolinha (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.)Hitchic) - collected monthly at the city of Brasilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The Jaraguá grass showed the highest zinc level - 39,3 ppm - which was significantly greater than obtained in Colonião 22,7 ppm - and Pangola 26,0 ppm grasses. There was no difference between Jaraguá and Angolinha - 35,1 ppm - levels.

Foi realizado levantamento sobre as quantidades de zinco contido em quatro gramíneas. Capim Colonião (Panicum maximum Jack), Jaraguá (Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent) e capim Angolinha (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitchic) - colhidas mensalmente durante um ano, no município de Brasilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. O capim Jaraguá apresentou nível médio - 39,3 ppm - significantemente mais elevado que os obtidos para o Colonião - 22,7 ppm - e Pangola - 26,0 ppm - não diferindo, entretanto, do Angolinha - 35,1 ppm. Os níveis médios não foram suficientes para suprir as necessidades mínimas para bovinos em pastoreio.

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It was conducted a study about the manganese content of Guinea grass (Panicum maximun), Jaragua grass (Hyparrhenia ruta (Nessi) Stapf ), Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens, Stent) and Angollnha grass (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.I. Hitchc). Collected (14.820 h.) in areas of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sample analisis examined showed In the Guinea grass, Jaragua grass, Pangola grass and Angolinha grass, 190, 167, 811 e 499 ppm of manganese respectively. The Pangola grass exhibited significantly higher concentrations of manganese (811 ppm) than Angolinha grass (499 ppm), Guinea grass (190 ppm) or Jaragua grass (167 ppm). High levels of manganese in Pangola grass and Angolinha grass were found to be toxic for cattle.

Levantamento sobre a quantidade de manganês contida em quatro gramíneas capim Colonião (Panicum maximun), Jaraguá (Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent) e capim Angolinha (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitchc.) colhidas mensalmente durante um ano, no município de Brasilândia, com área de 14.820 hectares em Mato Grosso do Sul. As médias anuais foram 190, 167, 811 e 494 ppm para os capins, respectivamente, Colonião, Jaraguá, Pangola e Angolinha. O Pangola com a média 811 ppm diferiu estatisticamente do Colonião, Jaraguá e Angolinha. Níveis tóxicos para bovinos foram apresentados pelos capins Pangola e Angolinha.

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It was conducted a study about the manganese content of Guinea grass (Panicum maximun), Jaragua grass (Hyparrhenia ruta (Nessi) Stapf ), Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens, Stent) and Angollnha grass (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.I. Hitchc). Collected (14.820 h.) in areas of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sample analisis examined showed In the Guinea grass, Jaragua grass, Pangola grass and Angolinha grass, 190, 167, 811 e 499 ppm of manganese respectively. The Pangola grass exhibited significantly higher concentrations of manganese (811 ppm) than Angolinha grass (499 ppm), Guinea grass (190 ppm) or Jaragua grass (167 ppm). High levels of manganese in Pangola grass and Angolinha grass were found to be toxic for cattle.

Levantamento sobre a quantidade de manganês contida em quatro gramíneas capim Colonião (Panicum maximun), Jaraguá (Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent) e capim Angolinha (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitchc.) colhidas mensalmente durante um ano, no município de Brasilândia, com área de 14.820 hectares em Mato Grosso do Sul. As médias anuais foram 190, 167, 811 e 494 ppm para os capins, respectivamente, Colonião, Jaraguá, Pangola e Angolinha. O Pangola com a média 811 ppm diferiu estatisticamente do Colonião, Jaraguá e Angolinha. Níveis tóxicos para bovinos foram apresentados pelos capins Pangola e Angolinha.

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The authors conducted a survey on the iron content of Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum), Jaraguá Grass (Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness ) Stapf) Pangola Grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent) and Angolinha Grass (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitche). Collected from areas (14.820h.) in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The analysis of samples examined showed in the GUINEA grass, Jaraguá grass, Pangola grass and Angolinha grass, respectively 131,0, 311,2, 476,2 and 258,1 p.p.m. The Pangola grass exhibited significantly higher concentrations (476,2ppm) of iron than the Guinea grass 131,0ppm.

Foi realizado levantamento sobre a quantidade de ferro contida em quatro gramíneas - capim Colonião (Panicum maximum), Jaraguá (Ilyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Slent) e capim Angolinha (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitche) colhidos mensalmente durante um ano, no município de Brasilândia área de 14820 hectares - Mato Grosso do Sul. As médias encontradas foram de 131,0, 311,2, 476,2 e 258,1 p.p.m. para os capins, respectivamente, Colonião, Jaraguá, Pangola, Angolinha. O Pangola com média de 476,2 diferiu significativamente do Colonião - 131,0 p.p.m.

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The authors conducted a survey on the iron content of Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum), Jaraguá Grass (Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness ) Stapf) Pangola Grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent) and Angolinha Grass (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitche). Collected from areas (14.820h.) in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The analysis of samples examined showed in the GUINEA grass, Jaraguá grass, Pangola grass and Angolinha grass, respectively 131,0, 311,2, 476,2 and 258,1 p.p.m. The Pangola grass exhibited significantly higher concentrations (476,2ppm) of iron than the Guinea grass 131,0ppm.

Foi realizado levantamento sobre a quantidade de ferro contida em quatro gramíneas - capim Colonião (Panicum maximum), Jaraguá (Ilyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Slent) e capim Angolinha (Eriochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitche) colhidos mensalmente durante um ano, no município de Brasilândia área de 14820 hectares - Mato Grosso do Sul. As médias encontradas foram de 131,0, 311,2, 476,2 e 258,1 p.p.m. para os capins, respectivamente, Colonião, Jaraguá, Pangola, Angolinha. O Pangola com média de 476,2 diferiu significativamente do Colonião - 131,0 p.p.m.