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OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence, causes and risk factors of ADE in hospitalized patients. METHODS: Analytical, observational, case-control study of patients with ADE. For statistical analysis, the following were calculated: percentages, frequencies, averages; odds ratio, χ2 test and multiple binary logistic regression. Data analysis was carried out with the Statistical Package, for the Social Sciences 23 program. RESULTS: A 132 patients were registered: 66 cases (26 EM and 40 RAM) and 66 controls; with average age of 35 years (SD 17.41). The prevalence of adverse drug events was 3.6%. The most frequently reported medications: antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. The frequency of adverse events by gender was: 39.3% men and 60.7% women. The services with the greatest patient care: emergencies, surgery; the most frequent route of administration: intravenous (32.3%). The main symptoms: skin. (32.3%) frequent symptoms: cutaneous. Associated symptoms RAM: type A pruritus (OR: 8.5; p = 0.001; IC95%: 0.035-0.393), type B pruritus (OR: 11; p = 0.001; CI95%: 0.021-0.368) urticaria (OR: 19; p = 0.005; IC95%: 0.007-0.412). Risk factors Associated EAM: female (OR: 2.6; p = 0.05; CI95%: 1.33-5.43), history of allergy (OR: 3.4; p = 0.033; CI95%: 1.04-8.40), prolonged hospital stays (OR: 5.4; p = 0.023; IC95%: 3.82-6.74). CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety is a priority when prescribing any drug, which represents a key point in prevention.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia, causas y factores de riesgo asociados con eventos adversos a medicamentos en pacientes hospitalizados. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles, observacional, analítico, llevado a cabo en pacientes con eventos adversos a medicamentos. Para el análisis estadístico se calcularon: porcentajes, frecuencias, promedios; razón de momios, prueba de χ2 y regresión logística binaria múltiple. El análisis de los datos se efectuó con el programa Statistical Package, for the Social Sciencies 23. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 132 pacientes: 66 casos (26 EM y 40 RAM) y 66 controles, con edad promedio de 35 años (DS 17.41). La prevalencia de eventos adversos a medicamentos fue del 3.6%. Los medicamentos reportados con mayor frecuencia: antibióticos y antiinflamatorios. La frecuencia de eventos adversos por género fue: 39.3% hombres y 60.7% mujeres. Los servicios con mayor atención de pacientes: urgencias y cirugía; vía de administración más frecuente: intravenosa (32.3%). Los principales síntomas fueron los cutáneos. Los síntomas asociados con reacción adversa a medicamentos: prurito tipo A (RM: 8.5; p = 0.001; IC95%: 0.035-0.393), prurito tipo B (RM: 11; p = 0.001; IC95%: 0.021-0.368) urticaria (RM: 19; p = 0.005; IC95%: 0.007-0.412). Los factores de riesgo asociados con eventos adversos a medicamentos: mujer (RM: 2.6; p = 0.05; IC95%: 1.33-5.43), antecedente de alergia (RM: 3.4 p = 0.033; (IC95%: 1.04-8.40) y estancia hospitalaria prolongada (RM: 5.4; p = 0.023; IC95%: 3.82-6.74). CONCLUSIONES: La seguridad de los pacientes es una prioridad al momento de prescribir cualquier fármaco, lo que representa un punto clave en la prevención.

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INTRODUCTION: Research addressing the costs of Medication errors (MEs) is still scarce despite issues related to patient safety having significant economic and health impacts, making it imperative to analyze the costs and adverse events related to MEs for a better patient, professional, and institutional safety. AIM: To identify the number of medication errors and verify whether this number was associated with increased hospitalization costs for patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). METHOD: This retrospective cross-sectional cohort study evaluated secondary data from patients' electronic medical records to compile variables, create a model, and survey hospitalization costs. The statistical analysis included calculating medication error rates, descriptive analysis, and simple and multivariate regression. RESULTS: The omission error rate showed the highest number of errors per drug dose (59.8%) and total errors observed in the sample (55.31%), followed by the time error rate (26.97%; 24.95%). The omission error had the highest average when analyzing the entire hospitalization (170.40) and day of hospitalization (13.79). Hospitalization costs were significantly and positively correlated with scheduling errors, with an increase of BRL 121.92 (about USD $25.00) (95% CI 43.09; 200.74), and to prescription errors, with an increase of BRL 63.51 (about USD $3.00) (95% CI 29.93; 97.09). CONCLUSION: We observed an association between two types of medication errors and increased hospitalization costs in an adult ICU (scheduling and prescription errors).

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OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence, causes and risk factors of ADE in hospitalized patients of a General Hospital. METHODS: Observational and analytical case-control study, carried out in patients hospitalized for adverse drug events, treated at the Hospital General Dr. Eduardo Vázquez N, in Puebla, Mexico, between, June 2019 to June 2021. For the statistical analysis, percentages, frequencies, means, odds ratio, χ2, and multiple binary logistic regression were used. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23 program. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients (66 cases and 66 controls) were registered. Of the group of cases, 26 patients treated for medication error and 40 with adverse drug reaction were reported. The prevalence of adverse drug events was 3.6%. The drugs and factors associated with the most reported adverse events were: antibiotics, anti-inflammatories; average age of 35 years (SD: 17.41); gender: 39.3% men, 60.7% women; services re-ported with the greatest attention: Emergencies and Surgery; frequent route of administration: intravenous (32.3%); main symptoms: skin; symptoms associated with adverse drug reactions: type A pruritus [OR: 8.5, p = 0.001(CI95%: 0.035-0.393)], type B pruritus [OR: 11, p = 0.001 (CI95%: 0.021-0.368)]; urticaria [OR: 19, p = 0.005(CI95%: 0.007-0.412)]. Risk factors associated with adverse events were: female gender [OR: 2.6, p = 0.05 (CI95%: 1.33-5.43)], history of allergy [OR: 3.4, p = 0.033 (CI95%: 1.04-8.40)] and prolonged hospital stay [OR: 5.4, p = 0.023 (CI95%: 3.82-6.74)]. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of ADEs were EM or ADR type A, both preventable reactions, so patient safety should be a priority when prescribing.

OBJECTIVO: Determinar la prevalencia, causas y factores de riesgo en pacientes hospitalizados por eventos ad-versos a medicamentos. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles, observacional y analítico, llevado a cabo en pacientes hospitalizados por eventos adversos a medicamentos, atendidos en el Hospital General Dr. Eduardo Vázquez N, Puebla, México, entre junio de 2019 y junio de 2021. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron porcentajes, frecuencias, promedios, razón de momios, χ2 y regresión logística binaria múltiple. Los datos se analizaron con el programa Statistical Package, for the Social Sciencies 23. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 132 pacientes (66 casos y 66 controles). Del grupo de casos se informaron 26 pacientes atendidos por error de medicación y 40 con reacción adversa a medicamentos. La prevalencia de eventos adversos a medicamentos fue del 3.6%. Los medicamentos y factores asociados con eventos adversos más reportados fueron: antibióticos, antiinflamatorios; edad promedio de 35años (DE: 17.41); sexo: 39.3% hombres, 60.7% mujeres; servicios reportados con mayor atención: Urgencias y Cirugía; vía administración frecuente: intravenosa (32.3%); síntomas principales: cutáneos; síntomas asociados con reacciones adversas a medicamentos: tipo A prurito [RM: 8.5, p = 0.001(IC95%: 0.035-0.393)], tipo B prurito [RM:11, p = 0.001 (IC95%: 0.021-0.368)]; urticaria [RM: 19, p = 0.005(IC95%: 0.007-0.412)]. Los factores riesgo asociados con eventos adversos fueron: género femenino [RM: 2.6, p = 0.05 (IC95%: 1.33-5.43)], antecedente de alergia [RM: 3.4, p = 0.033 (IC95%: 1.04-8.40)] y estancia intrahospitalaria prolongada [RM: 5.4, p = 0.023 (IC95%: 3.82-6.74)]. CONCLUSIONES: La mayor parte de los eventos adversos a medicamentos se originan por errores de medicación o reacciones adversas a fármacos tipo A; sin embargo, ambos pueden prevenirse. La seguridad del paciente debe ser prioridad al momento de prescribir cualquier tipo de medicamento.

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BACKGROUND: Adverse drug events (ADE) and medication errors (ME) provide large numbers of victims. Older people are more susceptible to these events, due to the continuing search for several chronic degenerative disease treatments. The Third Global Patient Safety Challenge announced the objective of reducing unnecessary polypharmacy, encouraging deprescription, and aiming to ensure the prescription of medications in an appropriate manner, based on the best evidence and taking into account the individual factors of people. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether Pharmaceutical Care (PC), when inserted in a geriatric ward and the context of person-centered health care, cooperates with the safety of pharmacotherapy in older individuals in Brazil. METHODS: This is an investigative, single-arm, preliminary study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: individuals aged ≥60 years and admitted to the geriatric ward between August 2019 to January 2020. The PC (with the practice of pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, medication reconciliation, and pharmacotherapy review) was made available to identify ADE and ME, as well as the associated factors and clinical outcomes, were analyzed. RESULTS: 60 participants were included. It was found that, on hospital admission, 93.3% of them were polymedicated and 86.7% had a history of using potentially inappropriate medications (PIM). ADE and ME were detected in 43 individuals (71.7%) and, in total, 115 incidents were identified, with drugs that act on the nervous system associated with them (31.9%). Acceptance of the PC's recommendations reached the rate of 85.2%. Polypharmacy (p=0.03) and the presence of multiple diseases (p=0.03) had an effect on the presentation of ADE and ME. The number of medications in use decreased in the comparison between admission and hospital discharge (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: This investigative study indicated that ADE and ME are linked to the polypharmacy in use at the beginning of hospitalization. On the other hand, we showed that the PC (inserted in the multidisciplinary team) contributed to the deprescribing of medications at hospital discharge. Therefore, the PC can provide improvements in this scenario.

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O objetivo geral deste estudo foi analisar os erros de medicação notificados em um hospital público de grande porte, na cidade de Salvador-Bahia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem quantitativa do tipo transversal e retrospectiva das notificações de erros de medicação, na janela temporal de 2019 a 2022.As variáveis do estudo correspondem a/aos: tipos de erros notificados que ocorrem na etapa do processo medicamentoso; turno de ocorrência dos erros notificados; categoria profissional que notifica; setor notificado, onde ocorreu o erro medicamentoso; setor que notifica erros envolvendo a terapia medicamentosa e grau de dano ocasionado ao paciente. A análise dos dados foi realizada no STATA versão 17, onde todas as variáveis coletadas foram submetidas a análise descritivas. Para as variáveis categóricas, foram calculadas as frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%). Para a verificação de associação entre essas variáveis foi aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher. O nível de significância estatístico adotado foi de 5%. Nos resultados demonstrados notou-se quantitativos de notificações de erros de medicamentos com valores diferenciados e, por estas razões, agregados bianualmente (2019-2020 e 2021-2022). No que se refere ao período de ocorrência dos erros notificados, com destaque no biênio de 2021-2022, tem-se o período diurno, destaca-se ainda a redução de 63,7% das notificações de erro no período noturno do segundo biênio estudado. Quanto ao tipo de erro na etapa do processo medicamentoso, houve maior número de notificações na etapa da administração em todos os períodos analisados. Em relação à categoria profissional que mais notificou erros de medicação, as enfermeiras e as técnicas de enfermagem tiveram destaque, em ambos os biênios. Referente aos setores do hospital que receberam notificações de erros de medicação e os setores que efetuaram notificações envolvendo os erros medicamentosos, observam-se resultados parecidos nos dois biênios investigados, com destaque para as enfermarias, as unidades de terapia intensiva e a emergência, respectivamente em ambas as situações de notificações. Quanto ao grau de dano ao paciente referente à terapia medicamentosa errônea, evidenciou-se em maior quantidade o grau leve em ambos os biênios investigados, com 97,1% e 93,42%, respectivamente. Sublinha-se nesses resultados a significância estatística em todas as variáveis estratificadas em relação à variável de interesse. Este estudo contribuiu para caracterizar os erros medicamentosos notificados em um hospital público de grande porte. A análise das notificações relacionadas a erros de medicação reverbera em aprendizagem organizacional, impulsiona criação de ações estratégicas, possibilitando que as causas sejam identificadas e evitadas, sugere revisão e melhoria dos processos assistenciais.(AU)

The general objective of this study was to analyze medication errors reported in a large public hospital, in the city of Salvador-Bahia. This is research with a cross-sectional and retrospective quantitative approach to notifications of medication errors, in the time window from 2019 to 2022. The study variables cover types of reported errors that occur in the process stage medicated; time of occurrence of reported errors; professional category that notifies; notified sector, where the medication error occurred; sector that reports errors arising from drug therapy and the degree of damage caused to the patient. Data analysis was carried out in STATA version 17, where all collected variables were subjected to a descriptive analysis. For categorical variables, absolute (n) and relative frequencies (%) were calculated. To check the association between these variables, Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was applied. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%. Our results demonstrated that there were quantitative reports of medication errors with differentiated values and, for these reasons, aggregated biennially (2019-2020 and 2021-2022). Regarding the period of occurrence of reported errors, particularly in the 2021-2022 biennium, there is the daytime period, and the 63.7% reduction in error notifications during the night period of the second biennium trained is also highlighted. Regarding the type of error in the medication process stage, there were a greater number of notifications in the administration stage in all specific periods. In relation to the professional category that most reported medication errors, nurses and nursing technicians stood out in both biennia. Regarding the sectors of the hospital that received notifications of medication errors and the sectors that made notifications involving medication errors, similar results were observed in the two biennia investigated, with emphasis on the wards, intensive care units and the emergency, respectively in both notification situations. Regarding the degree of harm to the patient related to erroneous drug therapy, the mild degree was more evident in both biennia investigated, with 97.1% and 93.42%, respectively. These results highlight the statistical significance in all variables stratified in relation to the variable of interest. This study contributed to characterizing medication errors reported in a large public hospital. The analysis of notifications related to medication errors reverberates in organizational learning, drives the creation of strategic actions, enabling causes to be identified and avoided, and suggests review and improvement of care processes.(AU)

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RESUMEN Objetivo: presentar el panorama de errores de medicación, los recursos asociados a la preparación de medicamentos intravenosos y el uso de premezclados en la aten ción en salud. Metodología: se realizaron búsquedas en diferentes bases de datos, sin límite de fecha o tipo de estudio. Adicionalmente se realizó un análisis para estimar los costos, validando con expertos los recursos en central de mezclas. Resultados: los errores de medicación son un error médico común a nivel global. Los datos disponi bles son heterogéneos, pero sugieren que los errores de medicación pueden ser una causa considerable de morbilidad y mortalidad en ciertas poblaciones y contextos, con intervenciones adicionales, estancias hospitalarias prolongadas, mayores costos de atención y reducción en la probabilidad de que el tratamiento sea oportuno y eficaz. En medicinas intravenosas resultan escenarios de mayor gravedad y mayor nivel de costos. Los costos laborales anuales para una central de mezclas en Colombia se estiman entre 281,5 y 422,3 millones de pesos. La estandarización, como parte de los fármacos premezclados proporciona menor riesgo de contaminación, menor posibilidad de error en la preparación, menor incidencia de complicaciones rela cionadas con la terapia, disminución del desperdicio, mejora en la oportunidad de dispensación, optimización en el trabajo de los equipos de farmacia y reducción de costos asociados con este proceso. Conclusiones: el uso de premezclados, como parte de un programa de reducción de errores de medicación, puede mejorar los indicadores de calidad en administración de medicamentos y garantizar un uso más seguro de la terapia intravenosa.

SUMMARY Objective: To present an overview of medication preparation and administration errors, the resources implied in the preparation of intravenous medications, and the use of premixed drugs in healthcare settings. Methodology: We performed a litera ture review without limits by date or type of study. Additionally, analysis and vali dation by pharmaceutical experts were carried out to estimate the use of resources and related costs. Results: The available heterogeneous data suggest that medication errors are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in specific populations and settings. Error medications cause additional interventions, prolonged hospitalization, higher costs of care, and a reduction in the treatment probability of success. Errors involving intravenously administered drugs have more severe consequences and generate higher costs. Annual labor costs for centralized medication mixing in Colombia are estimated between $281.5 and $422.3 million. Premixed drugs decrease the risk of contamination, the possibility of error in the preparation, and the incidence of complications related to therapy. Also, its use is related to the reduc tion of waste, improvement in the timing of dispensing, optimizing the pharmacy team, and reducing costs associated with this process. Conclusions: The use of premixes as part of a program to reduce medication errors can improve the quality indicators in drug administration and guarantee a safer use of intravenous therapy.

RESUMO Objetivo: apresentar o panorama dos erros de medicação, os recursos associados ao preparo de medicamentos intravenosos e o uso de pré-misturas na assistência à saúde. Metodologia: as buscas foram realizadas em diferentes bases de dados, sem limite de data ou tipo de estudo. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise para estimar os custos, validando com especialistas os recursos no centro de mistura. Resultados: erros de medicação são um erro médico comum globalmente. Os dados disponíveis são heterogêneos, mas sugerem que os erros de medicação podem ser uma causa significativa de morbidade e mortalidade em certas populações e contextos, com intervenções adicionais, internações hospitalares mais longas, custos mais altos de atendimento e probabilidade reduzida de que o tratamento seja oportuno e eficaz. Nos medicamentos intravenosos, resultam cenários de maior gravidade e maior nível de custos. Os custos anuais de mão de obra para uma usina de mistura na Colômbia são estimados entre 281,5 e 422,3 milhões de pesos. A padronização, como parte dos medicamentos pré-misturados, proporciona menor risco de contaminação, menor possibilidade de erro no preparo, menor incidência de complicações relacionadas à terapêutica, redução de desperdícios, melhoria na oportunidade de dispensação, otimização no trabalho das equipes. da farmácia e redução dos custos associados a este processo. Conclusões: o uso de pré-misturas, como parte de um programa de redução de erros de medicação, pode melhorar os indicadores de qualidade na admi nistração de medicamentos e garantir um uso mais seguro da terapia intravenosa.

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BACKGROUND: Medication administration errors are frequent and cause significant harm globally. However, only a few data are available on their prevalence, nature, and severity in developing countries, particularly in Brazil. This study attempts to determine the incidence, nature, and factors associated with medication administration errors observed in a university hospital. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study, conducted in a clinical and surgical unit of a University Hospital in Brazil. Two previously trained professionals directly observed medication preparation and administration for 15 days, 24 h a day, in February 2020. The type of error, the category of the medication involved, according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system, and associated risk factors were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was adopted to identify factors associated with errors. RESULTS: The administration of 561 drug doses was observed. The mean total medication administration error rate was 36.2% (95% confidence interval 32.3-40.2). The main factors associated with time errors were interruptions. Regarding technique errors, the primary factors observed were the route of administration, interruptions, and workload. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we identified a high total medication administration error rate, the most frequent being technique, wrong time, dose, and omission errors. The factors associated with errors were interruptions, route of administration and workload, which agrees well with the results of other national and international studies.

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error de medicación es cualquier incidente prevenible que puede causar daño al paciente o dar lugar a una utilización inapropiada de los medicamentos, cuando estos están bajo el control de los profesionales sanitarios o del paciente, con potenciales consecuencias para estos últimos. En Paraguay las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (EPOC, asma, etc.), junto con la diabetes, los problemas cardiovasculares y el cáncer son responsables de una alta morbi-mortalidad, registrando una prevalencia que va en aumento. Esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de evaluar las recetas prescriptas en el consultorio externo de un hospital especializado en enfermedades respiratorias y dispensadas en la farmacia, gracias a un estudio observacional de corte transversal, retrospectivo, y un muestreo no probabilístico que consistió en la revisión de recetas médicas de pacientes que acudieron al consultorio del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias y del Ambiente durante los meses de septiembre de 2015 y 2016. Los datos se registraron en planillas. Se analizaron 4828 recetas, de las cuales 2421 corresponden al mes de septiembre del 2015, y 2407 recetas que corresponden al mes de septiembre del 2016. Los errores técnicos de prescripción más frecuentes fueron la ilegibilidad y la ausencia de dosis e indicación. Por ello, se plantea la importancia de establecer un programa de gestión de riesgos en los hospitales, para implementar nuevas tecnologías que faciliten la prescripción.

Medication error is any preventable incident that may cause harm to the patient or result in inappropriate use of medications when these are under the control of healthcare professionals or the patient, with potential consequences for patients. In Paraguay, chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma, etc. ), together with diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and cancer, are responsible for a high morbi-mortality in the country, with an increasing prevalence; therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the prescriptions that were prescribed in the outpatient clinic of a hospital specialized in respiratory diseases and dispensed in the pharmacy through a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study and a non-probabilistic sampling, by convenience, which consisted of the review of medical prescriptions issued to patients of both sexes who attended the adult outpatient clinic of the National Institute of Respiratory and Environmental Diseases, during the months of September 2015 and 2016. The data were recorded in spreadsheets designed for this purpose, and a total of 4828 prescriptions were analyzed, of which 2421 correspond to the month of September 2015, with a total of 5955 drugs prescribed, and 2407 prescriptions correspond to the month of September 2016, with 6195 drugs prescribed. The most frequent technical prescription errors found in the prescriptions were the illegibility of the prescriptions and the absence of dosage and indication, being the most frequent errors for September 2015, and the absence of dosage and therapeutic indication (79.76 %)and illegibility of the prescription in September 2016 (87.00 %). Considering the legal requirements, the absence of diagnosis was the prevalent error (Sep-15: 64.19 %; Sep-16:60.08 %). This is why it is important to establish a risk management program in hospitals to implement new technologies that facilitate prescribing.

erro de medicação é qualquer incidente evitável que pode causar danos ao paciente ou resultar no uso inadequado de medicamentos, quando estes estão sob o controle dos profissionais de saúde ou do paciente, com potenciais consequências para os pacientes. No Paraguai, as doenças respiratórias crônicas (doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, asma etc.), juntamente com o diabetes, os problemas cardiovasculares e o câncer são responsáveis por uma alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade no país, com uma prevalência crescente. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as prescrições feitas no ambulatório de um hospital especializado em doenças respiratórias e dispensadas na farmácia por meio de um estudo observacional transversal, retrospectivo e de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, que consistiu em uma revisão das prescrições emitidas para pacientes de ambos os sexos que frequentaram o ambulatório de adultos do Instituto Nacional de Doenças Respiratórias e Ambientais, em setembro de 2015 e 2016. Os dados foram registrados em planilhas elaboradas para esse fim, e foi analisado um total de 4.828 prescrições, das quais 2.421 correspondem ao mês de setembro de 2015, com um total de 5.955 medicamentos prescritos, e 2.407 prescrições correspondem ao mês de setembro de 2016, com 6.195 medicamentos prescritos. Os erros mais frequentes encontrados nas prescrições foram a ilegibilidade destas e a ausência de dosagem e indicação, sendo que os erros mais frequentes em setembro de 2015 foram a ausência de dosagem e indicação terapêutica (79,76%) e em setembro de 2016, a ilegibilidade da prescrição (87%). Levando em conta os requisitos legais, a ausência de diagnóstico foi o erro prevalente (set.-15: 64,19%; set.-16:60,08%). Por isso, é importante estabelecer um programa de gestão de riscos nos hospitais para implementar novas tecnologias que facilitem a prescrição.

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Background The World Health Organization considers medication errors to be an issue that requires attention at all levels of care, to reduce the severe and preventable harm related to drug therapy. Different standards for clinical pharmaceutical practices have been proposed by various organizations across the world, where the pharmacist, as part of the multidisciplinary health team, can help improve patient safety. Objective To assess the impact of the introduction of a clinical pharmacy practice model on medication error in patients of a university hospital. Setting The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Medellín, Colombia. Methods A randomized, controlled cluster-wedge staggered trial with a duration of 14 months was conducted to compare the clinical pharmacy practice model with the usual care process in the hospital. Five hospital health care units were included, which were initially assigned to the control group, and after an observation period of 2 months, they were randomly assigned to the intervention group. The trial protocol was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT03338725). Main outcome measure The incidence of medication errors in hospitalized patients was the main outcome measure. Results The incidence of medication error was 13.3% and 22.8% for the intervention group and control group, respectively. The probability of presenting a medication error was 48% lower when the patient was in the intervention group (RR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.34-0.79). The probability of presenting a medication error over time was 44% lower in the intervention group (p = 0.0005); meanwhile, the resolution of a medication error over time was 70% higher in the intervention group (p = 0. 0029). Conclusion The clinical pharmacy practice model, made up of strategies focused on reducing medication errors, significantly reduces medication errors in patients during hospitalization compared with usual practice. This work assessed the effect of a clinical pharmacy model on the incidence of medication errors and demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing these errors in hospitalized patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03338725. Registered on 9 November 2017. First patient randomized on February 2, 2018.

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Abstract Medication reconciliation is a strategy to minimize medication errors at the transition points of care. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of medication reconciliation in identifying and resolving drug discrepancies in the admission of adult patients to a university hospital. The study was carried out in a 300-bed large general public hospital, in which a reconciled list was created between drugs prescribed at admission and those used at pre-admission, adapting prescriptions from the pharmacotherapeutic guidelines of the hospital studied and the patients' clinical conditions. One hundred seven patients were included, of which 67,3% were women, with a mean age of 56 years. Two hundred twenty-nine discrepancies were found in 92 patients; of these, 21.4% were unintentional in 31.8% of patients. The pharmacist performed 49 interventions, and 47 were accepted. Medication omission was the highest occurrence (63.2%), followed by a different dose (24.5%). Thirteen (26.5%) of the 49 unintentional discrepancies included high-alert medications according to ISMP Brazil classification. Medication reconciliation emerges as an important opportunity for the review of pharmacotherapy at transition points of care, based on the high number of unintentional discrepancies identified and resolved. During the drug reconciliation process, the interventions prevented the drugs from being misused or omitted during the patient's hospitalization and possibly after discharge.

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RESUMO Objetivo sintetizar o conhecimento relacionado às estratégias para redução de erros de medicação durante a hospitalização de pacientes adultos Método revisão integrativa da literatura realizada em outubro de 2020 por meio da busca de publicações nas bases de dados eletrônicas: Web of Science, Pubmed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Google Scholar Resultados amostra composta por 12 estudos, cujas estratégias para a redução de erros de medicação foram apresentadas de acordo com as categorias: envolvimento do farmacêutico clínico nas atividades clínicas, implantação de tecnologias da informação, estratégias educacionais mediadas por simulação e jogos, e redução da carga de trabalho Conclusão associado às tecnologias, o envolvimento do farmacêutico clínico com a equipe médica e de enfermagem resultará em melhorias na redução dos eventos adversos a medicamentos e na qualidade da assistência prestada ao paciente

RESUMEN Objetivo sintetizar el conocimiento relacionado a las estrategias para reducción de errores de medicación durante la hospitalización de pacientes adultos Método revisión integradora de la literatura realizada en octubre de 2020 por medio de la búsqueda de publicaciones en las bases de datos electrónicas: Web of Science, Pubmed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud y Google Scholar Resultados muestra compuesta por 12 estudios, cuyas estrategias para reducir los errores de medicación se presentaron según las categorías: implicación del farmacéutico clínico en las actividades clínicas, implementación de tecnologías de la información, estrategias educativas mediadas por simulación y juegos, y reducción de la carga de trabajo Conclusión asociada a las tecnologías, la implicación del farmacéutico clínico con el equipo médico y de enfermería se traducirá en mejoras en la reducción de los efectos adversos de los medicamentos y en la calidad de la atención al paciente

ABSTRACT Objective to synthesize the knowledge related to strategies to reduce medication errors during the hospitalization of adult patients Method integrative literature review carried out in October 2020 through the search for publications in electronic databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Latin American and Caribbean literature in Health Sciences and Google Scholar Results sample composed of 12 studies, whose strategies for the reduction of medication errors were presented according to the categories: involvement of the clinical pharmacist in clinical activities, implementation of information technologies, educational strategies mediated by simulation and games, and workload reduction Conclusion associated with technologies, the involvement of the clinical pharmacist in the medical and nursing team will result in improvements in the reduction of adverse medication events and in the quality of care provided to the patient

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ABSTRACT Objectives to characterize accidents/falls and medication errors in the care process in a teaching hospital and to determine their root causes and variable direct costs. Method cross-sectional study implemented in two stages: the first, was based on the analysis of secondary sources (notifications, medical records and cost reports) and the second, on the application of root-cause analysis for incidents with moderate/severe harm. The study was carried out in a teaching hospital in Paraná, which exclusively serves the Brazilian Unified Health System and composes the Network of Sentinel Hospitals. Thirty reports of accidents/falls and 37 reports of medication errors were investigated. Descriptive statistical analysis and the methodology proposed by The Joint Commission International were applied. Results among the accidents/falls, 33.3% occurred in the emergency room; 40.0% were related to the bed, in similar proportions in the morning and night periods; 51.4% of medication errors occurred in the hospitalization unit, the majority in the night time (32.4%), with an emphasis on dose omissions (27.0%) and dispensing errors (21.6%). Most incidents did not cause additional harm or cost. The average cost was R$ 158.55 for the management of falls. Additional costs for medication errors ranged from R$ 31.16 to R$ 21,534.61. The contributing factors and root causes of the incidents were mainly related to the team, the professional and the execution of care. Conclusion accidents/falls and medication errors presented a low frequency of harm to the patient, but impacted costs to the hospital. Regarding root causes, aspects of the health work process related to direct patient care were highlighted.

RESUMEN Objetivos caracterizar accidentes/caídas y errores de medicación en el proceso asistencial en un hospital universitario y; determinar sus causas fundamentales y los costos directos variables. Método estudio transversal implementado en dos etapas: la primera, basada en el análisis de fuentes secundarias (notificaciones, historias clínicas e informes de costos) y; el segundo, en la aplicación del análisis raíz-raíz para incidentes con daños moderados / severos. Realizado en un hospital docente de Paraná, que atiende exclusivamente al Sistema Único de Salud y forma parte de la Red de Hospitales Centinelas. Se investigaron 30 notificaciones de accidentes / caídas y 37 de errores de medicación. Se aplicó el análisis estadístico descriptivo y la metodología propuesta por The Joint Commission International. Resultados entre los accidentes / caídas, el 33,3% ocurrió en urgencias; 40,0% estaban relacionados con la cama, en proporciones similares en los periodos de mañana y noche; El 51,4% de los errores de medicación ocurrieron en la unidad de internación, la mayoría durante la noche (32,4%), con énfasis en omisiones de dosis (27,0%) y errores de dispensación (21,6%). La mayoría de los incidentes no resultaron en daños o costos adicionales. El costo promedio fue de R$ 158,55 para el manejo de caídas. Los costos adicionales por errores de medicación oscilaron entre R$ 31,16 y R$ 21.534,61. Los factores contribuyentes y las causas fundamentales de los incidentes se relacionaron principalmente con el equipo, el profesional y la ejecución de la atención. Conclusión los accidentes / caídas y los errores de medicación tuvieron una baja frecuencia de daño al paciente, pero impactaron los costos hospitalarios. En relación a las causas raíz, se destacaron aspectos del proceso de trabajo en salud, relacionados con la atención directa al paciente.

RESUMO Objetivos caracterizar os acidentes/quedas e erros de medicação no processo de cuidado em um hospital de ensino e; determinar suas causas-raízes e os custos diretos variáveis. Método estudo transversal implementado em duas etapas: a primeira se pautou na análise de fontes secundárias (notificações, prontuários e relatórios de custos) e; a segunda, na aplicação de análise de cauza-raíz para incidentes com danos moderados/graves de julho a dezembro de 2019. Realizado em hospital de ensino do Paraná, que atende exclusivamente o Sistema Único de Saúde e compõe a Rede de Hospitais Sentinelas. Foram investigadas 30 notificações de acidentes/quedas e 37 de erros de medicação. Aplicaram-se a análise estatística descritiva e a metodologia proposta pela The Joint Comission International. Resultados dentre os acidentes/quedas, 33,3% ocorreram no pronto socorro; 40,0% tiveram relação com o leito, em proporções semelhantes nos períodos matutino e noturno; 51,4% dos erros de medicação ocorreram em unidade de internação, a maioria no período noturno (32,4%), com destaque para omissões de dose (27,0%) e erros de dispensação (21,6%). A maioria dos incidentes não ocasionou danos ou custo adicional. O custo médio foi R$ 158,55 para manejo das quedas. Os custos adicionais para erros de medicação variaram entre R$ 31,16 e R$ 21.534,61. Os fatores contribuintes e causas-raízes dos incidentes se relacionaram, principalmente, à equipe, ao profissional e à execução do cuidado. Conclusão os acidentes/quedas e erros de medicação apresentaram baixa frequência de danos ao paciente, porém impactaram no custo hospitalar. Em relação às causas-raízes, destacaram- se os aspectos do processo de trabalho em saúde, relacionados ao cuidado direto ao paciente.

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Introduction: Hospitalized patients are susceptible to medication errors, which represent between the fourth and the sixth cause of death. The department of intra-hospital pharmacovigilance intervenes in the entire process of medication with the purpose to prevent, repair and assess damages. Objective: To analyze medication errors reported by Mexican Fundación Clínica Médica Sur pharmacovigilance system and their impact on patients. Method: Prospective study carried out from 2012 to 2015, where medication prescriptions given to patients were recorded. Owing to heterogeneity, data were described as absolute numbers in a logarithmic scale. Results: 292 932 prescriptions of 56 368 patients were analyzed, and 8.9% of medication errors were identified. The treating physician was responsible of 83.32% of medication errors, residents of 6.71% and interns of 0.09%. No error caused permanent damage or death. Conclusion: This is the pharmacovigilance study with the largest sample size reported.

Introducción: Los pacientes hospitalizados son susceptibles a errores de medicación, que representan entre la cuarta y sexta causa de muerte. El servicio de farmacovigilancia intrahospitalaria interviene en todo el proceso de medicación con el fin prevenir, corregir y evaluar los daños. Objetivo: Analizar los errores de medicación reportados por el sistema de farmacovigilancia de la Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, México, y su impacto en los pacientes. Método: Estudio prospectivo efectuado de 2012 a 2015, en el que se registraron las prescripciones de medicamente a los pacientes. Los datos se describieron como número absoluto en escala logarítmica debido a la heterogeneidad. Resultados: Se analizaron 292 932 prescripciones de 56 368 pacientes, entre las cuales se identificó 8.9 % errores de medicación. El médico tratante fue responsable de 83.32 %, los residentes de 6.71 % y los internos de 0.09 %. Ningún error causó daño permanente o muerte. Conclusión: El estudio de farmacovigilancia que se presenta constituye el de mayor tamaño de muestra informado.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the prolonged impact of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) on medication prescription errors in pediatric intensive care patients. STUDY DESIGN: This observational study was conducted at a pediatric intensive care unit in which a CPOE (Metavision, iMDsoft, Israel) with a limited clinical decision support system was implemented between 2004 and 2007. Since then, no changes were made to the systems. We analyzed 2500 electronic prescriptions (1250 prescriptions from 2015 and 1250 prescriptions from 2016). Prescription errors were identified by a pediatric intensive care physician and classified as potential adverse drug events, medication prescription errors, or rule violations. Their prevalence was compared with the rate in 2007, reported in a previous study from the same unit. A randomly selected 10% of the prescriptions were also analyzed by the pediatric intensive care unit pharmacist, and the level of agreement was determined. RESULTS: The rate of prescription errors increased from 1.4% in 2007 to 3.2% in 2015 (P = .03). Following revision of the clinical decision support system tools, prescription errors decreased to 1% in 2016 (P < .0001). The potential adverse drug event rate dropped from 2% in 2015 to 0.7% in 2016 (P = .006), and the medication prescription error rate, from 1% to 0.2% (P = .01). The agreement between the 2 reviewers was excellent (k = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of prescription errors may increase with time from implementation of a CPOE. Repeated surveillance of prescription errors is highly advised to plan strategies to reduce them. This approach should be considered in quality improvement of computerized information systems in general.

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La seguridad del paciente es prioritaria en el ámbito anestésico quirúrgico. El error en la administración de fármacos es una causa frecuente de incidentes críticos en el perioperatorio. Una forma de error, es la administración del medicamento equivocado debido a las presentaciones similares. El objetivo de este trabajo es la descripción de fallas en las barreras de prevención de incidentes críticos con medicamentos, en base al estudio de un caso clínico y al análisis de sus consecuencias. Metodología : Descripción de un caso clínico y estudio sistemático de la situación de riesgo en base al análisis taxonómico del paciente, individuo, tarea, equipo humano, lugar de trabajo y organización (PITELO) sugerido por el Sistema Español de Notificación en Seguridad en Anestesia y Reanimación (SENSAR). Resultados : Mujer sana que presentó paro respiratorio luego de la administración intravenosa de un fármaco en el postoperatorio. Se requirió 24 hs de terapia intensiva y múltiples estudios, luego de lo cual se diagnosticó un error en la administración de fármaco. La confusión se presentó con una dupla de ampollas LASA (del inglés: look-alike, sound-alike) de los fármacos atracurio y ranitidina. La documentación fotográfica evidencia la similitud y el diagrama identifica fallas latentes del sistema. Se estimaron los costos del error y se realizaron propuestas de mejora. Discusión y conclusiones : Se evidencia una falla en las barreras de prevención de eventos adversos y en el sistema de reporte de los mismos. Es necesario incrementar la cultura de seguridad en todos los niveles del sistema: regulatorio, institucional y personal.

Patient safety is a priority in the surgical anesthetic area, and errors in drug administration area frequent cause of critical incidents in the perioperative period. One type of error is the administration of the wrong medication due to similar presentations. The objective of this study is to describe the failure of barriers to prevent critical drug incidents; this is based on the study of a clinical case and an analysis of its consequences. Methodology . Description of a clinical case and systematic study of the risk situation based on the taxonomic analysis of the patient, individual, task, human team, workplace, and organization (PITELO), as suggested by the Spanish System of Safety Notification in Anesthesia and Resuscitation (SENSAR). Results . A healthy woman presented in respiratory arrest after the intravenous administration of a drug in the postoperative period. It took 24 hours of intensive care and multiple studies before an error in drug administration was diagnosed. The confusion was presented with a pair of LASA (look-alike, sound-alike) ampoules of atracurium and ranitidine drugs. Photographic documentation evidences the similarity of the ampoules themselves, and the diagram identifies latent system failures. The costs of the error are estimated and proposals for improvement are provided. Discussion and Conclusions . There is evidence of a failure in the barriers to the prevention of adverse events and in the reporting system. It is necessary to increase the safety culture at all levels of the system: regulatory, institutional, and personal.

A segurança do paciente é prioritária no âmbito anestésico cirúrgico. O erro na administração de fármacos é uma causa frequente de incidentes críticos no perioperatório. Uma forma de erro é a administração de medicação errada devido a uma apresentação similar. O objetivo deste trabalho é a descrição de falhas nas barreiras de prevenção de incidentes críticos com medicamentos, em base no estudo de um caso clínico e ao análise de suas consequências. Metodologia . Descrição de um caso clínico e estudo sistemático da situação de risco em base ao análises taxonômico do doente, tarefa, equipamento humano, lugar de trabalho e organização (PITELO) sugerido pelo Sistema Espanhol de Notificação em Segurança em Anestesia e Reanimação (SENSAR). Resultados . Mulher sem patologia que apresentou paro respiratório a pois a administração intravenosa de um fármacos no pós-operatório. Requereu-se de 24 hs na UTI e múltiplos estudos, logo dos quais foi diagnosticado um erro na administração do fármaco. A confusão se apresentou como causa deduplas ampolas LASA (do inglês: aparência parecida com o som) dos fármacos atracurio y ranitidina. A documentação fotográfica evidencia a similitude e o diagrama identificafalhas latentes no sistema. Foram analisados os custos do erro e realizou-se propostas de melhora. Discussão y conclusões . Evidencia-se uma falla nas barreiras de prevenção de eventos adversos e no sistema de reporte dos mesmos. É necessário incrementar a cultura de segurança em todos os níveis do sistema: regulatório, institucional e pessoal.

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La seguridad del paciente es prioritaria en el ámbito anestésico quirúrgico. El error en la administración de fármacos es una causa frecuente de incidentes críticos en el perioperatorio. Una forma de error, es la administración del medicamento equivocado debido a las presentaciones similares. El objetivo de este trabajo es la descripción de fallas en las barreras de prevención de incidentes críticos con medicamentos, en base al estudio de un caso clínico y al análisis de sus consecuencias. Metodología: Descripción de un caso clínico y estudio sistemático de la situación de riesgo en base al análisis taxonómico del paciente, individuo, tarea, equipo humano, lugar de trabajo y organización (PITELO) sugerido por el Sistema Español de Notificación en Seguridad en Anestesia y Reanimación (SENSAR). Resultados: Mujer sana que presentó paro respiratorio luego de la administración intravenosa de un fármaco en el postoperatorio. Se requirió 24 hs de terapia intensiva y múltiples estudios, luego de lo cual se diagnosticó un error en la administración de fármaco. La confusión se presentó con una dupla de ampollas LASA (del inglés: look-alike, sound-alike) de los fármacos atracurio y ranitidina. La documentación fotográfica evidencia la similitud y el diagrama identifica fallas latentes del sistema. Se estimaron los costos del error y se realizaron propuestas de mejora. Discusión y conclusiones: Se evidencia una falla en las barreras de prevención de eventos adversos y en el sistema de reporte de los mismos. Es necesario incrementar la cultura de seguridad en todos los niveles del sistema: regulatorio, institucional y personal.

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Introdução: o aumento da cobertura vacinal reduziu a incidência das doenças imunopreveníveis, elevando os casos de Evento Adverso Pós-Vacinação e Erro de imunização. Objetivo: analisar os erros de imunização e a percepção de vacinadores sobre os fatores que contribuem para a sua ocorrência. Método: abordagem mista, desenvolvida em duas fases: primeira, quantitativa, descritiva, documental, retrospectiva, no período de 2003 a 2013. Utilizados dados secundários do Brasil e primários e secundários do Paraná Sistema de Informação de Eventos Adversos Pós-Vacinação e relatório de erros de imunização do Programa de Imunização. A segunda, qualitativa, exploratória, prospectiva, tendo como referencial a Teoria do Erro Humano, realizada com vacinadores da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba que notificaram erro de imunização em 2013. Classificação do erro de imunização: com evento adverso e sem evento adverso. Para o cálculo das taxas de incidência de erro e diagrama de dispersão, foi utilizado o software SPSS versão 23.0 ajustados pelo Modelo de Regressão Linear Simples. Na fase II, os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas e observação não participante, analisados segundo Bardin, utilizando o Web Qualitative Data Analysis WebQDA. Resultados: de 2003 a 2013, no Brasil e no Paraná, o abscesso subcutâneo quente foi o erro de imunização com evento adverso mais frequente. Os menores de um ano foram os mais atingidos pelos erros e a BCG teve taxa de incidência mais elevada. A incidência do erro de imunização com evento adverso aumentou ao longo do período, enquanto o sem evento adverso, elevou-se expressivamente em 2012. A análise da tendência no Paraná de 2003 a 2018, revelou crescimento anual, com elevação contínua da incidência, para ambos, mostrando ainda que a elevação dos percentuais e taxas ocorreu nas campanhas de vacinação, introdução de novas vacinas e mudanças no Calendário Nacional de Vacinação. Nas observações das 26 salas de vacinação, identificou-se: refrigerador não exclusivo, falhas na higienização das mãos (78%), não abordagem sobre possíveis contraindicações ou adiamento da vacinação. Foram entrevistados 115 vacinadores, 96% mulheres, 42% entre 30 a 39 anos, 54% com nível médio de escolaridade e 53% formados há cinco anos ou mais. Atuavam na sala de vacinação entre 3 a 11 anos, 71% realizavam atividades concomitantes em outros setores e 76% não tinham outro emprego. A entrevista revelou que 47% dos vacinadores tinham conhecimento de erro de imunização no seu trabalho, 8,7% estiveram envolvidos em erros e 1,7% referiram haver subnotificação. Dos discursos dos vacinadores emergiram três categorias analíticas: fatores humanos (57,3%), institucionais/organizacionais (34%) e ambientais (8,7%). Das categorias empíricas, destacou-se fatores psicológicos (43,2%) e das subcategorias: distração (21,4%) e estresse (20,9%). Conclusões: o erro de imunização é causado pela interação de múltiplos fatores. Mantendo-se os cenários, as incidências de erro de imunização, com ou sem evento adverso, tendem a continuar ascendentes até 2018. Campanhas, novas vacinas e mudanças no calendário de vacinação aumentam o risco de erro de imunização. Na visão dos vacinadores, a ocorrência de erro de imunização está relacionada, principalmente, a fatores psicológicos e gestão de pessoas. A maioria dos erros de imunização é potencialmente prevenível, desde que a sua ocorrência e causas sejam identificadas.

Introduction: the increase in vaccination coverage reduced the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, increasing the number of cases of Adverse Events Following Vaccination and Immunization Error. Objective: to analyze the immunization errors and the perception of vaccinators on the factors that contribute to their occurrence. Method: mixed approach, developed in two phases: the first being quantitative, descriptive, documentary, retrospective, in the period from 2003 to 2013. Secondary data from Brazil and primary data from Paraná were used Surveillance System of Adverse Events Following Vaccination and immunization error reports of the Immunization Program. The second, qualitative, exploratory, prospective phase had as reference the Theory of Human Error, performed with vaccinators of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba who reported immunization errors in 2013. Classification of immunization error: with and without adverse event. For the calculation of the incidence rates of error and dispersion diagram, the SPSS software version 23.0 was used, adjusted through the Simple Linear Regression Model. In phase II, the data were collected through interviews and non-participant observation, analyzed according to Bardin, using the Web Qualitative Data Analysis WebQDA software. Results: from 2003 to 2013, in Brazil and Paraná, warm subcutaneous abscess was the most frequent immunization error with adverse event. Children under one year old were the most affected by the errors and BCG had higher incidence rate. The incidence of immunization error with adverse event increased over the period, while its incidence without adverse event increased significantly in 2012. The analysis of the trend in Paraná from 2003 to 2018 showed annual growth, with continuous increase in incidence, for both, also showing that the increase of the percentages and rates occurred during the vaccination campaigns, introduction of new vaccines and changes in the National Vaccination Calendar. During the observation of the 26 vaccination rooms, the following were identified: non-exclusive cooler, failures in the sanitation of hands (78%), no addressing of the possible contraindications or postponement of vaccination. 115 vaccinators were interviewed, 96% women, 42% between 30 and 39 years of age, 54% with average level of education and 53% graduated for five years or more. They had been working in the vaccination room for 3 to 11 years, 71% performed concomitant activities in other sectors and 76% did not have another job. The interview revealed that 47% of vaccinators were aware of immunization errors in their work, 8.7% were involved in errors and 1.7% declared there being underreporting. The speeches of the vaccinators resulted in three analytical categories: human (57.3%), institutional/organizational (34%) and environmental (8.7%) factors. Those which stood out, of the empirical categories, were the psychological factors (43.2%), and of the subcategories, distraction (21.4%) and stress (20.9%). Immunization error is caused by the interaction between multiple factors. Conclusions: if kept constant, the scenarios and incidence of immunization errors, with or without adverse event, tend to continue increasing up to 2018. Campaigns, new vaccines and changes in the vaccination calendar increase the risk of immunization error. For the vaccinators, the occurrence of immunization error is related mainly to psychological factors and people management. Most immunization errors are potentially preventable, provided their occurrence and causes are identified.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of medication errors due to dose omissions and the reasons for non-administration of medications. DESIGN: A cohort study blinded to the nursing staff was conducted for 5 consecutive days to evaluate administration of prescribed medications to selected inpatients. SETTING: A major academic teaching hospital in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Dispensed doses to patients in medical and surgical wards. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Doses returned to pharmacy were evaluated to identify the rate of dose omission without a justification for omission. RESULTS: Information was collected from 117 patients in 11 wards and 1119 doses of prescribed medications were monitored. Overall, 238/1119 (21%) dispensed doses were not administered to the patients. Among these 238 doses, 138 (58%) had no justification for not being administered. Failure in the administration of at least 1 dose occurred for 58/117 (49.6%) patients. Surgical wards had significantly more missed doses than that in medical wards (P = 0.048). The daily presence of a pharmacist in the wards was significantly correlated with lower frequency of omission errors (P = 0.019). Nervous system medications were missed more significantly than other medications (P < 0.001). No difference was noted in the omission doses in terms of route of administration. CONCLUSIONS: High incidence of omission errors occurs in our institution. Factors such as the deficit of nursing staff and clinical pharmacists and a weak medication dispensing system, probably contributed to incidence detected. Blinding nursing staff was essential to improve the sensibility of the method for detecting omission errors.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To gain an understanding of medication safety culture and other quality issues in a Brazilian intensive care unit using a restorative approach. BACKGROUND: Patient safety should be considered one of the pillars of quality in health care. Thus, patient safety culture is increasingly being explored as a guide for quality improvement efforts. DESIGN: A qualitative approach. METHODS: Participatory photographic research methods from the field of ecological restoration were adapted in this study. This study used focus groups, then subsequent nurse-led photo-narrated walkabouts, and photo elicitation with 23 nurses and one physician in interactive phases of data collection and analysis over an eight-month timeframe. RESULTS: The core themes identified were: the 'medication system shapes patient safety' and the 'feeling of helplessness in the face of the prevailing organization culture'. Participants discussed supports exiting in the intensive care unit that shape medication safety, the barriers that impede safe medication management, the solutions to improve medication safety and the creation of a better medication safety culture. CONCLUSIONS: The methods used allowed participants to visualise sound practices as well as key safety issues, reflect on their day-to-day work, re-think potential improvements, and enact changes to improve medication safety and medication safety culture. However, the patient safety culture is also marked by administrative pressure. The hospital needs to adopt participatory management, where the health professionals can act together with the organisational leaders to promote a just culture. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The participatory photographic research methods from the field of ecological restoration provided participants with a tool to promote patient safety culture and engage policy change dialogue. However, it will be important in future restorative research to track-specific safety outcomes over time to assess the cost-benefit of the adoption of participatory management models.

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