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SUMMARY: The present study aimed to evaluate wrist (lunate) anatomy in terms of the incidence of lunatum morphology on plain-radiographs among the Anatolian (Turkey) population, accompanied by demographic analysis. We obtained all the patients' data regarding demographical features, diagnosis, and posteroanterior (PA) X-ray imaging. Two radiograph-reviewers repeated the analysis twice, one month later, blinded to their findings before the previous review. The lunatum structure was determined as Type-1 (n:293) and Type-2 (n:207) for each radiograph. Most of the 500 wrists' radiographs [n:293 (58.6 %)] were type-I lunate. The mean age was 36.7±13.3 (range:18-90) years. Sex distribution was as follows: 185 (63.1 %) males to 108 (36.9 %) females. Type-2 lunate was seen in 207 participants (41.4 %). The mean age for type-2 was 41.6±15.2 (18-88) years. 142 (68.6 %) participants were male sex, while 65 (31.4 %) were females. The mean age of subjects with type-I showed a difference with type-II (p=0.007). There was no relationship in terms of sex (p=0.206) between the groups. In the Anatolian region, type-1 lunate was dominant compared to type-2. The incidence rate of lunate type in Anatolian population was similar to the Arab population.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la anatomía de la articulación radiocarpiana en términos de la incidencia de la morfología del hueso semilunar en radiografías simples entre la población de Anatolia (Turquía), acompañado de un análisis demográfico. Obtuvimos todos los datos de los pacientes con respecto a las características demográficas, el diagnóstico y las imágenes de rayos X posteroanteriores (PA). Dos revisores de radiografías repitieron el análisis dos veces, un mes después, sin conocer sus hallazgos antes de la revisión anterior. La estructura del lunatum se determinó como Tipo-1 (n:293) y Tipo-2 (n:207) para cada radiografía. La mayoría de las 500 radiografías de muñecas [n:293 (58,6 %)] fueron semilunar tipo I. La edad media fue de 36,7±13,3 (rango: 18-90) años. La distribución por sexos fue la siguiente: 185 (63,1 %) hombres y 108 (36,9 %) mujeres. El semilunar tipo 2 se observó en 207 participantes (41,4 %). La edad media para el tipo 2 fue de 41,6±15,2 (18-88) años. 142 (68,6 %) participantes eran del sexo masculino, mientras que 65 (31,4 %) eran del sexo femenino. La edad media de los sujetos con tipo I mostró una diferencia con el tipo II (p = 0,007). No hubo relación en cuanto al sexo (p=0,206) entre los grupos. En la región de Anatolia, el semilunar tipo 1 era dominante en comparación con el tipo 2. La tasa de incidencia del tipo semilunar en la población de Anatolia fue similar a la de la población árabe.

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ABSTRACT Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) represents the most common compressive neuropathy of the upper limb (1). There are a myriad of causes of CTS, of which carpal fractures and dislocations are known aetiologies. Volar lunate dislocations are the most common carpal dislocations described (1). Approximately 25% of perilunate dislocations are missed on initial presentation, resulting in delayed diagnosis and likely poorer outcomes (1-3). A case of chronic lunate dislocation presenting as CTS is presented here to highlight diagnostic pitfalls and management options.

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Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 61 años de edad quien presentó una luxación palmar divergente del escafoides y semilunar de la muñeca derecha secundario a trauma por caída de una escalera en su casa, quien fue atendido a las 24 horas del accidente, se le realizó una resección de los dos huesos (desvascularizados completamente), y se redujo el hueso grande en la fosa semilunar del radio más reparación de la cápsula articular y los ligamentos palmares radiocarpales. Al control del primer año el resultado ha sido satisfactorio, con un buen desempeño de su actividad laboral, y con una congruencia de la articulacion radio hueso grande y estabilidad completa de la muñeca. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

We report the case of a 61-year-old man who presented a Palmar divergent dislocation of the scaphoid and lunate of the right wrist secondary to trauma due to the fall of a ladder in his house, who was seen 24hours after the accident, he underwent a resection of the two bones (completely devascularized), and the Capitate bone was reduced in the lunate fossa of the radius by adding a repair of the joint capsule and the radiocarpal palmar ligaments. After the first year of follow up the result has been broadly satisfactory, with good performance of his working activity, and with a congruence of the Radial-Capitate joint with complete stability of the wrist. Evidence Level: IV

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OBJECTIVES: To measure the quality of life, the time to work return, and clinical, functional, and radiographic parameters of patients treated with dorsal capsulodesis associated with scapholunate (SL) reconstruction, assisted by arthroscopy. METHODS: From January 2015 to September 2016, 14 adult patients with SL dissociation underwent surgical treatment with the SL reconstruction procedure assisted by arthroscopy, using the new technique proposed in this study. All patients were assessed by the occupational therapy department at regular intervals after surgery and performed the same sequence of rehabilitation. The parameters analyzed were: range of motion (ROM), Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), visual analog scale (VAS), and radiographic analysis to visualize the pre- and postoperative SL gap and the pre- and postoperative dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) deformity the. The complications and the time to return to work activities were described. RESULTS: The follow-up time was 12 months (3-17). The ROM averaged 321° (96.9% of the normal side). VAS was 1.79/10 (1-6). DASH was 6.50/100 (1-30). The time to work return work was 4.42 months (2-17). As for complications, one patient developed SLAC, and underwent four-corner fusion one year after ligament reconstruction. Currently, he has experienced pain relief, with a functional range of motion of the wrist, and has not yet returned to professional activities.The preoperative SL gap was 4.29 mm (2-7); in the postoperative period, it was 1.79 mm (1-4). The DISI deformity was present in ten patients with SL angle > 70° (preoperative) and it was corrected after surgery, in all patients. SLAC stage I was identified in a patient. Arthroscopy was performed in all cases. The SL instability was classified as Geissler grade III in four cases and as grade IV in ten cases. CONCLUSION: The new approach (dorsal capsulodesis associated with SL reconstruction, assisted by arthroscopy) presented in this study is safe and effective in the treatment of SL dissociation, since it offers satisfactory clinical, radiographic and functional results, showing low rates of complications. For patients, it allows the return to their social and professional activities, and increases their life quality.

OBJETIVOS: Mensurar a qualidade de vida, o tempo de retorno ao trabalho, os resultados clínicos, funcionais e radiográficos dos pacientes submetidos à capsulodese dorsal associada à reconstrução ligamentar escafossemilunar assistida por artroscopia. MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 2015 a setembro de 2016, 14 pacientes, esqueleticamente maduros, adultos, com dissociação escafolunar (SL), foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico com o procedimento de reconstrução do ligamento escafossemilunar assistido por artroscopia com a nova técnica proposta neste estudo. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados pelo setor de terapia ocupacional em intervalos regulares de pós-operatório e fizeram a mesma sequência de reabilitação. Os parâmetros analisados foram: arco de movimento (ADM), Disability Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Dash), escala visual analógica (EVA) e análise radiográfica pré e pós-operatória para visualizar o espaço escafolunar (sinal de Terry-Thomas) e deformidade em Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability (DISI) pré e pós-operatória. Descrição das complicações e o tempo de retorno ao trabalho. RESULTADOS: O tempo de seguimento foi de 12 meses [3-17]. O ADM foi em média 321,07° (96,9% do lado normal). O valor da avaliação subjetiva da dor (VAS) foi 1,79/10 [1-6]. A mensuração da qualidade de vida pelo Dash foi de 6,50/100 [1-30]. O tempo de retorno ao trabalho foi de 4,42 meses [2-17]. Quanto às complicações, uma paciente evoluiu com SLAC e foi submetida à artrodese dos quatro cantos um ano após a reconstrução ligamentar. Evoluiu com melhoria da dor e está com o ADM do punho funcional, mas ainda não retornou às atividades profissionais. O intervalo do SL (gap) pré-operatório foi de 4,29 mm [2-7] e o pós-operatório foi de 1,79 mm [1-4]. A deformidade DISI estava presente em dez pacientes, com um ângulo SL acima de 70° (pré-operatório), e foi corrigida após a cirurgia em todos os pacientes. SLAC estágio I foi identificado em um paciente. A artroscopia foi feita em todos os casos. A instabilidade SL foi classificada como um grau Geissler III em quatro casos e grau IV em dez casos. CONCLUSÃO: A nova abordagem (capsulodese dorsal associada à reconstrução ligamentar escafossemilunar assistida por artroscopia) apresentada neste estudo é segura e eficaz no tratamento da dissociação escafolunar, já que apresenta resultados radiográficos, clínicos e funcionais satisfatórios, demonstra baixas taxas de complicações, permite o retorno às atividades sociais e profissionais e aumenta a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To measure the quality of life, the time to work return, and clinical, functional, and radiographic parameters of patients treated with dorsal capsulodesis associated with scapholunate (SL) reconstruction, assisted by arthroscopy. METHODS: From January 2015 to September 2016, 14 adult patients with SL dissociation underwent surgical treatment with the SL reconstruction procedure assisted by arthroscopy, using the new technique proposed in this study. All patients were assessed by the occupational therapy department at regular intervals after surgery and performed the same sequence of rehabilitation. The parameters analyzed were: range of motion (ROM), Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), visual analog scale (VAS), and radiographic analysis to visualize the pre- and postoperative SL gap and the pre- and postoperative dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) deformity the. The complications and the time to return to work activities were described. RESULTS: The follow-up time was 12 months (3-17). The ROM averaged 321° (96.9% of the normal side). VAS was 1.79/10 (1-6). DASH was 6.50/100 (1-30). The time to work return work was 4.42 months (2-17). As for complications, one patient developed SLAC, and underwent four-corner fusion one year after ligament reconstruction. Currently, he has experienced pain relief, with a functional range of motion of the wrist, and has not yet returned to professional activities. The preoperative SL gap was 4.29 mm (2-7); in the postoperative period, it was 1.79 mm (1-4). The DISI deformity was present in ten patients with SL angle > 70° (preoperative) and it was corrected after surgery, in all patients. SLAC stage I was identified in a patient. Arthroscopy was performed in all cases. The SL instability was classified as Geissler grade III in four cases and as grade IV in ten cases. CONCLUSION: The new approach (dorsal capsulodesis associated with SL reconstruction, assisted by arthroscopy) presented in this study is safe and effective in the treatment of SL dissociation, since it offers satisfactory clinical, radiographic and functional results, showing low rates of complications. For patients, it allows the return to their social and professional activities, and increases their life quality.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Mensurar a qualidade de vida, o tempo de retorno ao trabalho, os resultados clínicos, funcionais e radiográficos dos pacientes submetidos à capsulodese dorsal associada à reconstrução ligamentar escafossemilunar assistida por artroscopia. MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 2015 a setembro de 2016, 14 pacientes, esqueleticamente maduros, adultos, com dissociação escafolunar (SL), foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico com o procedimento de reconstrução do ligamento escafossemilunar assistido por artroscopia com a nova técnica proposta neste estudo. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados pelo setor de terapia ocupacional em intervalos regulares de pós-operatório e fizeram a mesma sequência de reabilitação. Os parâmetros analisados foram: arco de movimento (ADM), Disability Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Dash), escala visual analógica (EVA) e análise radiográfica pré e pós-operatória para visualizar o espaço escafolunar (sinal de Terry-Thomas) e deformidade em Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability (DISI) pré e pós-operatória. Descrição das complicações e o tempo de retorno ao trabalho. RESULTADOS: O tempo de seguimento foi de 12 meses [3-17]. O ADM foi em média 321,07° (96,9% do lado normal). O valor da avaliação subjetiva da dor (VAS) foi 1,79/10 [1-6]. A mensuração da qualidade de vida pelo Dash foi de 6,50/100 [1-30]. O tempo de retorno ao trabalho foi de 4,42 meses [2-17]. Quanto às complicações, uma paciente evoluiu com SLAC e foi submetida à artrodese dos quatro cantos um ano após a reconstrução ligamentar. Evoluiu com melhoria da dor e está com o ADM do punho funcional, mas ainda não retornou às atividades profissionais. O intervalo do SL (gap) pré-operatório foi de 4,29 mm [2-7] e o pós-operatório foi de 1,79 mm [1-4]. A deformidade DISI estava presente em dez pacientes, com um ângulo SL acima de 70° (pré-operatório), e foi corrigida após a cirurgia em todos os pacientes. SLAC estágio I foi identificado em um paciente. A artroscopia foi feita em todos os casos. A instabilidade SL foi classificada como um grau Geissler III em quatro casos e grau IV em dez casos. CONCLUSÃO: A nova abordagem (capsulodese dorsal associada à reconstrução ligamentar escafossemilunar assistida por artroscopia) apresentada neste estudo é segura e eficaz no tratamento da dissociação escafolunar, já que apresenta resultados radiográficos, clínicos e funcionais satisfatórios, demonstra baixas taxas de complicações, permite o retorno às atividades sociais e profissionais e aumenta a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.

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Spontaneous rupture of the digital extensor tendons of the hand has been reported after Kienbocks disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Vaughan-Jackson syndrome, distal radial fracture. Rupture may also occur as a consequence of unrecognized carpal lunate fracture. We present a case report of a man affected with spontaneous rupture of the digital extensor tendons secondary to unrecognized carpal lunate fracture with partial dorsal dislocation. The edges of the tendon were debrided and sutured using a locked modified Kessler suture. A dynamic splinting cast was applied in moderate extension of the wrist. The aim of this case report is to highlight that in absence of a clear etiology for rupture of the extensor tendons of the hand, carpal lunate fracture, though rare, is an important cause of spontaneous extensor tendons rupture.

La ruptura espontánea de tendones extensores digitales de la mano ha sido reportado después de la enfermedad de Kienböck, artritis reumatoide, síndrome de Jackson Vaughan, fractura del radio distal. La lesión del tendón también puede ocurrir como consecuencia de la fractura no reconocida de carpal semilunar. En este artículo, se presenta un caso de un hombre que sufre de rotura espontánea del tendón extensor digital secundaria a fractura semilunar no reconocida de los huesos del carpo con luxación dorsal del fragmento parcial. Los bordes del tendón se han limpiado y se sutura usando una sutura de Kessler. Un refuerzo dinámico se aplicó en extensión moderada de la muñeca. El propósito de este caso clínico es poner de relieve que, en ausencia de una etiología clara de la ruptura de los tendones extensores de la mano, una fractura de los huesos del carpo semilunar puede ser una causa importante de la ruptura espontánea de los tendones extensores de la mano.

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PURPOSE: This study was designed to analyze the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of a series of patients with Kienböck disease stage IIIA treated with radius core decompression. METHODS: This retrospective study included 15 patients with Kienböck disease (Lichtman stage IIIA) who underwent distal radius metaphyseal core decompression between 1998 and 2005 and who were followed-up for at least 10 years. At the last follow-up, the patients were evaluated for wrist range of motion and grip strength. The overall results were evaluated by the modified Mayo wrist score and visual analog scale pain score. We also compared the radiological changes between the preoperative and the final follow-up in their Lichtman classification and the modified carpal height ratio. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 13 years (range, 10-18 years). Based on the modified Mayo wrist score, clinical results were excellent in 6 patients, good in 8 patients, and poor in 1 patient who required a proximal row carpectomy as revision surgery. The mean preoperative pain according to the visual analog scale was 7 (range, 6-10) and was 1.2 (range, 0-6) at the final follow-up. Compared with the opposite side, the average flexion/extension arc was 77% and the grip strength was 80%. All patients, except 1, returned to their original employment. At the final follow-up, 3 patients had decreased modified carpal height ratio, 12 remained unchanged. Radiographic disease progression according to the Lichtman classification to stages IIIB to IV occurred in only 2 wrists. There were no complications related to the core decompression. CONCLUSIONS: In this limited series, the radius core decompression demonstrated favorable long-term results and could be considered as a surgical alternative for stage IIIA of Kienböck disease. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

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Abstract: Spontaneous rupture of the digital extensor tendons of the hand has been reported after Kienbock's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Vaughan-Jackson' syndrome, distal radial fracture. Rupture may also occur as a consequence of unrecognized carpal lunate fracture. We present a case report of a man affected with spontaneous rupture of the digital extensor tendons secondary to unrecognized carpal lunate fracture with partial dorsal dislocation. The edges of the tendon were debrided and sutured using a locked modified Kessler suture. A dynamic splinting cast was applied in moderate extension of the wrist. The aim of this case report is to highlight that in absence of a clear etiology for rupture of the extensor tendons of the hand, carpal lunate fracture, though rare, is an important cause of spontaneous extensor tendons rupture.

Resumen: La ruptura espontánea de tendones extensores digitales de la mano ha sido reportado después de la enfermedad de Kienböck, artritis reumatoide, síndrome de Jackson Vaughan, fractura del radio distal. La lesión del tendón también puede ocurrir como consecuencia de la fractura no reconocida de carpal semilunar. En este artículo, se presenta un caso de un hombre que sufre de rotura espontánea del tendón extensor digital secundaria a fractura semilunar no reconocida de los huesos del carpo con luxación dorsal del fragmento parcial. Los bordes del tendón se han limpiado y se sutura usando una sutura de Kessler. Un refuerzo dinámico se aplicó en extensión moderada de la muñeca. El propósito de este caso clínico es poner de relieve que, en ausencia de una etiología clara de la ruptura de los tendones extensores de la mano, una fractura de los huesos del carpo semilunar puede ser una causa importante de la ruptura espontánea de los tendones extensores de la mano.

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Background: In recent years the use of biodegradable suture anchors for treating tendon and ligament pathology in hand surgery became popular. These materials are biocompatible, radiolucent, and load sharing, as they incrementally transfer load to surrounding bone during the resorption process. Despite these numerous advantages, polyglycolic (PGA) and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) have become a problem because of the potential risk for foreign body reactions. Methods: This article presents a case of an intraosseous foreign body reaction and massive osteolysis of the proximal carpal after dorsal lunate dislocation repair with bioabsorbable suture anchors. Results: Because of the persistent pain and the decreased strength, a proximal row carpectomy was performed 12-months after the initial trauma. Conclusions: Hand surgeons should be aware of the possibility of a late foreign body reaction, that could be especially severe in carpal bones.

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The morphology and morphometry of the distal articular surface of the lunate exhibits inter-population variations. They are of clinical importance to hand surgeons due to their influence on the occurrence of proximal pole arthrosis which is a cause of ulnar-side wrist pain. The objective of the study was to determine the morphology and morphometry of the distal articular surface of the lunate bone in an adult Kenyan population. A descriptive cross-sectional study at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi. Fifty-six human hands obtained for routine dissection were used. The morphology of the distal articular surface of the lunate was classified as either Type I or Type II depending on the absence or presence of a medial facet for articulation with the hamate respectively. The width of the wrists and of the medial facet in Type II lunates was measured with SOMETTM CN-25 1234 vernier calipers (accurate to 1mm). Photomacrographs of representative lunate were taken. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. The Pearson correlation test was used to check for any correlations. Type II lunate morphology was more common with a prevalence of 34 (61 %) while 19 (34 %) were Type I. The mean width of wrists with Type I lunate was 41.1±2.8 mm while those with Type II had a mean width of 46.1±4.3 mm. The mean width of the medial facet in lunate type II was 4.4±1.4 mm. Lunotriquetral fusion was demonstrated in 3 (5 %) wrists. Prevalence of Type II lunate was higher than Type I. Wrists with a Type II lunate were wider than those with Type I. There was no correlation between the width of the wrist and the width of the medial facet of the lunate.

La morfología y morfometría de la superficie articular distal del hueso semilunar muestra variaciones entre la población. Es de importancia clínica para los cirujanos de mano debido a su influencia en la incidencia de la artrosis del polo proximal, que causa dolor ulnar en la muñeca. El objetivo fue determinar la morfología y morfometría de la superficie articular del hueso semilunar en una población adulta de Kenia. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en el Departamento de Anatomía Humana de la Universidad de Nairobi. Se utilizaron 56 manos humanas que fueron sometidas a disección de rutina. La morfología de la superficie articular distal del hueso semilunar se clasificó en Tipo I o Tipo II en función de la ausencia o presencia de una faceta medial de la articulación. El ancho de las muñecas y de la faceta medial en el Tipo II se midió con el caliper SOMETTM CN-25 1234 (precisión de 1 mm). Se tomaron macrofotografías representativas del hueso semilunar. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SPSS versión 17.0. Se utilizó la prueba de correlación de Pearson. La morfología del hueso semilunar Tipo II fue más frecuente con una prevalencia de 34 casos (61 %), mientras que 19 casos (34 %) eran de Tipo I. El ancho promedio de las muñecas del hueso semilunar Tipo I fue de 41,1±2,8 mm, mientras que las de Tipo II fue de 46,1±4,3 mm. El ancho promedio de la cara medial del hueso semilunar Tipo II fue de 4,4±1,4 mm. Se demostró fusión semilunar-piramidal en 3 casos (5 %). La prevalencia del hueso semilunar Tipo II fue mayor que la del hueso semilunar Tipo I. Las muñecas que presentaban hueso semilunar Tipo II fueron más anchas que las de Tipo I. No hubo correlación entre el ancho de la muñeca y el ancho de la faceta medial del hueso semilunar.

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We present the radiographic results of four patients with Kienböck disease who had undergone a simple lunate excision at 26, 30, 35, and 43 years after surgery.

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This study evaluated the pathology and therapeutic results of seven patients with intraosseous ganglia of the carpal bone. The mean age at the time of surgery was 27.6 years. The lesions were localized in the proximal carpal row in six patients and in the distal carpal row in only one. Surgical treatment was performed in all patients with good bone union. None had pain during activity or at rest and no recurrence had occurred. The intraosseous ganglia in four patients was of the idiopathic type, and in the other three patients was of the penetrating type. Although intraosseous ganglia of the carpal bone is reported as a rare disease, there were 159 cases in the literature. The pathology was intra- or extraosseous development, showing variation, but most cases were localized in the proximal carpal row.

Este estudio evaluó la patología y resultados terapéuticos de siete pacientes con ganglión intraóseo del hueso carpiano. La edad promedio en el momento de la cirugía fue 27.6 años. Las lesiones se localizaban en la fila proximal del carpo en seis pacientes y en la fila distal carpiana solamente en uno. El tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó en todos los pacientes con buena unión ósea. Ninguno tuvo dolor durante la actividad o el reposo, y no había tenido lugar recurrencia alguna. El ganglión intraóseo en cuatro pacientes fue de tipo idiopático, y en los otros tres pacientes fue de tipo penetrante. Aunque el ganglión intraóseo del hueso carpiano se informa como una enfermedad rara, se reportaban 159 casos en la literatura. La patología consistía en un desarrollo intra- o extraóseo, con variación, pero la mayoría de los casos se localizaban en la fila proximal carpiana.

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