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The maxillary sinus floor is formed by the alveolar process of the maxilla. Frequently, the roots of maxillary molars and premolars may protrude into the sinus cavity, with only a thin membrane separating them. Endodontic infections are characterized by mixed biofilms of anaerobic and proteolytic bacteria that can infect the root canal space and accessory anatomy of those teeth producing apical periodontitis. Due to the close relationship with the maxillary sinus, the persistence of apical periodontitis could potentially lead to odontogenic sinusitis. Understanding maxillary sinus anatomy and its relationship with the posterior maxillary dentition is crucial for diagnosing this entity.

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Background: The relationship between the maxillary sinus (MS) and the root apices of posterior teeth is of significant clinical relevance as it influences the diagnosis and treatment planning when operating in the posterior areas of the maxilla. The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess this anatomic relationship and evaluate the propensity of roots of posterior maxillary teeth to be intruded into the MS space using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning. Materials and Methods: One thousand CBCT scans of patients, aged 20 years or above, were analyzed in the study. The distance from the MS floor to the root apices of the posterior teeth was measured and the relationship between the MS and the posterior teeth roots were recorded, based on Kwak's and Didilescu's classification. Results: Based on Kwak's classification, type I configuration was frequently observed in the maxillary posterior teeth, followed by type II. Based on Didilescu's classification, the longest distance, among premolars, was observed between the palatal root of the left 1st premolar and MS, i.e., 8.2467 mm. Among molars, the longest distance was observed between mesiobuccal root of the right first molar and MS, i.e., 5.8966 mm. The shortest distance, among premolars, was observed between the buccal root of the left second premolar and MS, i.e., 3.5500 mm, and among molars, the shortest distance was between the mesiobuccal root of the left second molar and MS, i.e., 1.3556 mm. Conclusion: From the present study, it may be concluded that, among the central Indian population, mesiobuccal root of the second molars and buccal root of the second premolars show the closest proximity to the MS floor. Therefore, any surgical or endodontic intervention in the vicinity of these roots must be performed with utmost care.

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This study aims to evaluate the number of roots and root canal morphology types of maxillary premolars in relation to a patient's gender and age in an Iraqi population using two classification systems. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 1116 maxillary premolars from 385 patients were evaluated for the number of roots and root canal morphology types according to Vertucci's classification and Ahmed et al. classification systems. Differences in the number of roots and root canal morphology types with regard to tooth type, patients' gender and age groups were evaluated and the degree of bilateral symmetry was determined. Chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis. About 51.1% of the 1st premolars were double rooted. The majority (87.9%) of the 2nd premolars were single rooted. The three-rooted form presented in only 1.2% and 0.7% of the 1st and 2nd premolars, respectively. Vertucci Type IV (Ahmed et al. code 2MaxP B1P1) and Vertucci Type I (Ahmed et al. code 1MaxP1) were the most common canal morphology types in the 1st and 2nd premolars, respectively. Females showed a lower number of roots and a higher prevalence of Vertucci Type I configuration (P < 0.05). Younger age groups showed a higher prevalence of Vertucci Type I configuration (P < 0.05). Bilateral symmetry was seen in more than half of the maxillary premolars. There is a considerable variation in the number of roots and root canal configurations of maxillary premolars in the studied Iraqi population, with a significant difference by gender and age groups. Ahmed et al. classification provided more accurate presentation of the root and canal anatomy in maxillary premolars compared to Vertucci's classification.

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Objective@#To analyze the spatial relationship between the roots of maxillary anterior premolars and the maxillary sinus, thus providing an anatomical basis for timing, planning, surgical approaches, and implant selection at this site.@*Methods@#Cone beam CT (CBCT) images were collected from 264 patients (aged 20-65 years) who visited the Ruihua Dental Clinic between January 2017 and March 2023. The minimum distance from the apex of the maxillary anterior premolar roots to the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was measured on the coronal plane. The classification of the vertical relationship between the tooth root and the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was performed, and comparisons were made bilaterally, between genders, and among different age groups.@*Results@#The minimum distance (Q50) from the apex of the first maxillary premolar root to the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was 7.34 mm for the single-root type, 7.80 mm for the buccal root of the double-root type, and 7.36 mm for the palatal root. For the second maxillary premolar, the median distance was 2.56 mm for the single root type, 1.73 mm for the buccal root type, and 1.23 mm for the palatal root type. There was a significant difference in the shortest distance from the apex of the right second maxillary premolar single root to the lower wall of the maxillary sinus among the different age groups (P<0.05), with the 20-29-year-old group having the smallest median distance (1.52 mm) and the ≥ 40-year-old group having the largest (4.44 mm). There was no significant difference in the effect of sex or laterality on distance (P>0.05). The most common vertical relationship between the apex of the maxillary anterior premolar roots and the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was noncontact. There was no significant difference in the vertical relationship classification between the single-root and double-root types (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Most maxillary first premolar roots can provide sufficient bone height, which makes it easy to achieve immediate implantation. The maxillary second premolar root frequently involves insufficient bone, which is necessary to make full use of the bone wall of the extraction socket or the sinus floor cortical bone to achieve initial stability. The vertical relationship between the premolar root and maxillary sinus was influenced by age and dental position. Younger age groups often exhibit inadequate bone height, and the indication for immediate implantation should be carefully considered. The number of roots does not significantly affect the relationship between the sinus and root; however, double-rooted premolars offer more support for immediate implantation and socket healing due to the small root diameter and bony separation between the roots.

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AIM: This study aimed to evaluate root number and morphological variations of the root canal system in maxillary and mandibular premolars among the Saudi subpopulation. METHODOLOGY: A total of 500 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were assessed, including 2442 maxillary and mandibular premolars. The evaluation encompassed the number of roots and canals and their configuration based on the Vertucci classification. Gender differences were considered, along with the position of premolars and unilateral or bilateral symmetry. RESULTS: Maxillary first premolars predominantly exhibited two roots (82.6%), followed by one root (16.3%) and three roots (0.97%), with a majority having two root canals (83.6%). Regarding maxillary second premolars, the most common morphology was one root (66.6%), with two root canals (40.5%) observed more frequently than one root canal (38.1%). Mandibular first and second premolars mainly featured one root (84.8% and 96.1%, respectively) with one root canal (70.8% and 90.2%, respectively), whereas two root canals were less prevalent (2.3% and 1.8%, respectively). Three canals and three roots were rarely found in mandibular premolars (0.3%). Regarding maxillary premolars, males exhibited significantly higher type IV and mandibular type I root configurations compared with females. Conversely, regarding mandibular premolars, females showed significant mandibular type V and higher type I root configurations compared with males. CONCLUSION: CBCT imaging facilitated precise assessment of root morphology and root canal configurations in maxillary and mandibular premolars. The present findings can aid dentists in diagnosing, evaluating case difficulty, and devising effective root canal treatments, particularly in patients from Saudi Arabia.

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INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effects from the carious cavity and access from it on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars using finite element analysis (FEA). METHODS: A maxillary premolar was used to compare 3 types of access cavity related to having a proximal carious defect: caries-driven access (CDA), conservative access that has a mesial component (MCA), as well as traditional access with the same mesial component (MTA). Cyclic loading was simulated on the occlusal surface, and number of cycles until failure (NCF) was compared with the intact tooth model (IT). Mathematical analysis was done to evaluate the stress distribution patterns and calculated maximum von Mises (vM) and maximum principal stresses (MPS), with emphasis on pericervical region as a specific area of interest. RESULTS: Maximum vM registered on the IT was 6.14 MPa. CDA provided the highest NCF with 92.28% of the IT, followed by MCA (84.90%) and MTA (83.79%). The vM and MPS analysis showed that the stress values and patterns are affected more by the proximity of the occlusal load to the tooth/restoration interface. Concerning the pericervical region, maximum vM was registered for IT (4.11 MPa), followed by CDA (4.85 MPa) and then MCA (8.13 MPa) and MTA (8.61 MPa), whereas the MPS analysis revealed that CDA showed the highest magnitude of tensile stresses. CONCLUSIONS: A proximal CDA benefits the mechanical properties of maxillary premolars; however, its impact on the biological aspect should be assessed to provide a ruling for/against it.

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BACKGROUND: Teeth may have additional roots and a different number of root canals. Overlooked root canals may cause endodontic failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of root canals and the number of roots of premolars in a selected Turkish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2,570 teeth from 1,438 patients were evaluated. The cone-beam computed tomography scans of 1,055 maxillary and 1,515 mandibular premolars were examined. RESULTS: Type IV root canal morphology was observed most frequently in maxillary first premolars (77%), and the rates of single and double channel formations were very similar (51% and 49%, respectively). Of the second maxillary premolars, 57.4% had Type I morphology, and 89.9% of the teeth were single-rooted, while 68.6% had a single root canal. The most common formation was Type I (85%) among mandibular first premolars, and a single root was observed in 95.6% of these teeth. In addition, 87% of the mandibular first premolars had a single root canal. The second mandibular premolars mostly had Type I (95.4%) formation, and 99.3% of the teeth were single-rooted, while 96.9% had a single root canal. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, 51% of maxillary first premolars had a single root, 79.4% had two root canals, and 77% had Type IV (77%) formation. Maxillary second premolars mostly had Type I formation. In addition, a single root and single root canal formation were most common. Mandibular first premolars generally had a single root and single root canal formation, but 13% had two root canals, and 6.4% had Type V formation. More than 95% of mandibular second premolars had Type I formation.

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AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the root canal anatomy of maxillary second premolars, and its relation to the maxillary sinus in a Saudi Arabian population using cone-beam computed tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 301 patients (602 Teeth) were obtained from a Cone-beam Computed Tomography Database of the College of Dentistry, Jazan University from February 2020 to January 2022. The number of roots, root canals, and the relationship between the root apices of maxillary second premolars and the floor of the maxillary sinuses were studied. The data was recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A majority of maxillary second premolars were single-rooted (78.74%), followed by double-rooted (20.76%) and three-rooted (0.5%). Two canals (59.1%) were seen in the majority of the examined teeth, followed by one canal (40.4%) and three canals (0.5%). The roots of the maxillary second premolars were predominantly (69.17%) outside the sinus. Nineteen percent of roots were in contact with the floor of the maxillary sinus with no significant difference between buccal and palatal roots, and around twelve percent (11.73%) of roots were inside the maxillary sinus. CONCLUSIONS: The root canal system morphology of maxillary second premolars showed a wide range of anatomical variations in the Saudi Arabian population with a predominance of single roots. Most of the roots were located outside the sinus followed by in contact and then inside the sinus. Three-rooted second premolars were exceedingly rare. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The cognizance of maxillary second premolar root canal anatomy and its relation to maxillary sinus would be a valuable affirmation for dentists of different nationalities treating the Saudi Arabian population to ensure a successful endodontic treatment.

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BACKGROUND: This case-series study examined canal morphology and common factors for endodontic failure in maxillary first and second premolars that were referred for retreatment owing to clinical symptoms or radiographic signs. METHODS: Records were retrospectively searched using Current Dental Terminology codes to identify maxillary first and second premolars with endodontic failure. Periapical and cone-beam computed tomographic images were examined to determine Vertucci classifications and suspected factors related to treatment failure. RESULTS: A total of 235 teeth from 213 patients were included for evaluation. The following Vertucci classification of canal configurations were observed for maxillary first and second premolars: type I (1-1) (4.6% and 32.0%, respectively), type II (2-1) (15.9% and 27.9%, respectively), type III (2-2) (76.1% and 36.1%, respectively), type IV (1-2) (0% and 2%, respectively), and type V (3) (3.4% and 2%, respectively). More treatment failures were noticed in maxillary second premolars than first premolars and in females than in males. The 4 most common factors related to failure were inadequate filling, restorative failure, vertical root fracture, and missed canals. Missed canals were more frequently identified in maxillary second premolars (21.8%) than first premolars (11.4%) (P = .044). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple factors are associated with primary root canal treatment failures in maxillary premolars. Variations in canal morphology appear to be underappreciated in maxillary second premolars. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Maxillary second premolars have more complicated canal configurations than first premolars. Besides adequate filling, clinicians should give extra attention to anatomic variability in second premolars owing to higher failure incidence.

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The objective of this paper is to assess the prevalence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars based on two classification systems of root canal morphology using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. A total of 286 CBCT scans from the archive of the Radiology department of a hospital were assessed for the presence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars. The canal configuration and its assessment was undertaken using Vertucci and Ahmed's classification. A Chi-square test was used to test the significance of the difference between gender and age. A total of 286 premolars were examined (217 mandibular premolars and 69 maxillary premolars); of these, 173 teeth (60.5%) were from males and 113 were from females (39.5%). Some 62% of maxillary left first premolars had two roots, followed by maxillary right first premolars (47%), and then maxillary left second premolars (30%) and maxillary right ones (27%), respectively. Type IV Vertucci were seen in maxillary premolars, while type I were ordinarily seen in the included mandibular premolars. Surprisingly, Vertucci type III was only found in mandibular left first premolars at a frequency of 2%. One orifice with two separate canals and two orifices of two distinct canals with two portals of exit were predominantly noticed with maxillary first premolars (2 FP B1 P1) in 73% and 81%, respectively, followed by (1 FP 2) 19%. The prevalence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars was low in the investigated premolars in comparison to the premolars that had just one root and canal, as assessed based on Vertucci and Ahmed's root canal system classification.

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The aim was to evaluate the morphology of maxillary second premolars. The root canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci and a new system by Ahmed et al. based on CBCT images. In addition, the number of roots and the level where they bifurcated were identified, and morphological measurements were performed based on anatomical landmarks. Single-rooted forms were most common. Bifurcation occurred most often in the middle part of the root. The most common canal configuration was type I according to Vertucci and code 1 SP1 according to the new classification. The measurements showing the results were as follows (mm): palatal cusp/buccal cusp/the lowest point of the occlusal surface to pulp chamber ceiling 6.18/6.54/4.77; the ceiling of the pulp chamber was found at the CEJ in 92.28% of the specimens. The maxillary second premolars tended to be single-rooted and with one root canal.

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Background: There have been numerous cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) studies done over the years to analyze the canal configurations among various racial and ethnic population groups. Several of these studies have highlighted a certain consistency in the incidence of particular features within these population subsets. Aim: The study aimed to analyze the root morphology and canal configurations of the maxillary first premolar (Mx1PM) in the Indian Dravidian subpopulation using CBCT. Setting and Design: This study involved a retrospective analysis of 200 CBCT scans, which included 400 Mx1PM. Methods: The CBCT images were evaluated, and the number of roots and canal configurations was recorded as per the Vertucci's classification. Statistical Analysis: Variations in the number of roots and canal anatomies were statistically interpreted using the Chi-square test of association with the significance level set at P < 0.05. Results: Among the 400 Mx1PM studied, 116 (29%) teeth displayed single roots and 284 (71%) showed the presence of two roots. The single-rooted premolars revealed a varied canal configuration with a predominance of Vertucci's Type II configuration in around 53.4% of the Mx1PM. The two-rooted premolars revealed 100% Type I canal configuration. Conclusion: The Mx1PM studied predominantly showed the two-rooted morphology with independent canals in each root. There was no significant difference between the teeth on either side of the same arch. The CBCT is an excellent nondestructive modality that can help us study the internal anatomy of pulp space accurately.

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The aim of this case series is to contribute to the better knowledge and management of the complex anatomical configurations of maxillary premolars with four canals. The paper explains the endodontic treatment of five maxillary premolars with four canals, with three buccal and one palatal orifices, in different patients. The cases report several approaches in the treatment of four-canal maxillary premolars including a conservative canal preparation with a hybrid shaping technique, endodontic microsurgery and the application of biomaterials. The use of an operating dental microscope, different operating strategies and the critical evaluation of radiographs are all necessary steps for the correct and safe endodontic management of these teeth.

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have described and recorded abnormal root morphology; however, most of these studies were based on two-dimensional periapical or panoramic radiographs, and only a few studies have quantified it. We aimed to combine two-dimensional periapical radiographs and three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to conduct qualitative judgments and quantitative analyses of normal and conical roots, and explore the clinical diagnostic method of normal and conical roots based on intraoral radiographs and CBCT. METHODS: The conical root was identified visually on periapical radiographs as the clinical gold standard. All teeth were divided into the cone-rooted teeth (CRT) or normal-rooted teeth (NRT) groups. Furthermore, differences in root length (RL), root surface area (RSA), and root volume (RV) of conical and normal roots in the maxillary premolars on CBCT were compared. Receiver operator characteristic curves were generated, and the area under the curve (AUC) and cut-off values were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic value of RV, RSA, RV/RL, and RSA/RL. RESULTS: The RSAs of NRT and CRT were 236.88 ± 27.93 mm2 and 207.98 ± 27.80 mm2, respectively (P = 0.000). The mean RV in the CRT group was lower than that in the NRT group, and the difference was statistically significant (253.40 ± 41.98 mm3 vs. 316.93 ± 49.89 mm3, P = 0.000). The RSA and RV of conical roots in single root premolars were 12.29% and 19.33% less than those of normal roots, respectively. The AUC values of RSA/RL and RV/RL were 0.87 and 0.89, respectively, and the best cut-off values were 19.61 for RSA/RL (if RSA/RL was < 19.61, the teeth were considered CRT) and 24.05 for RV/RL (if RV/RL was < 24.05, the teeth were considered CRT). CONCLUSIONS: CBCT has significant diagnostic value in the clinical evaluation of conical roots. RSA/RL and RV/RL were the best parameters with the largest AUC and high sensitivity and specificity.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the root and canal morphology of permanent maxillary first premolars in a Polish population using cone-beam computed tomography scanning (CBCT) and to compare the classifications by Vertucci and Ahmed et al. Images of 350 maxillary first premolars were analyzed. Scans were obtained from 226 patients: 131 women and 95 men. The root canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci and a new system by Ahmed et al. In addition, the number of roots and the level where roots bifurcated were identified. The results were submitted to statistical analysis. Most maxillary first premolars had two roots (69.1%). Most bifurcations were located in the coronal part of the root (44.2%) and the least in the apical part (15.3%). Bifurcation in the coronal part of the root was observed more often in the teeth of men than women. In turn, bifurcation in the central or apical part was significantly more common in women than in men. The most common canal configuration of the maxillary first premolars was type IV (78.2%) according to Vertucci and 2FPB1P1 (65.4%) according to the new classification. Among the remaining cases, almost all types of canals described by Vertucci, and many combinations of codes given in the new classification were demonstrated. The maxillary first premolars displayed a wide range of root and canal anatomical variations. The new system for classifying canal morphology based on Ahmed et al. is more accurate than the Vertucci classification.

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OBJECTIVES: To analyze the stress distribution and subsequent fracture resistance of human maxillary premolars with mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) defects restored with different minimally invasive restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy non-carious human maxillary premolars were selected and divided into seven groups (n = 10). Ten teeth without further preparation served as control. The remaining teeth were endodontically treated and received three restorative patterns: inlays without cusp coverage (I), onlays with palatal coverage (O), overlays with both buccal and palatal coverage (Ov). Lithium disilicate glass ceramics (EM) and machinable composite resin (LU) were used for restoration. Specimens were tested under cycling loading with tongue direction of 45° for 1.2 × 106 cycles at a 50-N load and 2.0-Hz frequency. The survival time and two fracture mode classifications were assessed. Three-dimensional models of each group were designed. The magnitude and pattern of stresses were analyzed under the same condition of the in vitro test using finite element stress analysis. RESULTS: Although the overlay model pattern produced more favorable stress distribution, three restorative patterns restored with the same material had no difference in survival curves (P > 0.05). Only the survival curve of the EM-Ov group had no statistical difference with that of the control group (P > 0.05). EM groups presented mainly interface adhesive failure, while LU groups were mainly material cohesive failure. CONCLUSION: For the endodontically treated maxillary premolars with MOD defect, the lithium disilicate glass ceramic overlay pattern can reach the best restorative effect. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Comparing with restorative pattern, restorative material had a greater influence on the minimally invasive restoration of posterior teeth.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between crown/root size and root/canal morphology of maxillary premolars. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-three first (P1) and 110 second (P2) maxillary premolars were used. Mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters and root heights of P1 and P2 were recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm. The number of single and multi-rooted premolars was recorded based on the Turner's classification. Root canal morphology was studied using a clearing technique with Vertucci's classification. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between tooth size and root/canal morphology. RESULTS: Two-rooted P1 was found in 33.9% of male and 22.5% of female. P2 showed a single root in 85.4% of male and 82.6% of female. In case of P1, the number of root canals (P<0.05) and apical foramina (P<0.01) was significantly different between male and female. P1 crown dimensions were larger in double-rooted teeth than in single-rooted ones. Significant differences were observed in buccolingual (P<0.05) and crown area (P<0.05) in females. Root height was smaller in double-rooted than in single-rooted P1. A similar trend was observed for P2 with a larger crown size in teeth with two apical foramina compared with those with a single foramen. CONCLUSIONS: Two-rooted P1 with two or more apical foramina are more commonly seen in males than in females. For P1, the correlation of number of roots and apical foramina was stronger with buccolingual diameter than with mesiodistal diameter in both genders. P1 and P2 with large crown dimensions tend to have multiple roots and apical foramina.

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3D radiographic evaluation of the patient should be conducted before disimpaction to establish proximity to the mandibular canal and borders of mandible. In addition, variations of the root canal system of premolars must thoroughly be understood.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to use CBCT to look into the root canal morphology of maxillary premolars in a Saudi Arabian subpopulation and associate the results to existing canal morphology classifications. METHODS: The sample size for this analysis was 500 right and left untreated maxillary first and second premolars with fully formed roots from 250 Saudi residents (125 male and 125 female). The following observations were made using CBCT on the teeth related: (1) The number and morphology of roots; (2) The canal morphology for each root according to Vertucci's classification. The frequency and similarities between the right and left sides, as well as between females and males, were studied. The Chi-square test was used to assess the results. RESULTS: Of the 500 maxillary first premolars studied, 199 teeth had one root (39.8%), whilst 293 (58.6%) were two-rooted. Three-rooted maxillary first premolars were found in 8 (1.6%). For maxillary second premolars, 416 premolars had one root (83.2%), whilst 79 (15.8%) had two roots and the rest 5 (1.0%) were three roots. There were significant differences of number of root were found between groups (p > 0.05). For maxillary first premolar, Type IV was the most frequent, accounting for 57.8% of the sample (n = 289), followed by type II (32.8%, n = 164). For maxillary second premolar, Type I was mainly occurrence 302 (60.4%), followed by Type II (16.4%, n = 82). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of maxillary first premolars had two roots and two root canals, while one root and one root canal was the most common anatomical configuration for maxillary second premolars. Additional canal forms do occur on occasion, and clinicians should pay close attention to them.

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AIM AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the root canal morphology of maxillary premolars was the primary objective of this study, on the criteria of the roots present, canals detected in the roots, and anatomical canal patterns according to Vertucci's classification observed in the Saudi population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographic analysis comparing them to previous reports in the same population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 710 maxillary 1st and 2nd premolars were considered in this research; of which 351 were 1st premolars and 359 were 2nd premolars. These premolars were investigated for their external and internal anatomy using CBCT. Teeth with apical closure and complete root development were included in the study. Endodontically treated teeth, teeth with calcified canals or resorbed roots, as well as unclear teeth on CBCT images were excluded. RESULTS: Among the 351 maxillary 1st premolars, 40.7% of teeth had 1 root, 57.5% had 2 roots, and 1.7% had 3 roots. Around 93.2% of teeth had 2 canals, 3.7% had 1 canal, 2.6% had 3 canals, and 0.4% had 4 canals. According to Vertucci's classification, 63.8% of teeth had class IV configuration, 14.8% had class V configuration, 7.7% had class III configuration, and 6.8% had class II configuration. Likewise, among the maxillary second premolars, 88% of teeth had 1 root and 12% of teeth had 2 roots. Around 38.2% of teeth had a single canal while 61.0% of teeth had 2 canals, and 3 teeth were found with the extra canal (had 3 canals). More than one-third (38.2%) of teeth had Vertucci type I, 19.2% had Vertucci type IV, 15.3% had Vertucci type III, and 12.3% had Vertucci type V. CONCLUSION: Maxillary first premolars had a higher prevalence of 2 roots, whereas one root was predominant in second premolars. Most of the maxillary premolars had 2 canals with the majority having Vertucci type IV in the first premolars and type I in the second premolars. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Maxillary premolars present with external and internal anatomical variations, so clinician should be aware about these varieties by taking small field of view CBCT when needed which will be of great value.

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