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Licariaramiroi, a species endemic to western Mexico, is described and illustrated. The ascription of the new species to Licaria is analysed. It is classified in the subgen. Licaria and is most closely related to L.triandra and L.siphonantha from which it differs by its glabrous vegetative and floral structures, stamens mainly with free anthers and the inner wall of the receptacle sericeous. According to the IUCN criteria, the species is classified as critically endangered.

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Most beetle-fungus symbioses do not represent a threat to agricultural and natural ecosystems; however, a few beetles are able to inoculate healthy hosts with disease-causing fungal symbionts. Here, we report the putative nutritional symbionts associated with five native species of ambrosia beetles colonizing commercial avocado trees in four locations in Michoacán. Knowing which beetles are present in the commercial orchards and the surrounding areas, as well as their fungal associates, is imperative for developing a realistic risk assessment and an effective monitoring system that allows for timely management actions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five potentially new, previously undescribed species of Raffaelea, and three known species (R. arxi, R. brunnea, R. fusca). The genus Raffaelea was recovered from all the beetle species and across the different locations. Raffaelea lauricola (RL), which causes a deadly vascular fungal disease known as laurel wilt (LW) in Lauraceae species, including avocado, was not recovered. This study points to the imminent danger of native ambrosia beetles spreading RL if the pathogen is introduced to Mexico's avocado orchards or natural areas given that these beetles are associated with Raffaelea species and that lateral transfer of RL among ambrosia beetles in Florida suggests that the likelihood of this phenomenon increases when partners are phylogenetically close. Therefore, this study provides important information about the potential vectors of RL in Mexico and other avocado producing regions. Confirming beetle-fungal identities in these areas is especially important given the serious threat laurel wilt disease represents to the avocado industry in Mexico.

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Laurel leaves characterized with interesting antioxidant effects, which have often used to improve the immunity with positive consequences on growth and performance This study was conducted to assess the effect of adding crushed laurel leaves to the diet on the productive traits of broiler chickens. A total of 180 broiler chickens, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, with a rate of 45 birds per treatment; each treatment consisted of three replicates. The first treatment, or control, was generated without adding laurel leaves to the diet, second, third, and fourth treatments were generated by adding laurel leaves with amounts of 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 feed, respectively. Nine productive traits were evaluated in this study, including the average of live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, percentage of mortality, productive index, length of the villus, depth of crypts, and villus length/crypts length ratio. Results indicated that the addition of laurel leaves led to a significant improvement in all productive traits, signifying highly essential participation of laurel leaves to enhance growth and performance. In conclusion, it can be stated that adding 3 g kg-1 of crushed laurel leaves to the diet can improve the productive traits of broiler chickens.

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RESUMEN

Laurel leaves characterized with interesting antioxidant effects, which have often used to improve the immunity with positive consequences on growth and performance This study was conducted to assess the effect of adding crushed laurel leaves to the diet on the productive traits of broiler chickens. A total of 180 broiler chickens, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, with a rate of 45 birds per treatment; each treatment consisted of three replicates. The first treatment, or control, was generated without adding laurel leaves to the diet, second, third, and fourth treatments were generated by adding laurel leaves with amounts of 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 feed, respectively. Nine productive traits were evaluated in this study, including the average of live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, percentage of mortality, productive index, length of the villus, depth of crypts, and villus length/crypts length ratio. Results indicated that the addition of laurel leaves led to a significant improvement in all productive traits, signifying highly essential participation of laurel leaves to enhance growth and performance. In conclusion, it can be stated that adding 3 g kg-1 of crushed laurel leaves to the diet can improve the productive traits of broiler chickens.(AU)

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O presente trabalho relata o tratamento de um canário belga (Serinus canarius domesticus) que apresentava múltiplos cistos dermoides (vulgo: penas encravadas) em região de dorso há mais de quatro anos. Foi feito o procedimento preconizado para esses casos, a retirada cirúrgica dos cistos, e após foram utilizados conhecimentos fitoterápicos para a escolha de três plantas buscando coibir as causas da instalação dos cistos. O tratamento se deu de forma tópica pelo período de quatro meses com resultados apreciáveis.

This study reports the treatment of a Belgian canary (Serinus canarius domesticus) which had multiple cysts dermoid in dorsal portion of the more than four years. It was made the recommended procedure for such cases, surgical removal of cysts, and after were used herbal knowledge to the choice of three plants seeking to curb the causes of the cysts installation. The treatment was given topically for four months with appreciable results.

El presente trabajo relata el tratamiento de un canario belga (Serinus canarius domesticus) que presentaba múltiples quistes dermoides (vulgarmente conocido como plumas encarnadas) mayores a cuatro afios en la región del dorso. Fue realizado el procedimiento preconizado para eses casos, la retirada quirúrgica de losquistes, y posteriormente fueron utilizados conocimientos fitoterápicos para la elección de tres plantas, buscando cohibirlas causas de la instalación de losq uistes. El tratamiento se dió de forma tópica por el período de cuatro meses con resultados apreciables.

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O presente trabalho relata o tratamento de um canário belga (Serinus canarius domesticus) que apresentava múltiplos cistos dermoides (vulgo: penas encravadas) em região de dorso há mais de quatro anos. Foi feito o procedimento preconizado para esses casos, a retirada cirúrgica dos cistos, e após foram utilizados conhecimentos fitoterápicos para a escolha de três plantas buscando coibir as causas da instalação dos cistos. O tratamento se deu de forma tópica pelo período de quatro meses com resultados apreciáveis.(AU)

This study reports the treatment of a Belgian canary (Serinus canarius domesticus) which had multiple cysts dermoid in dorsal portion of the more than four years. It was made the recommended procedure for such cases, surgical removal of cysts, and after were used herbal knowledge to the choice of three plants seeking to curb the causes of the cysts installation. The treatment was given topically for four months with appreciable results.(AU)

El presente trabajo relata el tratamiento de un canario belga (Serinus canarius domesticus) que presentaba múltiples quistes dermoides (vulgarmente conocido como plumas encarnadas) mayores a cuatro afios en la región del dorso. Fue realizado el procedimiento preconizado para eses casos, la retirada quirúrgica de losquistes, y posteriormente fueron utilizados conocimientos fitoterápicos para la elección de tres plantas, buscando cohibirlas causas de la instalación de losq uistes. El tratamiento se dió de forma tópica por el período de cuatro meses con resultados apreciables.(AU)

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