RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by the presence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney failure. It is the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children under 3 years of age. A variable number of patients develop proteinuria, hypertension, and chronic renal failure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the renal involvement in pediatric patients diagnosed with HUS using the microalbumin/creatinine ratio. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Descriptive concurrent cohort study that analyzed the presence of microalbuminuria in patients diagnosed with HUS between January 2001 and March 2012, who evolved without hypertension and normal renal function (clearance greater than 90ml/min using Schwartz formula). Demographic factors (age, sex), clinical presentation at time of diagnosis, use of antibiotics prior to admission, and need for renal replacement therapy were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 24 patients studied, 54% were male. The mean age at diagnosis was two years. Peritoneal dialysis was required in 45%, and 33% developed persistent microalbuminuria. Antiproteinuric treatment was introduce in 4 patients, with good response. The mean follow-up was 6 years (range 6 months to 11 years). The serum creatinine returned to normal in all patients during follow up. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of persistent microalbuminuria found in patients with a previous diagnosis of HUS was similar in our group to that described in the literature. Antiproteinuric treatment could delay kidney damage, but further multicenter prospective studies are necessary.
Asunto(s)
Albuminuria/epidemiología , Creatinina/sangre , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/fisiopatología , Diálisis Peritoneal/métodos , Albuminuria/etiología , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/complicaciones , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/terapia , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Introducción: El síndrome hemolítico urémico (SHU) se caracteriza por la presencia de anemia hemolítica microangiopática, trombocitopenia y afectación renal aguda. Es la principal causa de falla renal aguda en niños menores de 3 años. Un número variable de pacientes evoluciona con afectación renal a largo plazo con proteinuria, hipertensión arterial e insuficiencia renal crónica. Objetivo: Evaluar la afectación renal mediante el índice microalbuminuria/creatininuria en pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de SHU. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo de cohorte concurrente que analizó la presencia de microalbuminuria en pacientes diagnosticados de SHU entre enero de 2001 y marzo de 2012, que evolucionaron sin hipertensión y con función renal normal (clearance mayor de 90 ml/min medido por fórmula de Schwartz). Se evaluaron factores demográficos (edad, sexo), presentación clínica en el momento del diagnóstico, uso de antibióticos previo al ingreso y requerimiento de terapia de reemplazo renal. Resultados: Se estudiaron 24 pacientes, el 54% varones; la edad promedio en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 2 años; un 45% requirió diálisis peritoneal; un 33% evolucionó con microalbuminuria persistente; cuatro pacientes recibieron tratamiento antiproteinúrico con buena respuesta. El promedio de seguimiento fue de 6 años (rango: 6 meses a 11 años); todos los pacientes durante el seguimiento evolucionaron con creatinina plasmática normal. Conclusiones: En nuestro grupo, el porcentaje de microalbuminuria persistente en pacientes con diagnóstico previo de SHU fue similiar a lo descrito en la literatura; el tratamiento con antiproteinúricos podría retrasar el daño renal, pero es necesario realizar estudios prospectivos multicéntricos.
Introduction: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by the presence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney failure. It is the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children under 3 years of age. A variable number of patients develop proteinuria, hypertension, and chronic renal failure. Objective: To evaluate the renal involvement in pediatric patients diagnosed with HUS using the microalbumin/creatinine ratio. Patients and Methods: Descriptive concurrent cohort study that analyzed the presence of microalbuminuria in patients diagnosed with HUS between January 2001 and March 2012, who evolved without hypertension and normal renal function (clearance greater than 90 ml/min using Schwartz formula). Demographic factors (age, sex), clinical presentation at time of diagnosis, use of antibiotics prior to admission, and need for renal replacement therapy were evaluated. Results: Of the 24 patients studied, 54% were male. The mean age at diagnosis was two years. Peritoneal dialysis was required in 45%, and 33% developed persistent microalbuminuria. Antiproteinuric treatment was introduce in 4 patients, with good response. The mean follow-up was 6 years (range 6 months to 11 years). The serum creatinine returned to normal in all patients during follow up. Conclusions: The percentage of persistent microalbuminuria found in patients with a previous diagnosis of HUS was similar in our group to that described in the literature. Antiproteinuric treatment could delay kidney damage, but further multicenter prospective studies are necessary.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Diálisis Peritoneal/métodos , Creatinina/sangre , Albuminuria/epidemiología , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/fisiopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios de Seguimiento , Albuminuria/etiología , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/complicaciones , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/terapiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Whereas measurement of albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) in spot urine samples is indicated for determining microalbuminuria, its performance or that of urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) in predicting microalbuminuria in sickle cell disease (SCD) is unclear. We therefore tested the diagnostic performance of these measures in spot and timed urine samples in predicting a UAER in 24-hour samples. METHODS: Thirty participants with SCD had spot, two-hour and four-hour, followed by 24-hour urine collections for ACR, urinary albumin concentration (UAC) and UAER determinations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed. RESULTS: The areas under the ROC curves for microalbuminuria were 0.99 (CI: 0.97, 1.00) for ACR and 0.97 (CI: 0.92, 1.00) for UAC in spot urine samples. For ACR, at the cut-point of 4.13 mg/mmol, there was 100% sensitivity and 82.6% specificity, allowing an 86.2% correct classification. At the cut-point of UAC = 20.9 mg/L, there was 100% sensitivity and 73.9% specificity, allowing a 79.3% correct classification. Corresponding areas for microalbuminuria in two-hour timed samples were 0.99 (CI: 0.95, 1.00) for ACR and 0.96 (CI: 0.89, 1.00) for UAER. For ACR, the cut-point was 4.64 mg/mmol with 83.3% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity, allowing an 89.7% correct classification. Similarly for UAER, at the cut-point of 21.8 µ/min, there was 83.3% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity, allowing 89.7% correct classification. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic performance of ACR and UAC in a spot as well as ACR and UAER in two-hour timed urine samples in patients with SCD is excellent. Healthcare professionals can confidently utilize these measures in this patient population.
OBJETIVO: Si bien la medición del índice urinario albúmina:creatinina (IAC) en muestras de orina puntuales se indica para la determinación de la microalbuminuria, no está clara su eficacia, ni la de la tasa de excreción de albúmina urinaria (TEAU), en la predicción de microalbuminuria en la enfermedad de células falciformes (ECF). Por lo tanto, sometimos a prueba la eficacia diagnóstica de estas mediciones puntuales y cronometradas de las muestras de orina a la hora de predecir una TEAU en muestras de 24 horas. MÉTODOS: A treinta participantes con ECF se les tomaron muestras puntuales de orina, a las dos horas y a las cuatro horas, seguidas por muestras de orina de 24 horas para el IAC, la concentración de albúmina urinaria (CAU), y las determinaciones de TEAU. Se realizaron análisis de la curva de las características operativas del receptor (ROC). RESULTADOS: Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para la microalbuminuria fueron 0.99 (CI: 0.97, 1.00) para IAC y 0.97 (CI: 0.92, 1.00) para CAU en muestras puntuales de orina. Para IAC, en el punto de corte de 4,13 mg/mmol, hubo 100% sensibilidad y 82.6% de especificidad, lo que permite una clasificación 86.2% correcta. En el punto de corte de CAU = 20,9 mg/L, hubo un 100% de sensibilidad y 73.9% de especificidad, lo que permitió una clasificación 79.3% correcta. Las áreas correspondientes para la microalbuminuria en muestras de tiempo de dos horas fueron 0.99 (CI: 0.95, 1.00) para IAC y 0,96 (CI: 0.89, 1.00) para TEAU. Para IAC, el punto de corte fue 4.64 mg/mmol con 83.3% de sensibilidad y 91.3% de especificidad, lo que permitió una clasificación 89.7% correcta. Del mismo modo para TEAU, en el punto de corte de 21.8 µ/min, hubo una sensibilidad de 83.3% y una especificidad de 91.3%, lo que permitió una clasificación 89.7% correcta. CONCLUSIONES: La eficacia diagnóstica de IAC y UAC en un punto así como el IAC y la TEAU en muestras de orina de tiempo de dos horas en pacientes con ECF es excelente. Los profesionales de la salud pueden utilizar estas mediciones con confianza en esta población de pacientes.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Biomarcadores/orina , Albuminuria/diagnóstico , Anemia de Células Falciformes/complicaciones , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Curva ROC , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Albuminuria/etiologíaRESUMEN
AIM: The objective of this study is to correlate microalbumin and sialic acid levels with anthropometric variables in type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. METHODS: This study was a case control study and included 108 Trinidadian subjects (aged 15-60 years) of which 30 were healthy individuals, 38 had type 2 diabetes, and 40 were of type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Blood pressure and waist to hip ratio were recorded. Fasting venous blood samples and urine samples were collected from all the subjects. Blood samples were analysed for the glucose, C-reactive protein, and sialic acid. Urine sample was analysed for microalbumin and sialic acid. RESULTS: Urinary microalbumin was higher among diabetic subjects (28.9 +/- 30.3 mg/L) compared with controls (8.4 +/- 10.2 mg/L) and was significantly higher in diabetic patients with nephropathy (792.3 +/- 803.9 mg/L). Serum sialic acid was higher in subjects with diabetic nephropathy (71.5 +/- 23.3 mg/dL) compared to diabetics (66.0 +/- 11.7 mg/dL) and controls (55.2 +/- 8.3 mg/dL). Increased microalbumin and sialic acid were correlated with other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and waist to hip ratios (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: From these results it can be concluded that the increased microalbumin and sialic acid were strongly correlated with hypertension and waist to hip ratios in Trinidadian type-2 diabetic patients. Measurement of sialic acid, microalbumin, and waist to hip ratio along with the blood pressure is recommended for all type 2 diabetic patients to reduce the cardiovascular risk.