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In 2013, Japan established a conditional approval pathway for cell and gene therapies. Our analysis of the four products approved via this pathway identifies evidence suggesting shortcomings in safety and efficacy data submitted by the sponsors and raises concerns about whether this pathway is delivering on its promise.

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RESUMEN

Despite promises about the near-term potential of social robots to share our daily lives, they remain unable to form autonomous, lasting, and engaging relationships with humans. Many companies are deploying social robots into the consumer and commercial market; however, both the companies and their products are relatively short lived for many reasons. For example, current social robots succeed in interacting with humans only within controlled environments, such as research labs, and for short time periods since longer interactions tend to provoke user disengagement. We interviewed 13 roboticists from robot manufacturing companies and research labs to delve deeper into the design process for social robots and unearth the many challenges robot creators face. Our research questions were: 1) What are the different design processes for creating social robots? 2) How are users involved in the design of social robots? 3) How are teams of robot creators constituted? Our qualitative investigation showed that varied design practices are applied when creating social robots but no consensus exists about an optimal or standard one. Results revealed that users have different degrees of involvement in the robot creation process, from no involvement to being a central part of robot development. Results also uncovered the need for multidisciplinary and international teams to work together to create robots. Drawing upon these insights, we identified implications for the field of Human-Robot Interaction that can shape the creation of best practices for social robot design.

RESUMEN

La profunda crisis económica de principios de los años 70, condujo al surgimiento de un nuevo paradigma de desarrollo, en virtud del cual las disciplinas económicas, administrativas y mercadológicas adquirieron un lugar preponderante en el esquema del progreso social. En correspondencia con esto, las instituciones de información han introducido esquemas modernos de trabajo, con la finalidad de elevar su capacidad para satisfacer las necesidades de sus usuarios. Se abordan algunos de los conceptos básicos de la actividad mercadológica; el canje de los productos de información; la investigación de mercados; el posicionamiento en el mercado, así como los requisitos que deben cumplir las estrategias de mercado para conducir a las organizaciones al cumplimiento de sus objetivos.

The Trading of Information Products and Services in the Librarian-Information Sector. The deep economic crisis in the early 70's led to the emergence of a new development paradigm due to wich the economic, management and marketing disciplines acquired a preponderant standing in the scheme of social progress. In correspondande to this, information institutes have introduce modern working schemes aiming at rising its capacity to satisfy its users needs. Some basic concepts of the marketing activity are discussed; the exchange of information products; market research; its positioning as well as the requisites that must follow the market strategies to lead the organizations into the fulfilment of their objetives.