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Abstract The present study is aimed for anatomical characterization of nine taxa of Acmella to supplement data specifically for its current sectional classification and species circumscriptions. Anatomical characterization of this genus is little explored. This study focuses on internal structure of leaves, petioles, peduncles, stems, roots and cell inclusions to determine its taxonomic importance. In stem anatomy the number of hypodermal collenchymatous layers and the arrangement of parenchymatous cortex together place an important role in the identification of Acmella. Root anatomy was similar in all the examined taxa except in the arrangement of xylem vessels. In A. tetralobata xylem vessels arranged in pentarch fashion while rest of the species possess tetrarch arrangement. Several cellular inclusions such as calcium oxalate crystals and oil bodies were observed. The petioles were crescent shaped having bifacial surfaces with both surfaces pubescent. Peduncles possess ridges and furrows in its outline. The leaves are dorsi ventral and possess single layered epidermal cells covered with cuticle having anomocytic, anisocytic and diacytic types of stomata in both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The present study provides a tool for the microscopic identification of the genus.

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ABSTRACT Picris japonica Thunb., Asteraceae, is an herbal medicine used to dispel heat, reduce swelling and alleviate pain in traditional Mongolian medicine. Its dried whole plant is mainly used to treat flu and mammary abscesses. Given the potential applications of such an herb, detailed pharmacognostic research on P. japonica is needed. This study attempted to fill this need by producing permanent and semi-permanent slides of different organs (root, stem, leaf, pollen grain, fruit and powder of the whole plant) using safranine staining, safranine-fast green double staining and common methods. Furthermore, several featured microscopic structures of P. japonica are described herein. The results obtained provide us with valuable information for botanical quality control and species identification and enable us to detect adulterations in commercial samples of Picris or in laboratory samples.

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Introduction: The most frequent demands on microscopic food analysis are allegations of consumers finding macroscopic foreign matter or suspecting the presence of undeclared ingredients on products labels. The byproducts and foreign matters detection are fundamental practice for indirectly verifying the conditions of food production. Objective: This study reports the processes of microscopic and molecular identification (PCR) of a foreign matter found in a meat pie after a consumer complaint, occurred in the city of Itapira, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: Two distinct procedures were used to identify foreign matter: macroscopic examination, following FDA standards, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to identify DNA extracted from foreign materials. Results: The macroscopic analysis identified animal taste buds composing the pie fillings, and the PCR test confirmed that they were of bovine origin. Conclusions: Macroscopic analysis and the PCR test allowed the identification of the type of foreign matters and confirmed its bovine origin, what was enough to characterize it as a fraud by the improper use of inferior tissues in the preparation of ready-to-eat pastry.

Introdução: Uma das mais frequentes demandas de análise microscópica de alimentos são denúncias de consumidores que encontram matéria estranha macroscópica ou suspeitam da presença de ingredientes não declarados no rótulo do produto. A detecção de subprodutos e matérias estranhas é uma prática fundamental para verificar indiretamente a condição de produção de alimentos. Objetivo: Este estudo relata o processo de identificação microscópica e molecular (PCR) de uma matéria estranha encontrada em um pastel de carne após queixa de um consumidor no município de Itapira, estado de SP, Brasil. Método: Dois procedimentos distintos foram empregados para a identificação da matéria estranha: exame macroscópico seguindo padrões estabelecidos pelo FDA e técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para identificação do DNA extraído da matéria estranha. Resultados: A análise macroscópica identificou a matéria estranha como sendo papilas gustativas de origem animal, e o teste da PCR confirmou que as mesmas eram de origem bovina. Conclusões: A análise macroscópica e o teste da PCR permitiram a identificação do tipo de matéria estranha e confirmação de sua origem bovina, caracterizando a fraude pelo uso indevido de tecidos inferiores na preparação de pastéis prontos para consumo.

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Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., known as uvaia, is a species of Myrtaceae native to Brazil. Its leaves are used in folk medicine to treat gout because they possess the property of inhibiting xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in the conversion of xanthine into uric acid. The objective of this work was to study the leaf and stem morpho-anatomy of E. pyriformis, in order to contribute to what is known about the Brazilian flora, and this medicinal plant and potential vegetal drug. Samples of mature leaves and young stems were fixed and sectioned by freehand, or embedded in glycol methacrylate and sectioned with a microtome, and then stained. In addition, microchemical tests and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The leaf is simple, symmetric, elliptic-lanceolate, with an acute apex and base, and an entire margin. The epidermis is uniseriate and coated with a moderately thick cuticle. The stomata are anomocytic and inserted at the same level as the adjacent cells. Unicellular non-glandular trichomes are abundant on the abaxial surface. The mesophyll is dorsiventral. In transverse section, the midrib is plano-convex and the petiole is circular, and both of these structures have a single bicollateral vascular bundle. In the stem, the vascular cylinder consists of external phloem, xylem and internal phloem, traversed by narrow rays. Phenolic compounds, druses and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate are also present in the leaf and stem.

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O método foi introduzido visando a retenção total e identificação para a dos elementos histólogicos constituintes do sucos e néctares de frutas, pois muitos destes elementos se perdem durante a operação de decantação do liquido sobrenadante, nos métodos usuais de sedimentação e centrifugação. Foram examinadas 162 amostras, apresentando os seguintes resultados:146 amostras (97%) continham os elementos histólogicos caracteristicos da polpa da fruta declarada pelo fabricante; destas últimas, 9,9% foram condenadas pela presença de fungos e 90% foram aprovadas demostrando a boa qualidade dos produtos nacionais (AU).

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