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RESUMEN Tomando como punto de referencia, en términos de la temporalidad, el desarrollo de la última década del siglo actual, este estudio aborda la imperiosa tarea de comprender y promover una implementación efectiva del DIH en el contexto del conflicto armado en la región Caribe colombiana. Ahora bien, en virtud de este análisis, se identifica la necesidad de un enfoque armónico fundamentado en premisas participativas, tomando en cuenta a los residentes locales como a los actores directamente involucrados en el conflicto. Cabe resaltar que este análisis destaca como ejemplo el caso del Clan del Golfo. Con una metodología primordialmente cualitativa, consecuente con su naturaleza, este estudio busca ofrecer una perspectiva renovada y contextual que pueda orientar futuras investigaciones y políticas públicas en los ámbitos del DIH. En consonancia con sus objetivos, se enfatiza la importancia de afinar las metodologías ante la naturaleza cambiante de los conflictos en la región.

ABSTRACT Using the development of the last decade of the current century as a temporal reference point, this study tackles the urgent task of understanding and promoting an effective implementation of IHL (International Humanitarian Law) within the context of the armed conflict in the Colombian Caribbean region. Based on this analysis, there's an identified need for a harmonious approach grounded in participatory premises, considering both local residents and actors directly involved in the conflict. It's worth noting that this analysis particularly highlights the case of the Gulf Clan as an example. Employing a primarily qualitative methodology, in line with its nature, this study aims to provide a refreshed and contextual perspective that can guide future research and public policies in the realms of IHL. Consistent with its objectives, the importance of refining methodologies given the ever-changing nature of conflicts in the region is emphasized.

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A hanseníase é uma das enfermidades mais antigas que se tem notícia, com registros que remontam a antiguidade. Ao longo dos tempos, as pessoas com a doença foram despojadas de seus direitos humanos por meio de políticas de isolamento, exclusão e até de cunho eugênico, apartando seus filhos do convívio com pais e mães portadores. O desafio, na atualidade, é a promoção, pelas Nações que viveram a moléstia em sua história, de políticas voltadas a prevenir abusos e afronta aos direitos humanos e reparar, inclusive com indenizações, os males sofridos no apartheid histórico.

Leprosy is one of the oldest known illnesses, with records dating back to antiquity. Over time, people with the disease have been stripped of their human rights through policies of isolation, exclusion and even eugenic policies, separating their children from their mothers and fathers who are carriers. The challenge today is the promotion, by Nations that have experienced the disease in their history, of promoting policies aimed at preventing abuses and affronts to human rights and repairing, including with compensation, the evils suffered during historical apartheid.

La lepra es una de las enfermedades más antiguas conocidas, con registros que se remontan a la antigüedad. Con el tiempo, las personas con la enfermedad han sido despojadas de sus derechos humanos mediante políticas de aislamiento, exclusión e incluso políticas eugenésicas, separando a sus hijos de sus madres y padres portadores. El desafío hoy es la promoción, por parte de las Naciones que han experimentado la enfermedad en su historia, de promover políticas destinadas a prevenir abusos y afrentas a los derechos humanos y reparar, incluso mediante compensaciones, los males sufridos durante el apartheid histórico.

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Objetivo: compreender a judicialização da saúde no Brasil e analisar, na perspectiva da desjudicialização da saúde, o Acordo de Cooperação Técnica, firmado em 02 de dezembro de 2021, entre a Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, a Advocacia Geral do Estado de Minas Gerais e a Defensoria Pública Estadual de Minas Gerais para a gestão dos medicamentos Ranibizumabe e Aflibercept. Método: realizou-se revisão narrativa da literatura sobre a judicialização da saúde e um estudo exploratório baseado em análise documental dos antecedentes do Acordo de Cooperação Técnica. Resultados e discussões: a autocomposição e solução consensual de conflitos por parte da Administração Pública possui amplo respaldo legal e, no atual cenário jurídico e administrativo, é o meio mais eficaz e eficiente para concretizar o interesse público subjacente, notadamente o direito à saúde, promovendo sua desjudicialização. Esse cenário aponta para o potencial de novas soluções, entre elas a implementação de diálogos interinstitucionais, como é exemplo o Acordo de Cooperação Técnica estudado, o qual projeta-se poder servir de embrião para uma tendência permanente na gestão da judicialização da saúde no âmbito da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Minas Gerais. Considerações finais: o acordo de cooperação estudado tem grande potencial para a desjudicialização das ações com pedidos dos medicamentos oftalmológicos, além de outros cujas incorporações forem propostas em seu bojo. Ele também promove a atuação sinérgica e convergente dos atores que atuam na judicialização. A perspectiva é que, a partir desse marco, estas ações judiciais diminuam e os pacientes passem a ser atendidos pela via de fornecimento administrativo do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Objective: to understand the judicialization of health in Brazil and analyze, from the perspective of health de-judicialization, the Technical Cooperation Agreement signed on December 2, 2021, between the State Health Departmentof Minas Gerais , the State Attorney General's Office of Minas Gerais, and the State Public Defender's Office of Minas Gerais for the management of the medications Ranibizumab and Aflibercept. Method: a narrative review of the literature on the judicialization of health and an exploratory study based on documentary analysis of the antecedents of the Technical Cooperation Agreement were carried out. Results and discussions: Self-composition and consensual resolution of conflicts by the Public Administration has broad legal support and, in the current legal and administrative scenario, is the most effective and efficient means of realizing the underlying public interest, notably the right to health, promoting its dejudicialization. This scenario points to the potential for new solutions, including the implementation of interinstitutional dialogues, such as the Technical Cooperation Agreement studied, which is expected to serve as the embryo for a permanent trend in the management of the judicialization of health within the scope of State Health Departmentof Minas Gerais. Final considerations: ahe cooperation agreement studied has great potential for the dejudicialization of actions with requests for ophthalmological medicines, in addition to others whose incorporations are proposed within it. It also promotes synergistic and convergent action by actors involved in judicialization. The perspective is that, from this milestone, these legal actions will decrease and patients will begin to be served through the United Health System administrative supply route.

Objetivo: comprender la judicialización de la salud en Brasil y analizar, desde la perspectiva de la desjudicialización de la salud, el Acuerdo de Cooperación Técnica firmado el 2 de diciembre de 2021 entre la Secretaría de Estado de Saludde Minas Gerais, la Procuraduría General del Estado de Minas Gerais (AGE-MG) y la Defensoría Pública Estatal de Minas Gerais para la gestión de los medicamentos Ranibizumab y Aflibercept. Método: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre la judicialización de la salud y un estudio exploratorio basado en un análisis documental de los antecedentes del Acuerdo de Cooperación Técnica. Resultados y discusiones: La autocomposición y resolución consensuada de conflictos por parte de la Administración Pública tiene un amplio respaldo legal y, en el actual escenario jurídico y administrativo, es el medio más eficaz y eficiente para realizar el interés público subyacente, en particular el derecho a la salud. promoviendo su desjudicialización. Este escenario apunta al potencial de nuevas soluciones, incluida la implementación de diálogos interinstitucionales, como el Acuerdo de Cooperación Técnica estudiado, que se espera sirva como embrión de una tendencia permanente en la gestión de la judicialización de la salud en el ámbito de la Secretaría de Estado de Salud de Minas Gerais. Consideraciones finales: el convenio de cooperación estudiado tiene un gran potencial para la desjudicialización de acciones con solicitudes de medicamentos oftalmológicos, además de otras cuyas incorporaciones se proponen dentro del mismo. También promueve acciones sinérgicas y convergentes por parte de los actores involucrados en la judicialización. La perspectiva es que, a partir de este hito, esas acciones legales disminuyan y los pacientes comiencen a ser atendidos a través de la vía administrativa de abastecimiento del Sistema de Salud Unido.

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A resenha apresenta a obra 'Curso de especialização em direito sanitário ­ EAD: uma jornada virtual de reflexões e conhecimentos', fruto de importante ação pedagógica desenvolvida na área de Direito Sanitário e que disponibilizou ao público em geral, o resultado desse trabalho. O livro, disponível de forma eletrônica e gratuita, estimula o pensamento crítico e contribui para a consolidação de conhecimentos de questões sanitárias relevantes.

The review presents the work 'Specialization Course in Health Law ­ EAD: A Virtual Journey of Reflections and Knowledge,' the result of an important pedagogical initiative developed in the field of Health Law, which made the outcome of this work available to the general public. The book, available electronically and free of charge, stimulates critical thinking and contributes to the consolidation of knowledge on relevant health issues.

La reseña presenta la obra 'Curso de especialización en derecho sanitario ­ EAD: un viaje virtual de reflexiones y conocimientos', resultado de una importante acción pedagógica desarrollada en el área de Derecho Sanitario, que puso a disposición del público en general el resultado de este trabajo. El libro, disponible en formato electrónico y de forma gratuita, estimula el pensamiento crítico y contribuye a la consolidación de conocimientos sobre temas sanitarios relevantes.

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Living at high altitudes impose physiological and ecological challenges to which species may respond altering their body size, body proportions, and the shape of their body parts. Despite the importance of this topic for understanding the origin of species diversity, little attention has been invested in this phenomenon at the populational level. This paper study the relationship between altitude and body size, body proportions, and forewing shape venation of two populations of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes. Wasps were collected from Diatraea spp. larvae from sugarcane crops in two Colombian mountain ranges that cover between 600 m and 2143 m of altitude. Linear measurements of different body regions and geometric morphometrics of the forewing were subject to multivariate comparisons and allometric analyses to assess variation and to compare trends between ranges. Central (600 m to 1704 m) and Eastern Cordillera (877 m to 2143 m) populations showed different trends between body size and altitude. Allometric trends were not uniform within or between populations nor between structures. The allometric slopes of five body measurements from a single altitude differed from these from its own mountain range suggesting that body size trends along the cordilleras are a consequence of altitude and not of intrinsic body resource allocation processes. Wing shape between populations differed; however, these changes were poorly related to altitude. In agreement with recent studies in other groups, the observed allometric and wing shape differences between the two C. flavipes populations could be a plasticity response to altitude with interesting implications for posterior genetic differentiation.

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PURPOSE: As governments around the world are shaping policy responses to advance adolescent well-being and protect their rights, the tools and resources to strengthen policy foundations, and ultimately improve their effectiveness, remain limited. This paper proposes a framework to support policy action with an explicit adolescent focus and applies it to two illustrative case studies to unpack the underlying policy conditions for success. METHODS: We develop an analytic framework with an adolescent lens that focuses on the full policy life-course, from development, to implementation, to evaluation. We then choose two illustrative case studies to apply this framework - 1) abolition of secondary school fees policy in Kenya and 2) age of marriage law in Mexico. These cases were chosen based on the existence of rigorous causal evidence of effect, alignment of salience with expert opinions, broad-based implications for adolescents across contexts, and varied levels of success at achieving intended outcomes. RESULTS: Our framework identified six key components as critical foundations for adolescent-focused policies: (1) policy features and costs, (2) implementation considerations, (3) participatory approach, (4) inclusion and coverage, (5) policy appropriateness, and (6) monitoring and evaluation, each with key adolescent-specific elements. We find that the majority of the essential policy elements are addressed in the school fees abolition policy (Kenya), but are sparser in the age of marriage law (Mexico). The results also highlight the lack of decentralized monitoring as well as meaningful adolescent engagement at any level of policy development as potential drivers of ineffectiveness of adolescent-centric policies. DISCUSSION: Our adolescent policy analysis framework can serve as an important tool to define principles in the development of effective adolescent policies. It also can serve as a useful evaluation tool to unpack the 'black box' of policy effectiveness when combined with robustly estimated effects.

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The presence of livestock in riparian areas raises several questions about the conservation and sustainable use of water resources and biodiversity in Brazil. Although the Native Vegetation Protection Law (No. 12,651) focuses on riparian vegetation, protected as Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), it does not exclude the presence of livestock in these fragile areas. Here, we provide an overview of APPs in Brazil and analyze the legal instruments that enable livestock in these areas, gathering the scientific evidence on associated environmental impacts. Currently, cattle in riparian areas represent a direct threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services, especially because these animals promote trampling, loss of vegetation, soil erosion, siltation, and pollution through urine and feces. To avoid cattle in APPs, legislation should be revised to implement more stringent restrictions; in parallel, alternatives for watering the animals must be sought, such as, for example, the installation of artificial ponds and drinking fountains. It would be appropriate to propose legislation or create incentives to fence livestock in pasture areas to preventing it from accessing APPs. Increasing cattle confinement is an alternative measure to traditional ranching in open pasture. Riparian zones represent a critical environment for biodiversity and society, so the presence of cattle and its associated negative impacts should be seriously considered by authorities.

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The variance-mean scaling in population abundance or Taylor's power law (TPL) has been reported hundreds of times and is related to ecological processes such as competition, dispersal or territoriality. In this sense, the TPL was extensively validated to resume population variability and to show the action of ecological mechanisms. Baumgartner and Peláez (2024) combine databases of fish dynamics along the United States, species traits, species phylogeny and climatic conditions, estimating the TPL for 180 species along 972 populations. The observed scaling suggests that the variability of the population decreases with abundance. Notably, 68% of the variation in the variance-mean scaling was explained by species traits and environmental conditions. Specifically, the life history of the species, associated with its body size, was the main explanation for the TPL, also reporting that the variability of the population increased faster with mean abundance in the headwaters than in other river sections. Equally important, the diversity of the community in which the species were inserted did not affect the scaling. These results provide overwhelming evidence on the nature of TPL on large geographic scales and how they are affected by species biology and environmental conditions. A contribution that should motivate further empirical and theoretical analysis of the TPL and its determinants.

El escalamiento en varianza con la media de la abundancia poblacional, ha sido reportado en cientos de sistemas y es conocido como Ley Poder de Taylor (TPL, de sus siglas en inglés). Este escalamiento se ha relacionado con la importancia de la competencia, dispersión o territorialidad, resumiendo la dinámica poblacional y su conexión con distintos mecanismos ecológicos. El estudio publicado por Baumgartner y Peláez (2024) combina bases de datos de dinámica de peces en los Estados Unidos de América, de sus rasgos, filogenia y ambientales, estimando la TPL para un total de 180 especies a lo largo de 972 poblaciones. El escalamiento observado sugiere que la variabilidad disminuye con la abundancia de las poblaciones. Notablemente, el 68% de la variación en el escalamiento fue explicado por los rasgos de las especies (historia de vida y tamaño corporal) y las condiciones ambientales. Aumentando más rápidamente la variabilidad en la dinámica poblacional con la abundancia media en las cabeceras que en otras secciones del río. Igualmente importante fue la falta de efectos significativos de la biodiversidad de la comunidad sobre el escalamiento varianza­media de sus poblaciones. Estos resultados proporcionan una contundente evidencia sobre la naturaleza de la TPL en grandes escalas geográficas y cómo se ve afectada por la biología de las especies y las condiciones ambientales. Resultados y abordajes que sugieren futuros análisis empíricos y teóricos sobre la TPL y sus determinantes.

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Introdução: Na medida em que envelhecemos os lábios estreitam-se, ocasionando perda de volume e contorno e como forma de minimizar este efeito fisiológico o preenchimento labial de escolha utilizado é o ácido hialurônico. É possível perceber efeitos adversos advindos do emprego deste material, e pelo fato da informação ao paciente ser assegurada pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor e pelo fato da necessidade dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas terem de esclarecer seus pacientes, o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido tornase necessário. Objetivo: identificar, por meio de aplicação de questionário, a percepção de profissionais que trabalham com Harmonização Orofacial em relação a necessidade do emprego do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). O questionário apresentou 6 perguntas objetivas, que foram disponibilizadas na plataforma Google Forms®. Material e Método: os dados obtidos foram tabulados em uma planilha eletrônica do programa Microsoft Excel e após analisados descritivamente através de tabelas de frequência, porcentagens e gráficos estatísticos. Resultados: dentre os entrevistados foi constatado que a maioria, 87,5% dos especialistas em Harmonização Orofacial realizam o procedimento de preenchimento labial em sua rotina clínica, e 12,5% não. Conclusão: no presente estudo identificamos que os especialistas realizam o emprego do TCLE, em sua maioria, porém, alguns destes ainda negligenciam o seu uso(AU)

Introduction: As we age, the lips become thinner and to minimize this effect, the lip filler used is hyaluronic acid. It is possible to notice adverse effects arising from the use of this material, and it is extremely important that Dental Surgeons have to clarify their patients, the Free and Informed Consent Form becomes necessary. Objective: to identify, through the application of a questionnaire, the perception of professionals who work with Orofacial Harmonization in relation to the need to use the Free and Informed Consent Form (TCLE). The questionnaire presented 6 objective questions, which were made available on the Google Forms® platform. Materials and Methods: the data obtained were tabulated in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then analyzed descriptively using frequency tables, percentages and graphs. Results: among those interviewed, it was found that the majority, 87.5% of specialists in Orofacial Harmonization perform the lip filling procedure in their clinical routine, and 12.5% do not. With the high percentage of 59.4%, it was possible to verify that the majority of professionals perform 1 to 3 procedures per month; 31.3% perform 4 to 9 procedures per month; and 9.4% of 10 or more monthly procedures. Conclusion: in the present study it was possible to identify that the majority of specialists in Orofacial Harmonization use the informed consent form, however, some of them still neglect its use(AU)

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The problem of formulating thermodynamics in a relativistic scenario remains unresolved, although many proposals exist in the literature. The challenge arises due to the intrinsic dynamic structure of spacetime as established by the general theory of relativity. With the discovery of the physical nature of information, which underpins Landauer's principle, we believe that information theory should play a role in understanding this problem. In this work, we contribute to this endeavour by considering a relativistic communication task between two partners, Alice and Bob, in a general Lorentzian spacetime. We then assume that the receiver, Bob, reversibly operates a local heat engine powered by information, and seek to determine the maximum amount of work he can extract from this device. As Bob cannot extract work for free, by applying both Landauer's principle and the second law of thermodynamics, we establish a bound on the energy Bob must spend to acquire the information in the first place. This bound is a function of the spacetime metric and the properties of the communication channel.

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Scale-free brain activity, linked with learning, the integration of different time scales, and the formation of mental models, is correlated with a metastable cognitive basis. The spectral slope, a key aspect of scale-free dynamics, was proposed as a potential indicator to distinguish between different sleep stages. Studies suggest that brain networks maintain a consistent scale-free structure across wakefulness, anesthesia, and recovery. Although differences in anesthetic sensitivity between the sexes are recognized, these variations are not evident in clinical electroencephalographic recordings of the cortex. Recently, changes in the slope of the power law exponent of neural activity were found to correlate with changes in Rényi entropy, an extended concept of Shannon's information entropy. These findings establish quantifiers as a promising tool for the study of scale-free dynamics in the brain. Our study presents a novel visual representation called the Rényi entropy-complexity causality space, which encapsulates complexity, permutation entropy, and the Rényi parameter q. The main goal of this study is to define this space for classical dynamical systems within theoretical bounds. In addition, the study aims to investigate how well different time series mimicking scale-free activity can be discriminated. Finally, this tool is used to detect dynamic features in intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) signals. To achieve these goals, the study implementse the Bandt and Pompe method for ordinal patterns. In this process, each signal is associated with a probability distribution, and the causal measures of Rényi entropy and complexity are computed based on the parameter q. This method is a valuable tool for analyzing simulated time series. It effectively distinguishes elements of correlated noise and provides a straightforward means of examining differences in behaviors, characteristics, and classifications. For the iEEG experimental data, the REM state showed a greater number of significant sex-based differences, while the supramarginal gyrus region showed the most variation across different modes and analyzes. Exploring scale-free brain activity with this framework could provide valuable insights into cognition and neurological disorders. The results may have implications for understanding differences in brain function between the sexes and their possible relevance to neurological disorders.

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Resumen A través de diferentes medios de comunicación tradicional y digital, líderes y grupos que optan por el control social y político difunden sus discursos con el propósito de promover y fortalecer visiones ideológicas del mundo social en el que se exacerban las posiciones extremas de la ideología política. No obstante, la valoración política del espectro ideológico de izquierda y derecha no es generalizable, pues el énfasis positivo o negativo depende del contexto social y político. Este artículo describe las características ideológicas del discurso de dos líderes políticos reconocidos en Colombia por su orientación ideológica de izquierda (Gustavo Petro) y derecha (Álvaro Uribe), y la asociación con las estrategias de deslegitimación del otro. Para ello se realizó un estudio de tipo lingüístico descriptivo que compara en contexto los patrones lingüísticos de líderes políticos opuestos que publican en la plataforma digital Twitter (ahora X). Los resultados permiten identificar que el perfil léxico de la cuenta de Uribe se relaciona con temáticas de economía, violencia política, defensa de una ideología conservadurista, deslegitimación del oponente (Petro) y deslegitimación de grupos guerrilleros. Por su parte, el perfil de la cuenta de Petro está conformado por palabras asociadas a la ideología progresista, deslegitimación del oponente (Uribe) y deslegitimación de grupos paramilitares. Se concluye que la orientación política depende del contexto social y tiene como referente asociado un adversario político (y grupo ilegal en el caso colombiano), al que se dirige la estrategia de deslegitimación con el propósito de legitimar o desafiar el orden social establecido.

Abstract Through various traditional and digital media, leaders and groups that opt for social and political control disseminate their discourses with the aim of promoting and strengthening ideological visions of the social world in which extreme positions of political ideology are exacerbated. However, the political assessment of the left-right ideological spectrum is not generalizable, as the positive or negative emphasis depends on the social and political context. This article describes the ideological characteristics of the discourse of two political leaders recognized in Colombia for their left (Gustavo Petro) and right (Álvaro Uribe) ideological orientations, and the association with strategies of delegitimization of the other. For this purpose, a descriptive linguistic study was conducted to compare in context the linguistic patterns of opposing political leaders who publish on the digital platform Twitter (now X). The results allow us to identify that the lexical profile of Uribe's account is related to issues of the economy, political violence, defense of a conservative ideology, delegitimization of the opponent (Petro) and delegitimization of guerrilla groups. On the other hand, Petro's account profile is made up of words associated with progressive ideology, delegitimization of the opponent (Uribe), and delegitimization of paramilitary groups. It is concluded that the political orientation depends on the social context and has as an associated referent a political opponent (and illegal group in the Colombian case) against whom the strategy of delegitimization is directed with the aim of legitimizing or challenging the established social order.

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In order to comprehend and enhance models that describes various brain regions it is important to study the dynamics of trained recurrent neural networks. Including Dale's law in such models usually presents several challenges. However, this is an important aspect that allows computational models to better capture the characteristics of the brain. Here we present a framework to train networks using such constraint. Then we have used it to train them in simple decision making tasks. We characterized the eigenvalue distributions of the recurrent weight matrices of such networks. Interestingly, we discovered that the non-dominant eigenvalues of the recurrent weight matrix are distributed in a circle with a radius less than 1 for those whose initial condition before training was random normal and in a ring for those whose initial condition was random orthogonal. In both cases, the radius does not depend on the fraction of excitatory and inhibitory units nor the size of the network. Diminution of the radius, compared to networks trained without the constraint, has implications on the activity and dynamics that we discussed here. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-023-09956-w.

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Small-world networks and scale-free networks are well-known theoretical models within the realm of complex graphs. These models exhibit "low" average shortest-path length; however, key distinctions are observed in their degree distributions and average clustering coefficients: in small-world networks, the degree distribution is bell-shaped and the clustering is "high"; in scale-free networks, the degree distribution follows a power law and the clustering is "low". Here, a model for generating scale-free graphs with "high" clustering is numerically explored, since these features are concurrently identified in networks representing social interactions. In this model, the values of average degree and exponent of the power-law degree distribution are both adjustable, and spatial limitations in the creation of links are taken into account. Several topological metrics are calculated and compared for computer-generated graphs. Unexpectedly, the numerical experiments show that, by varying the model parameters, a transition from a power-law to a bell-shaped degree distribution can occur. Also, in these graphs, the degree distribution is most accurately characterized by a pure power-law for values of the exponent typically found in real-world networks.

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Objetivo: compreender a participação da IA nos diagnósticos da saúde moderna e definir limites para sua aplicação. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura. A busca dos estudos se deu nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e SCIELO e foram selecionados artigos científicos, sem recorte temporal e de idioma. Resultados: A inteligência artificial impacta a medicina em três níveis: otimiza a interpretação de imagens para os médicos, aprimora o fluxo de trabalho reduzindo potenciais erros para os sistemas de saúde e capacita os pacientes a processarem seus próprios dados para promover a saúde. Contudo, é necessária atenção aos dados gerados, pois podem desencadear erros em cascata e expor informações sensíveis dos usuários do sistema de saúde. Conclusão: Atribuir à IA a responsabilidade de escolhas e funções desempenhadas por humanos é intrinsecamente perigoso, apesar de sua contribuição inegável nos processos diagnósticos. Sugere-se a realização de pesquisas robustas para compreender plenamente o impacto dessa nova era tecnológica proporcionada pela IA na área da saúde.

Objective: To understand the role of AI in modern healthcare diagnostics and define boundaries for its application. Methodology:Integrative literature review. Studies were searched in the LILACS, MEDLINE, and SCIELO databases, selecting scientific articles without temporal or language restrictions. Results: Artificial intelligence impacts medicine at three levels: it optimizes image interpretation for physicians, enhances workflow by reducing potential errors for healthcare systems, and empowers patients to process their own data to promote health. However, attention is required regarding the generated data, as it may trigger cascading errors and expose sensitive information of healthcare system users. Conclusion: Assigning AI, the responsibility of choices and functions performed by humans is inherently dangerous, despite its undeniable contribution to diagnostic processes. Robust research is suggested to fully understand the impact of this new technological era provided by AI in healthcare.

Objetivo: Comprender la participación de la IA en los diagnósticos de la salud moderna y definir límites para su aplicación. Metodología:Revisión integrativa de la literatura. Los estudios se buscaron en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y SCIELO, seleccionando artículos científicos sin restricciones temporales ni lingüísticas. Resultados: La inteligencia artificial impacta la medicina en tres niveles: optimiza la interpretación de imágenes para los médicos, mejora el flujo de trabajo al reducir errores potenciales para los sistemas de salud y capacita a los pacientes para procesar sus propios datos y promover la salud. Sin embargo, se requiere atención respecto a los datos generados, ya que pueden desencadenar errores en cascada y exponer información sensible de los usuarios del sistema de salud. Conclusión: Asignar a la IA la responsabilidad de decisiones y funciones realizadas por humanos es intrínsecamente peligroso, apesar de su contribución innegable a los procesos de diagnóstico. Se sugiere realizar investigaciones sólidas para comprender completamente el impacto de esta nueva era tecnológica proporcionada por la IA en la salud.

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Objetivos: analisar se a Recomendação Geral n.º24, sobre saúde da mulher, amplia ou constrói interpretações para os Estados Partes da Convenção para a Eliminação de todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher. Metodologia: foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica para coletar dados e revisar criticamente documentos internacionais e literatura especializada. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da revisão crítico-narrativa. Resultados: a Convenção abrange direitos da mulher, incluindo saúde, e o Comitê da Convenção sobre a eliminação de todas as formas de discriminação contra as mulheres emite recomendações gerais para orientar sua implementação pelos Estados Partes. A Recomendação Geraln.º24 amplia as recomendações originais, abordando questões como saúde sexual, violência de gênero e participação na tomada de decisões. Conclusões: a interpretação política da Convenção, conforme preconizado por Kelsen, permite observar as necessidades e o contexto político dos Estados-parte. A Recomendação Geraln.º24 amplia as recomendações, refletindo a necessidade de adaptação das políticas públicas às mudanças globais e às necessidades das mulheres.

Objectives: This study examines whether General Recommendation (GR) No. 24, on women's health, broadens or constructs interpretations for the State parties of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Methodology: A documentary and bibliographical research was conducted to collect data and critically review international documents and specialized literature. The results were analyzed through critical-narrative review. Results: The Convention covers women's rights, including health, and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women issues general recommendations to guide its implementation by State parties. GR No. 24 expands the original recommendations, addressing issues such as sexual health, gender-based violence, and participation in decision-making. Conclusions: The political interpretation of the Convention, as advocated by Kelsen, enables the observation of the needs and political context of the State parties. GR No. 24 expands the recommendations, reflecting the need to adapt public policies to global changes and women's needs.

Objetivos: Este estudio analiza si la Recomendación General (RG) n. 24, sobre la salud de la mujer, amplía o construye interpretaciones para los Estados Partes de la Convención para la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación documental y bibliográfica para recopilar datos y revisar críticamente documentos internacionales y literatura especializada. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la revisión crítico-narrativa. Resultados: La Convención abarca los derechos de las mujeres, incluida la salud, y el Comité de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer emite recomendaciones generales para guiar su implementación por parte de los Estados-partes. La RG n. 24 amplía las recomendaciones originales, abordando cuestiones como la salud sexual, la violencia de género y la participación en la toma de decisiones. Conclusiones: La interpretación política de la Convención, como preconiza Kelsen, permite la observación de las necesidades y el contexto político de los Estados Partes. La RG n. 24 amplía las recomendaciones, reflejando la necesidad de adaptar las políticas públicas a los cambios globales y a las necesidades de las mujeres.

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Apresentar, por meio de resenha analítica, a obra 'Consolidação, Simplificação e Revisão do Arco Normativo Infralegal da Saúde: um projeto, muitas vozes', publicado pelo CONASS e que narra a história biográfica de um projeto pioneiro e inovador da consolidação do arco normativo infralegal do Sistema Único de Saúde.

To present, through an analytical review, the work 'Consolidation, Simplification, and Review of the Infralegal Normative Arch of Health: one project, many voices', published by CONASS, which narrates the biographical history of a pioneering and innovative project in consolidating the infralegal normative arch of the Unified Health System.

Presentar, a través de una reseña analítica, la obra 'Consolidación, Simplificación y Revisión del Arco Normativo Infralegal de la Salud: un proyecto, muchas voces', publicada por CONASS y que narra la historia biográfica de un proyecto pionero e innovador en la consolidación del arco normativo infralegal del Sistema Único de Salud.

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Ethical considerations regarding our treatment of animals have gained strength, leading to legislation and a societal focus across various disciplines. This is a subject of study within curricula related to agri-food sciences. The aim was to determine the perceptions of agronomy university students concerning animal welfare in livestock production systems. A survey was conducted to encompass various aspects, from participants' sociodemographic attributes to their attitudes and behaviors regarding animal welfare and the consumption of animal products. Statistical analysis, performed using R software, delved into the associations between participants' characteristics and their perspectives on the ethical, bioethical, and legal dimensions of animal welfare. Associations between demographic factors and ethical viewpoints among students were identified. Gender differences emerged in animal treatment perceptions, while rural and urban environments impacted perspectives on various animals. Bioethical considerations revealed distinctive disparities based on gender and education in concerns regarding animal welfare, value perceptions, evaluations of animal behaviors, and opinions on animal research. It is crucial to distinguish between animal welfare and the ethical considerations arising from coexisting with sentient beings capable of experiencing suffering. Ethical theories provide a lens through which we perceive our obligations toward animals. The responsibility to ensure animal welfare is firmly rooted in recognizing that animals, like humans, experience pain and physical suffering. Consequently, actions causing unjustified suffering or mistreatment, particularly for entertainment purposes, are considered morally unacceptable.

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BACKGROUND: This study explores the impacts of attacks perpetrated in the context of armed conflict, to female health workers in three Colombian territories. METHODS: We conducted a document review of the reports and databases of the Colombian Truth Commission, 17 in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts on the national and regional armed conflict and the medical mission, and 26 female health workers who were victims of attacks. RESULTS: Experts and female health workers reported attacks to health activities, facilities, equipment, and personnel, including attacks to traditional doctors belonging to indigenous communities. The most frequent attacks were threats and retention of health personnel; theft of supplies and medicines; damage and use of infrastructure and means of transport for purposes other than health care; and hinderance of health service provision. The attacks occurred in a framework of structural violence that intersects with poverty, racism, and gender bias. The impacts of these attacks include gender-based violence, significant disruption of the lives of health workers, and physical, emotional, psychological, social, and economic effects on the victims and their families. The government response to protect victims and populations has been absent or insufficient. CONCLUSIONS: Attacks to health care were reported in all the studied territories obstructing adequate health care. Impacts of these attacks affect negatively the professional and personal life of the workers and are aggravated by structural violence and absent or little institutional response.