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La adicción digital, que se determina como un problema común entre los adolescentes en los últimos años, afecta negativamente la vida de los adolescentes en muchos aspectos. El objetivo del estudio es examinar las relaciones entre la adicción digital, la soledad, la timidez y la ansiedad social de los adolescentes. Gate se reunió con adolescentes que completaron la Escala de adicción digital, la versión corta de la Escala de soledad de UCLA, la Escala de timidez y la Escala de gravedad del trastorno de ansiedad social DSM-5 - Formulario infantil. Las hipótesis sugeridas se han probado utilizando los datos recopilados de 991 adolescentes y un análisis de regresión jerárquica. Los resultados de la investigación encontraron una relación positiva y significativa entre la adicción digital, la soledad, la timidez y la ansiedad social entre los adolescentes. Además, los hallazgos muestran que la adicción digital, la soledad y la timidez predicen la ansiedad social. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la adicción digital, la soledad y la timidez tienen efecto sobre la ansiedad social. Según los hallazgos, se sugiere aplicar diversas intervenciones educativas por parte de profesionales de la salud mental a adolescentes que presenten signos de adicción digital, soledad, timidez y ansiedad social.(AU)

Digital addiction, which is determined as a common problem among adolescents in the last years, affects the lives of adolescents nega-tively in terms of many aspects. The aim of the study is to examine the re-lationships between adolescents' digital addiction, loneliness, shyness and social anxiety. Gate gathered from adolescents who completed Digital Ad-diction Scale, Short Form of UCLA Loneliness Scale, Shyness Scale, and DSM-5 Social Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale -Child Form. The suggest-ed hypotheses have been tested using the data gathered from 991 adoles-cents and hierarchical regression analysis. The research findings found a positive and significant relationship between digital addiction, loneliness, shyness and social anxiety among adolescents. Furthermore, the findings show that digital addiction, loneliness, and shyness predict social anxiety. The results obtained prove that digital addiction, loneliness and shyness have an effect on social anxiety. According to the findings, it is suggested to applyvarious educational interventions by mental health professionals to adolescents who show signs of digital addiction, loneliness, shyness, and social anxiety.(AU)

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Global polycrises comprise the synchronous or consecutive occurrence of various crises, with no intervening phases of stability, e.g., coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, inflation, war and climate crisis. This poses challenges for both society as a whole and its individual members. Polycrises are associated with enormous psychological stress, especially for vulnerable groups. Polycrises also impair social interaction, which can trigger or intensify subjectively stressful loneliness. The aim of this narrative review is to show how loneliness affects social behavior in times of global polycrises and what the consequences are. Loneliness is associated with both mental and physical morbidity and mortality as well as being a significant barrier to recovery. Studies have shown that there is a mutual detrimental influence between mental illness and loneliness. The social behavior of chronically lonely people is characterized by a negative cognitive bias, hypervigilance in the social context and a dysregulated oxytocin system. Furthermore, the quality and quantity of these relationships are significantly impaired. The social consequences of loneliness are, for example, a decrease in social engagement and low voting participation. The phenomenon of loneliness clearly shows that crises can exacerbate latent problems and bring them to the surface; however, crises should also be seen as an opportunity to openly and constructively address shame-laden topics such as loneliness in public discourse and in psychotherapeutic settings.

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Background: Heavy workload, job stress and lack of colleague support can lead to loneliness and burnout in nurses. Caring for a patient with constant pain can cause compassion fatigue. Loneliness at work and compassion fatigue also negatively affect the quality of patient care. Aim: This study aims to determine the effect of resilience on loneliness at work and compassion fatigue in nurses. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was conducted with a total of 214 nurses. Results: A statistically significant negative relationship was found between the level of loneliness at work and resilience, and between resilience and compassion fatigue in nurses. The mediating role of resilience was found to be significant in the effect of loneliness at work on compassion fatigue in nurses. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest empowering nurses who have loneliness at work and compassion fatigue. Compassion fatigue is seen as occupational deformation. Nurses need to learn how to manage compassion fatigue, develop coping skills and receive support to ensure job satisfaction. In addition, nurse managers should create a reasonable workload for nurses. These efforts can increase the job satisfaction and patient care quality of nursing departments.

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The present study analysed changes in loneliness between 2006 and 2015 and associated factors using publicly available data (N = 128,718) from the European Social Survey from 17 countries. The study protocol was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/eq63j/). Loneliness-weighted prevalence (and mean) decreased from 30% to 27% over time. The decreasing trend was significant for both sexes. Young and old age groups reported a decline in loneliness over time while other age groups did not. Loneliness did not demonstrate a significant decline - but rather a stable trend - in persons with disability and first- and second-generation immigrants. Sociodemographic characteristics, social factors, well-being and psychological distress were associated with loneliness. These findings update those from previous studies indicating that loneliness trends and differences between European regions might be better explained by differences in psychological distress.

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Guided by the conceptual frameworks of social withdrawal (Rubin, K. H., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2021). Perspectives on social withdrawal in childhood: Past, present, and prospects. Child Development Perspectives, 15(3), 160-167.) and emotion socialization (Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273.; Morris, (A) S., Criss, M. M., Silk, J. S., & Houltberg, (B) J. (2017). The impact of parenting on emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 11(4), 233-238.), the current study examined multifaceted relations among temperamental shyness, peer competence, and loneliness and focused on the role of socializing and expressing positive emotion in middle childhood. Participants included 1,364 families, among whom mothers reported children's temperament when children were 4.5 years old. Mothers and alternative caregivers (usually fathers) independently rated family expressiveness when children were 8-9 years old. Mothers rated their children's peer competence, and children's positive affect with peers were observed when children were ages 8-9 and 10-11. Children self-rated their loneliness levels at ages 10-11. A path model revealed a moderated mediation effect, such that family positive expressiveness moderated the sequential mediation pathway from child temperamental shyness through child peer competence at ages 8-9 and positive affect with peers at ages 10-11 to loneliness at ages 10-11. This sequential mediation was significant only under low but not high levels of family positive expressiveness. Findings support the importance of socializing positive emotion in the context of temperamental shyness and have implications for family-based intervention strategies aimed at children exhibiting high temperamental shyness.

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BACKGROUND: Neuroticism is related to mental and physical health. This study examined whether neuroticism and its underlying components were associated with risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. METHODS: Community-dwelling adults (N = 491,323) in the UK Biobank completed a neuroticism scale between 2006 and 2010. Vital status was tracked up to December 2022 via linkage with the UK National Health Service. RESULTS: Over 17 years of follow-up, 43,400 (8.8 %) participants died. Accounting for age, sex, and ethnicity, participants who scored 1 SD higher on neuroticism had a 10 % greater risk of dying (HR = 1.10, 95%CI = 1.09-1.11), an association that remained significant but was explained partly by socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and chronic conditions. Item-level analyses found that loneliness was the neuroticism item most predictive of mortality (HR = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.43-1.49), especially in males. Neuroticism and loneliness were more predictive of mortality among relatively younger adults and those with lower education. Among the causes of death, neuroticism and loneliness had the strongest association with deaths due to intentional self-harm, respiratory and digestive system diseases. LIMITATIONS: Loneliness was assessed with a single item. The associations could be due to increases in neuroticism and loneliness approaching death. However, contrary to expectations from reverse causality, the associations were similar when excluding deaths within the first five or ten years of follow-up. Future research should examine whether findings from this high-income country replicate in middle- and lower-income communities. CONCLUSIONS: Loneliness was the component of neuroticism most strongly associated with premature mortality, including from intentional self-harm, respiratory, and digestive system causes of death.

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BACKGROUND: The status of being unmarried is commonly associated with a higher tendency for loneliness and cognitive impairment. However, it has yet to be determined whether there is a link between loneliness and cognitive function among unmarried older people. Therefore, this study used longitudinal data to determine the link between loneliness and cognitive function, and the subjects were unmarried community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: The study follows up a sample of 733 unmarried older adults who were either never married, widowed, divorced or separated, from waves one and two of the 'Neuroprotective Model for Healthy Longevity among Malaysian Older Adults' study. The main statistical analysis used to answer the research question was the PROCESS macro (model 1) for SPSS. RESULTS: The study found that increased loneliness was associated with a decline in cognitive function over a 3-year period. Additionally, gender moderated the link between loneliness and cognitive function, with this association being particularly prominent in older men. CONCLUSIONS: Loneliness among unmarried older people should be given attention as it could lead to deteriorating cognitive function. Notably, older men experience a more substantial impact of loneliness on cognitive function than women. Therefore, special attention should be focused on this population, and more social services should be developed to reduce the incidence of cognitive impairment, improve their quality of life, and promote successful ageing.

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A growing body of evidence has provided support for the beneficial impact of human-animal interactions on a range of biological, social, and psychological outcomes for humans; however, less is conclusively known about the association between animal companionship and psycho-social health specifically among aging populations. In this study, we assessed the association between animal companionship and psycho-social well-being in a large sample (N = 30,865) of community dwelling Canadians aged 45 and older. Using cross-sectional data from the Canadian Community Health Survey-Healthy Aging, we conducted hierarchical multiple regression to assess the relationship between animal companionship and four domains of psycho-social well-being (satisfaction with life, loneliness, depression, and levels of social support) after controlling for socio-demographic factors and psycho-social measures. Results indicate that those with animal companionship report significantly higher levels of social support than aging Canadians without animal companionship; however, animal companionship was also associated with significantly lower levels of life satisfaction and higher levels of both loneliness and depression. These findings complicate the existing literature on human-animal interactions by suggesting the benefits associated with animal companionship may vary across distinct domains of psycho-social health. As such, results from this study highlight the need for more nuanced model specifications when assessing the relationship between animal companionship and psycho-social well-being. Implications of these findings for the provision of social services to older adults with pets are provided.

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Time perspective is a theoretical construct that describes how humans perceive time, which can influence decision-making and subsequent behavior. Research has shown that an individual's dominant time perspective can be linked to increased risk of poor health. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between time perspective and perceived social isolation. Specifically, we examined the role of social interaction anxiety in the relationship between time perspective and perceived social isolation in a normative sample of college-aged individuals. Undergraduates (n = 1780) at a large midwestern university completed an online survey. Results revealed that future-oriented, past-positive, and present-hedonistic time perspectives were significantly negatively associated with perceived social isolation. In contrast, past-negative was positively associated with perceived social isolation, and these relationships were partially explained by social interaction anxiety. Understanding dominant time perspectives can help us to better assess health risk factors and may help to develop interventions to promote healthy behaviors.

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Older adults have a strong desire for emotional connectivity and those who lack such social connectedness would be easily taken advantage of and experience fraud. We aimed to examine the association between loneliness and fraud victimization and further investigate the causal relationship through experimental manipulation. Fifty younger adults (aged 18-29, Mage = 26.62), 43 middle-aged adults (aged 32-53, Mage = 40.84) and 54 older adults (aged 60-88, Mage = 68.31) were randomly assigned to induced loneliness or control conditions by a complete randomized design and then were asked to rate the credibility and purchase intention for nine misleading advertisements. Middle-aged and older adults, but not younger adults, showed higher susceptibility to fraud after loneliness manipulation. The present experiment confirmed that loneliness could lead to higher fraud victimization for middle-aged and older adults, suggesting future interventions should target those lonely middle-aged and older adults to prevent potential fraud.

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BACKGROUND: Globally, loneliness is a growing public health concern associated with poor mental and physical health among older adults. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the prevalence of loneliness and associated risk factors among older adults across six continents. METHODS: Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and references lists were comprehensively searched until April 2024. Data analysis was performed using Logit Transformation model in R-Software for pooled prevalence and DerSimonian-Lard random-effects model in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis for associated factors of loneliness. Heterogeneity was quantified by I2 and τ2 statistics. The funnel plot and Egger's regression test assessed publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 70 studies with 462,083 older adults were included. The pooled prevalence of loneliness was 26 % (95 %CI, 23 %-30 %) with 38 % for North America, 34 % for Africa, 32 % for Asia and South America, 23 % for Europe, and 13 % for Oceania. Cognitive impairment (2.98; 95 %CI, 1.30-6.81), poor health (2.35; 95 %CI, 1.59-3.45), female (1.92; 95 %CI, 1.53-2.41), depression (1.74; 95 %CI, 1.40-2.16), widowed (1.67; 95 %CI, 1.13-2.48), single (1.51; 95 %CI, 1.06-2.17), institutionalization (2.95; 95 %CI, 1.48-5.88), rural residency (1.18; 95 %CI, 1.04-1.34) were associated with increased risk of loneliness. Being married (0.51; 95 %CI, 0.31-0.82), male (0.55; 95 %CI, 0.43-0.70), and non-institutionalization (0.34; 95 %CI, 0.17-0.68) were associated with lower risk of loneliness. CONCLUSION: Approximately, three among ten older adults aged ≥ 60 years are lonely worldwide. Early detection, prevention, and management of loneliness among older adults should consider diverse needs using gender-specific approaches.

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BACKGROUND: Social disequilibrium, or disrupted social homeostasis, underlies many behavioral disorders, including problematic drug use. One way to study the relationship between drug use and social homeostasis is to determine whether single doses of psychoactive drugs relieve some of the discomfort of social isolation and promote social connection. METHODS: In this narrative review, we discuss challenges and opportunities in studying the relationship between psychoactive drugs and social homeostasis. Using the examples of opioids and amphetamines, we discuss the evidence that drugs alleviate dysphoria related to lack of social connection or produce pro-social effects that improve connection. RESULTS: With regard to opioid drugs, we report that mu opioid agonists and kappa opioid antagonists reduce distress from social isolation, and mu opioid agonists enhance social reward. Amphetamine-like stimulant drugs, including MDMA, do not seem to act by reducing the distress of social isolation, but they have notable prosocial effects that increase both motivation for social contact and the pleasure derived from interacting socially. CONCLUSIONS: Many questions remain in understanding interactions between drugs and social equilibrium, including whether these effects contribute to problematic drug use. We identify gaps in knowledge, including the effects of drug withdrawal or dependence on social function, or the responses of individuals with psychiatric symptomatology. Understanding these actions on social processes will help to develop novel pharmacologic treatments for clinical problems related to social disequilibrium.

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BACKGROUND: Existing research has highlighted the positive association of material deprivation, loneliness, and poor social support with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, there is limited information on the complex interplay between these risk factors. In this study, we investigated (1) whether loneliness and social support moderate the relationship between material deprivation and MDD and (2) whether social support moderates the association between material deprivation and loneliness. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study analyzing responses from a representative sample of the Spanish adult population, comprising 2790 individuals who were interviewed between 2019 and 2021. The 12-month prevalence of MDD was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Loneliness was measured using the three-item UCLA Loneliness Scale, and social support was evaluated with the Oslo social support scale. Material deprivation was measured using an instrument developed by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics (INE). Regression models were constructed to investigate moderating effects. RESULTS: About 25 % of participants experienced material deprivation and 2.8 % had MDD. Among those with lower levels of loneliness, the probability of MDD was almost 0.10 and no significant differences were found in relation to material deprivation. Conversely, differences depending on material deprivation ranged from 0.10 (95 % CI 0.03, 0.18) to 0.44 (95 % CI 0.24, 0.65) among those with higher levels of loneliness. Social support effectively moderated the association between material deprivation and loneliness. LIMITATION: The cross-sectional nature limits causal inferences. CONCLUSION: Social support has the potential to improve loneliness and mental health in individuals with economic difficulties.

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BACKGROUND: Nature prescribing - a written recommendation by health or social professional for a person to spend more time in nature - is being heralded by some as a potential solution to loneliness, a felt deprivation of meaningful connection, companionship, and camaraderie. However, such recommendations currently lack evidence on how much time in nature is needed to tackle loneliness and over what timescale. METHODS: General, emotional, and social loneliness were measured using De Jong Gierveld's 6-item scale in a nationally representative sample of 3043 Australian participants at baseline (October 2020), with 2421 and 2123 completing follow-ups at 4 months (February 2021) and 16 months (February 2022), respectively. Multilevel logistic regressions examined the odds of change in loneliness status between baseline and follow-up in relation to hours spent in nature in the 7 days prior to the baseline survey, adjusting for confounding factors that influence time spent in nature and the risk of feeling lonely. FINDINGS: Relief from general loneliness in those experiencing it at baseline was 22.4% at month 4 and 29.4% at month 16. The equivalent findings for relief from social loneliness and emotional loneliness were 21.2% and 24.6%, and 34.2% and 41.2% at months 4 and 16, respectively. Incidence of loneliness at 4 months was 21.8% (general), 26.1% (social), and 11.8% (emotional), and at 16 months was 22.7% (general), 25.6% (social), and 12% (emotional). At each time point, the prevalence of loneliness was lower among participants with more time in nature. Just 1-2 hours per week in nature (versus <1) was associated with relief from social loneliness at 4 months (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.69, 95%CI 1.10, 2.65) and at 16 months (OR 2.10, 95%CI 1.34, 3.30). Higher odds of relief from emotional loneliness were observed at 3-4 hours spent in nature at 4 months (OR 1.84, 95%CI 1.11, 3.06) and at 16 months (OR 1.82, 95%CI 1.09, 3.07). Incidence of loneliness was not associated with nature contact. INTERPRETATION: Increasing time in nature may an effective non-medical prescription for people who are lonely to find durable relief within a relatively short space of time. Findings from this longitudinal study can inform further investigation through randomised trials of co-designed nature prescriptions targeting relief from loneliness in vulnerable populations.

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Social isolation and loneliness (SIL) are public health challenges that disproportionally affect individuals who experience structural and socio-economic exclusion. The social and health outcomes of SIL for people with experiences of being unhoused have largely remained unexplored. Yet, there is limited synthesis of literature focused on SIL to appropriately inform policy and targeted social interventions for people with homelessness experience. The aim of this scoping review is to synthesize evidence on SIL among people with lived experience of homelessness and explore how it negatively impacts their wellbeing. We carried out a comprehensive literature search from Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science's Social Sciences Citation Index and Science Citation Index for peer-reviewed studies published between January 1st, 2000 to January 3rd, 2023. Studies went through title, abstract and full-text screening conducted independently by at least two reviewers. Included studies were then analyzed and synthesized to identify the conceptualizations of SIL, measurement tools and approaches, prevalence characterization, and relationship with social and health outcomes. The literature search yielded 5,294 papers after removing duplicate records. Following screening, we retained 27 qualitative studies, 23 quantitative studies and two mixed method studies. SIL was not the primary objective of most of the included articles. The prevalence of SIL among people with homelessness experience varied from 25 to 90% across studies. A range of measurement tools were used to measure SIL making it difficult to compare results across studies. Though the studies reported associations between SIL, health, wellbeing, and substance use, we found substantial gaps in the literature. Most of the quantitative studies were cross-sectional, and only one study used health administrative data to ascertain health outcomes. More studies are needed to better understand SIL among this population and to build evidence for actionable strategies and policies to address its social and health impacts.

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Rising concerns about social isolation and loneliness globally have highlighted the need for a greater understanding of their mental and physical health implications. Robust evidence documents social connection factors as independent predictors of mental and physical health, with some of the strongest evidence on mortality. Although most data are observational, evidence points to directionality of effects, plausible pathways, and in some cases a causal link between social connection and later health outcomes. Societal trends across several indicators reveal increasing rates of those who lack social connection, and a significant portion of the population reporting loneliness. The scientific study on social isolation and loneliness has substantially extended over the past two decades, particularly since 2020; however, its relevance to health and mortality remains underappreciated by the public. Despite the breadth of evidence, several challenges remain, including the need for a common language to reconcile the diverse relevant terms across scientific disciplines, consistent multi-factorial measurement to assess risk, and effective solutions to prevent and mitigate risk. The urgency for future health is underscored by the potentially longer-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the role of digital technologies in societal shifts, that could contribute to further declines in social, mental and physical health. To reverse these trends and meet these challenges, recommendations are offered to more comprehensively address gaps in our understanding, and to foster social connection and address social isolation and loneliness.

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BACKGROUND: Loneliness is a public health concern and more than half of the residents in nursing homes experience lonliness. Risk factors are age and loss of close relatives. PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe experiences of loneliness among older people living in an academic nursing home. METHODS: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten older people and data analysed with systematic text condensation inspired by a phenomenological approach. RESULTS: Three themes were identified: "Relatives and health care professionals matter"; "Acceptance and meaningful existence alleviate loneliness"; and "Challenges affecting the experience of loneliness". The older persons described themselves as lonely, but their experience of loneliness differed. They managed loneliness by adapting to it or getting used to it; some also chose to be alone. To add meaningfulness to their daily life, talking about memories and their past were appriciated. Personality traits and variations in functional ability were identified as barriers to social interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals can reduce negative experiences of loneliness by listening to nursing home residents, creating a meaningful daily life with individualized activities, and by encouraging contacts with close relatives. This can be a way of maintaining older persons' dignity and coping with the longing for what has been.

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BACKGROUND: Social isolation and loneliness can co-occur; however, they are distinct concepts. There is discrepancy as some people feel lonely in social isolation, while others do not. This study sought to enhance our understanding of this discrepancy between social isolation and loneliness by investigating its related factors, with a specific focus on mental status and personality traits. METHODS: This study adopted a cross-sectional study design and utilized data from the 2016 and 2018 waves of the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study. The participants were community dwellers aged 50 years and older. The outcome measurement was defined as the discrepancy between social isolation, based on six criteria, and loneliness, assessed using the three-item version of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Multinomial logistic regression models were conducted to examine the factors associated with the discrepancy. RESULTS: Participants with fewer depressive symptoms and higher extraversion were associated with the only social isolation group and the only loneliness group rather than the group consisting of those who felt lonely with social isolation. In addition, lower neuroticism was associated with the only social isolation group. Participants with fewer depressive symptoms, lower neuroticism, and higher extraversion were more likely not to feel lonely even with social isolation, compared to feeling lonely even in the absence of isolation. CONCLUSIONS: Mental status and personality traits may be closely related to the discrepancy between social isolation and loneliness. This study suggests that incorporating social, mental, and psychological factors may be essential for interventions in social isolation and loneliness.

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BACKGROUND: Emotional abuse is one of the important risk factors for adolescent loneliness. However, there is a shortage of information regarding protective factors and potential mediating mechanisms between emotional abuse and adolescent loneliness, which require further investigation. OBJECTIVES: The present study explored the chain mediating role of self-compassion and rejection sensitivity on the pathway from childhood emotional abuse to adolescent loneliness, based on attachment theory and a stress process model. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Five hundred sixty-seven Chinese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years participated in this study. METHODS: An online questionnaire was utilized to assess a variety of variables including childhood emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, self-compassion, rejection sensitivity, and loneliness. To increase the validity of the results, physical and sexual abuse were included as covariates since emotional abuse may co-occur with these types of abuse. RESULTS: Emotional abuse in childhood is significantly positively correlated with adolescent loneliness. Emotional abuse in childhood can affect adolescent loneliness not only directly, but also indirectly through self-compassion (including its components of self-warmth and self-coldness) and rejection sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds further light on the chain mediating role of self-compassion and rejection sensitivity in the relationship between emotional abuse in childhood and loneliness in adolescence, suggesting that intervention programs targeting increased self-compassion and decreased rejection sensitivity may be effective to reduce loneliness in adolescents.

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